四两。猪肉切作豆大，拌和朱砂，俟鸟饥时与食，击死，盐泥固，济火 ，埋地一昼夜取出，银器内研末。空
心，无灰酒入麝香少许调服，置病患于帐内，四下紧闭，用铁钳候于口边，虫出钳入沸油煎之，随进稀粥，服
嘉禾饮。
大造丸 治虚损甚效。紫河车、山药，二味为丸。
试传尸法 用乳香熏病患手，仰掌，帛覆其上，良久手背出毛寸许，白黄可治，红者稍难，青黑者死。若
熏之无毛者，属寻常虚劳也。又法，烧安息香烟，病患吸之，嗽不止，传尸也。不嗽，非也。
又方 传尸鬼疰，使人汗漓沉默，无处不恶，渐顿至死，旁传灭门。急治獭肝一具，阴干取末，水调，方
寸匕，日三服。
经义
中焦受气取汁，变化而赤，是谓血。○诸血者皆属于心。○不远热，则热至，血溢、血泄之病生。（《素问》）
营卫者，精气也。血者，神气也。血之与气，异名同类焉，故夺血者无汗，夺汗者无血。（《灵枢》）
哲言
病患胸满唇痿，舌青口燥，但欲漱水不欲咽，无寒热，脉微大来迟，腹不满，其人言我满，为有瘀血。
○病者如热状，烦满，口干燥而渴，其脉反无热，此为阴伏，是瘀血也，当下之。（《金匮》）
涕、唾、精、津、汗、血、液，七般灵物总属阴。（《道经》）
血之与气，异名同类，虽有阴阳清浊之分，然总由水谷精微所化。其始也，混然一区，未厘清浊；得脾气
之鼓运，上蒸于肺而为气；气不耗，下归于肾而为精；精不泄，复归于肝而为血；血不泻，统归于心，得离火
之化，而为真血，以奉生身，莫贵乎此。（张路玉）
人身之中，气为卫，血为营。《经》曰∶营者，水谷之精气也，调和于五脏，洒陈于六腑，乃能入于脉也。
生化于心，总统于脾，藏受于肝，宣布于肺，施泄于肾，灌溉一身。目得之而能视，耳得之而能听，手得之而
能摄，掌得之而能握，足得之而能步，脏得之而能液，腑得之而能气，出入升降，濡润宣通，靡不由此。饮食
日滋，故能阳生阴长，取汁变化而赤，为血也。注之于脉，充则实，少则涩；生旺则诸经恃其长养，衰竭则百
脉由此空虚；血盛则形盛，血弱则形衰。血者难成而易亏，可不谨养乎？阴气一伤，诸变立至，妄行于上，则
吐衄；衰涸于中，则虚劳；妄返于下，则便红；移热膀胱，则溺血；渗透肠间，则为肠风；阴虚阳搏，则为崩
中；湿蒸热瘀，则为滞下；热极腐化，则为脓血；火极似水，色多紫黑；热胜于阴，发为疮疡；湿滞于血，则
为瘾疹；凝涩于皮肤，则为冷痹；蓄之在上，则喜忘；蓄之在下，则如狂；跌仆损伤，则瘀恶内聚。若分部位，
身半以上，同天之阳；身半以下，同地之阴。此特举其所显之证而言也。（《玉机微义》）
人身之血，内行于脉络，外充于皮毛，渗透于肌肉，滋养于筋骨，故百体平和，则运动无碍。若气滞则血
滞，气逆则血逆，得热则动，得寒则凝，衰耗则营运不周，渗透不遍，而外邪易侵矣。（孙一奎）
血本阴精，不宜动也，而动则为病；血主营气，不宜损也，而损则为病。盖动者多由于火，火盛则逼血妄
行；损者多由于气，气伤则血无以存。故有以七情而动火者，有以七情而伤气者，有以劳倦、色欲而动火者，
有以劳倦、色欲而伤阴者。或外邪不
解，而热郁于经；或纵饮不节，而火动于胃；或中气虚寒，则不能收摄而注陷于下；或阴盛格阳，则火不归原
而泛溢于上。是皆动血之因也。故妄行于上，则见于七窍；流注于下，则出于二阴。或壅瘀于经络，则发为痈
疽；或郁结于肠脏，则留为症块；或乘风热，则为斑为疹；或滞阴寒，则为痛为痹。此皆血病之证也。若七情
劳倦不知节，潜消暗铄不知养，生意本亏，而耗伤弗觉，则为营气之羸，为形体之敝。此以真阴不足，亦无非
血病也。（张景岳）
血证，热积肺胃者，必胸满脉实；大怒气逆者，必面青脉弦。阳虚而血外走者，必虚冷恶寒；阴虚而火
上亢者，必喘咳内热。劳心不能生血者，必烦心躁闷；劳力不能摄血者，必自汗倦怠。郁结伤脾者，则忧恚少
食；劳伤肺气者，则久咳无痰。气虚不统者，血必散漫；积瘀停蓄者，血必成块。热郁在上者，其血必紫；虚
炎下起者，其血必鲜。感寒泣血者，血必黑黯；肺脏生痈者，血必兼脓。先痰带血者，由于痰火积热；先血兼
痰者，由于阴虚火猖。饮食饱闷而吐血者，必食伤胃脘而不运；饮酒过醉而吐血者，必酒伤清道而妄行。○大
概血病于内，瘀则易治，干则难医。血走于外，下流为顺，上溢为逆。凡血证，身无潮热者轻，身有潮热者重，
九窍出血，身热不得卧者死。（《证治汇补》）
血行清道出于鼻，血行浊道出于口；咳血、衄血出于肺，呕血出于肝，吐血出于胃，涎血出于脾，咯血
出于心，唾血出于肾。耳血曰 ，鼻血曰衄，肤血曰血汗，口鼻俱出曰脑衄，九窍皆出曰大衄。便血清者，
属营虚有热；浊者属热与湿。色鲜者属火，黑者火之极也。血与泄物并下者，属有积，或络脉伤也。尿血因
房劳过度，阴虚火动，营血妄行，血色黑黯，面色枯白，尺脉沉迟者，此下元虚冷，所谓阳虚阴必走也。有呕
吐紫黑血者，《原病式》云∶此非冷凝，由热甚销烁而为稠浊，热甚则水化制之，故色见紫黑也。汗血由大喜
伤心，喜则气散，血随气行也。下血
由气虚肠薄，故血渗入而下出也。○嗽出痰内有血者，名咳血。其因有二∶热壅于肺者易治，不过凉之而已；
久嗽损于肺者难治，此已成劳也。痰中带血丝者，此阴虚火动，劳伤肺脏也。盖血虽生于心，统于脾，藏于肝，
然实宣布于肺。静则归经，热则妄行。火伤肺络，血随咳出者，为咳血；吐出多者，为吐血。若喉中常有血腥，
一咯血即出，或鲜或紫，或细屑者，谓之咯血；若鲜红随唾而出者，谓之唾血。二者皆出于肾。更有口中津唾，
皆是紫黑血水，如猪血之色，晦而不鲜，形瘦体热盗汗者，此为怫郁所致也。然唾血责在下焦，盖阳火煎迫而
为之也。肾主唾，足少阴少血多气，故其证为难治。然咯血亦病最重难治者，以肺经气多血少。又肺者，金象，
为清肃下降之脏，金为火制，迫而上行，乃为咯血，逆之甚矣。《经》曰∶上气见血，及闻病音，谓喘而咯血且
咳嗽也。是以吐血、衄血，血去虽多，然从肝、胃、大肠而来，三经气血俱多，故身凉脉静无害；咳血、咯血，
是从心、肺、肾而来，三经皆气多血少，气多则火易升，血少则火易炽，故渐见脉洪而数，身热咳嗽，失血虽
少，多致不起。（冯楚瞻）
失血或从口鼻，或从二便，或暴吐即止，或久吐不已，或始终鲜红，或到底紫黑。大抵经络之血，与脉络
之血有互相出入之义。如血从口鼻暴出即止，乃脉络之血，非经络之血；若大吐不已，自然振动经络之血也。
血从二便，始而络血，久则亦动经血也。始终鲜红，乃是络血；到底紫黑，亦是络中积血，或负重所致，或斗
狠受伤，而经络之瘀血返之于脉络中也。故脉络之血，易生而易败也。（《医学阶梯》）
耳中出血，由郁怒所伤，内动少阳风热，致血沸腾，上冲清道，有升无降故也。○脐中出血，由胃中元阴
受伤，阴血被火煎熬，上下不能转运，有失传度之令，故从胃窍出也。（罗赤诚）
血汗者，汗出而色红染衣，亦谓之红汗。《内经》以为少阴
所至，河间以为胆受热而血妄行，《本草》以为大喜伤心，喜则气散，而血随气行。原虽不同，治之则一。（李东垣）
补编
气之性，善升而易散。育与固，养气之妙法。惟静存守中，善养气者矣。血之性，善降而易凝。和与温，
养血之妙法。惟运动调中，善养血者矣。（《吴医汇讲》）
治实火之血，顺气为先，气行则血自止；治虚火之血，养正为先，气壮则血自摄。（《医方集解》）
活血必先顺气，气降而血自流行；温血必先温气，气暖而血自运动；养血必先养气，气旺而血自滋生。
○脾为后天之本，三阴之首也，脾气健，则元气旺而阴自固；肾为先天之本，三阴之蒂也，肾水足，则龙火潜
而阴自安。故血证有脾虚者，当补脾以统其血；有肾虚者，当壮水以制其阳；有肾中阳虚者，当益火以引其归。
能于三法而寻绎之，调摄血门，思过半矣。○劳伤误用寒凉，则胸满膈痛，血愈郁矣；阴火误用燥热，则血愈枯，
劳瘵成矣。坠堕闪挫，气逆血郁，误行补涩，则瘀蓄于胃，心下胀满，食入即吐，名曰血逆；瘀蓄于脾，则腹
大膨胀，渐成中满，名曰血蛊。（《证治汇补》）
血证有四∶曰虚、曰瘀、曰热、曰寒。治法有五∶曰补、曰下、曰破、曰凉、曰温。血虚者，其证朝凉暮
热，手足心热，皮肤甲错，唇白，女子则月事前后不调，脉细无力，法宜补之。血瘀者，其证在上则烦躁，漱
水不欲咽，在下则如狂，谵语，发黄，舌黑，小腹满，小便长，大便黑，法宜下之；女子则经停腹痛，产后小
腹胀痛不可按，法宜破之。血热者，其证吐、衄、咳、咯、溺血，午后发热，女子则月事先期而来，脉弦而数，
法宜凉之。血寒者，其证麻木疲软，皮肤不泽，手足清冷，心腹怕寒，腹有块痛，得热则止，女子则月事后期
而至，脉细而缓，法宜温之。又有吐、衄、便血，久而不止，因血不能附气，失于归经者，当
温脾、肾二经。脾虚不统摄者，用姜附以温中焦；肾虚不归经者，用桂附以温命门。皆温之之法也。（《医学六要》）
凡治血病，须明血出何经，不可概曰吐衄多是火载血上，错经妄行，过用寒凉。夫火者，无形之气也，非
水可比，安能称载？盖血随气行，气和则血循经，气逆则血乱溢。气有余即是火。气逆而血妄行，兼于火化，
因此为甚。《经》曰∶怒则气逆，甚则呕血。东垣曰∶血妄行上出于口鼻者，皆气逆也。况血得寒则凝，得热
则行，见黑则止。即此观之，治血若不调气，而纯以寒凉是施，则血不归经，为寒所滞，虽暂止而复来也。且
脾统血，寒凉伤脾，不能约束，其变可胜言哉？（《赤水玄珠》）
治血须知其要。血动之由，惟火惟气耳。察火者，察其有火无火；察气者，察其气虚气实。知此四者，治
血之法无余义矣。○凡火不盛，气不逆，而血动不止者，乃其元阴受损，营气失守，病在根本而然。《经》曰∶
起居不节，用力过度，则络脉伤。阳络伤，则血外溢，血外溢则吐衄；阴络伤，则血内溢，血内溢则后血。此
二言者，最得损伤失血之源。故凡治损伤，无火无气而血不止者，不宜妄用寒凉以伐生气，又不宜妄用辛燥以
动阳气，但宜纯甘至静之品，培之养之，以完固损伤，则不待治血而自安矣。○血证治法，凡肺病者，宜清降
不宜升浮；心病者，宜养营不宜耗散；脾病者，宜温中不宜酸寒；肝病者，或宜疏利，或宜甘缓，不宜秘滞；
肾病者，或宜壮水，或宜滋阴，不宜香燥克伐；胃病者，或宜大泻，或宜大补，当察兼证虚实，勿谓阳明证
尽可攻也。○治血之药，凡为君为臣，或宜专用，或宜相兼。病有浅深，方有轻重。其间参合之妙，固由乎人，
而性用之殊，当知其类。○血虚之治，有主者，宜熟地、当归、枸杞之属；血虚之治，有佐者，宜山药、山萸、
杜仲、枣仁、之属。血有虚而微热者，宜凉补之，以生地、麦冬、芍药、沙参、阿胶之属；血有因于气虚者，
宜补其气，以参、 、白术之属；血有因于气实者，
宜行之降之，以青陈皮、枳壳、乌药、木香、香附之属；血有虚而滞者，宜补之活之，以当归、牛膝、川芎、
醇酒之属；血有寒滞不化，及火不归原者，宜温之，以桂、附、干姜之属；血有乱动不安者，宜清之和之，以
丹皮、丹参、童便、茅根、侧柏、藕汁、黑墨之属；血有大热者，宜寒之泻之，以芩、连、知、柏、元参、栀
子、石膏、龙胆、苦参、犀角、青黛、槐花之属；血有蓄而结者，宜破之逐之，以桃仁、红花、苏木、延胡、
三棱、莪术、五灵脂、大黄之属；血有陷者，宜举之，以升麻、柴胡之属；血有燥者，宜润之，以酥酪、蜂蜜、
天冬、柏子仁、苁蓉、当归之属；血有滑者，宜涩之止之，以棕灰、发灰、白芨、蒲黄、百草霜、五味子、乌
梅、地榆、文蛤、续断、椿白皮之属；血有涩者，宜利之，以牛膝、车前、泽泻、木通、瞿麦、益母、滑石之
属；血有病于风湿者，宜散之燥之，以荆、防、葛根、秦艽、苍白术之属。○治血之剂，古人多以四物汤为主，
然亦有宜与不宜者。盖补血行血无如当归，但当归之性动而滑，凡因火动血者忌之，因火而嗽，因湿而滑者皆
忌之。行血散血无如川芎，然川芎之性升而散，凡火载血上行者忌之，气虚多汗，火不归原者皆忌之。生血凉
血无如生地，敛血清血无如芍药，然二物皆凉，非阳虚脾弱者所宜；脉弱身凉，多呕便溏者，皆非宜也。故凡
四两。将猪肉切成豆粒大小，与朱砂拌和，等鸟饥饿时给它吃，将其击死，用盐泥密封固定，在济火中烧制，埋入地下一个昼夜后取出，在银器中研成粉末。空腹时，用无灰酒调入少许麝香服用。将病人安置在帐幕内，四周紧闭，用铁钳等候在口边，若虫体出来则用钳子夹住投入沸油中煎杀，随后喂服稀粥，再服用嘉禾饮。
试传尸法 用乳香熏烤病人的手，手掌向上，用丝帛覆盖在上面，过很久手背长出约一寸长的毛发，颜色白黄的可以治愈，红色的稍难治，青黑色的会死亡。如果熏烤后没有长毛的，属于普通的虚劳病。又一种方法，燃烧安息香的烟，让病人吸入，如果咳嗽不止，就是传尸病；如果不咳嗽，就不是。
又一方 治疗传尸鬼疰，使人汗出淋漓、沉默不语，处处感到厌恶，逐渐导致死亡，旁及他人甚至灭门。急取獭肝一副，阴干后取粉末，用水调服，每次一方寸匕，每日三次服用。
经义
中焦接受水谷之气，提取精微汁液，变化而成红色，这就叫做血。○所有的血，都归属于心。○如果不远离热邪，那么热邪就会到来，产生血溢、血泄的病证。（《素问》）
营气和卫气，是精气。血，是神气。血和气，名称不同但同类，所以失血的人不能再发汗，大汗的人不能再失血。（《灵枢》）
哲言
病人胸满、嘴唇萎软、舌色发青、口燥，只想含水漱口而不想咽下，没有寒热症状，脉象微大且来势迟缓，腹部并不胀满，但病人自己说觉得胀满，这是有瘀血的表现。
○病人像是有发热状，心烦胀满，口干燥而渴，但脉象反而不显热象，这是阴分伏热，属于瘀血，应当用攻下法治疗。（《金匮要略》）
涕、唾、精、津、汗、血、液，这七种灵物总属阴。（《道经》）
血和气，名称不同但同类，虽然有阴阳清浊的区别，然而总都是由水谷精微所化生。起初，它们混然一体，未分清浊；得到脾气的鼓动运化，上蒸于肺而成为气；气不耗散，下归于肾而成为精；精不泄漏，复归于肝而成为血；血不泻出，统归于心，得到离火（心火）的炼化，而成为真血，以供养身体，没有比这更珍贵的了。（张路玉）
人身之中，气为卫，血为营。《内经》说：营气，是水谷的精气，调和于五脏，散布于六腑，然后才能进入脉中。
血液生化于心，统摄于脾，贮藏于肝，宣布于肺，施泄于肾，灌溉全身。眼睛得到它就能视物，耳朵得到它就能听声，手得到它就能拿取，手掌得到它就能握持，脚得到它就能行走，脏腑得到它就能分泌津液，六腑得到它就能运行气机，出入升降，濡润宣通，无不由此而来。饮食日益滋养，所以能阳生阴长，提取汁液变化成赤色，成为血。注入脉中，充盈则实，少则涩；生旺则各条经脉依赖其滋养，衰竭则百脉由此空虚；血盛则形体盛壮，血弱则形体衰败。血难以形成却容易亏损，能不谨慎调养吗？阴气一旦受伤，各种病变立刻发生，妄行于上部，则吐血、衄血；枯竭于中部，则成虚劳；妄返于下部，则便红；移热于膀胱，则尿血；渗透肠间，则为肠风；阴虚阳搏，则为崩中；湿蒸热瘀，则为痢疾；热极腐化，则为脓血；火极似水，血色多紫黑；热胜于阴，发为疮疡；湿滞于血，则为瘾疹；凝涩于皮肤，则为冷痹；蓄积在上部，则喜忘；蓄积在下部，则如狂；跌仆损伤，则瘀恶内聚。如果区分部位，身半以上，同天之阳；身半以下，同地之阴。这仅是列举其所显现的病症而言。（《玉机微义》）
人身之血，在内运行于脉络，在外充养皮毛，渗透于肌肉，滋养于筋骨，所以百体平和，则运动无碍。如果气滞则血滞，气逆则血逆，受热则流动，受寒则凝结，衰耗则营运不周全，渗透不遍布，而外邪就容易侵入了。（孙一奎）
血本是阴精，不宜妄动，而动则生病；血主营气，不宜受损，而损则生病。大概妄动多由于火，火盛则逼迫血液妄行；受损多由于气，气伤则血无法存留。所以有的因七情而动火，有的因七情而伤气，有的因劳倦、色欲而动火，有的因劳倦、色欲而伤阴。或者外邪不解，热郁于经络；或者纵饮不节，火动于胃；或者中气虚寒，则不能收摄而注陷于下；或者阴盛格阳，则火不归原而泛溢于上。这些都是动血的原因。所以妄行于上部，则见于七窍；流注于下部，则出于二阴。或者壅瘀于经络，则发为痈疽；或者郁结于肠脏，则留为症块；或者乘风热，则为斑为疹；或者滞于阴寒，则为痛为痹。这些都是血病的证候。如果七情劳倦不知节制，潜消暗铄不知调养，生机本亏，而耗伤不觉察，则为营气羸弱，为形体敝坏。这是因为真阴不足，也无非是血病罢了。（张景岳）
血证，热积于肺胃的，必定胸满脉实；大怒气逆的，必定面青脉弦。阳虚而血外走的，必定虚冷恶寒；阴虚而火上亢的，必定喘咳内热。劳心不能生血的，必定烦心躁闷；劳力不能摄血的，必定自汗倦怠。郁结伤脾的，则忧恚少食；劳伤肺气的，则久咳无痰。气虚不能统摄的，血必散漫；积瘀停蓄的，血必成块。热郁在上部的，其血必紫；虚炎下起的，其血必鲜。感寒泣血的，血必黑黯；肺脏生痈的，血必兼脓。先痰带血的，由于痰火积热；先血兼痰的，由于阴虚火猖。饮食饱闷而吐血的，必是食伤胃脘而不运化；饮酒过醉而吐血的，必是酒伤清道而妄行。○大概血病在内，瘀则易治，干枯则难医。血走于外，下流为顺，上溢为逆。凡是血证，身体没有潮热的轻，身体有潮热的重，九窍出血，身体发热不能卧倒的，死。（《证治汇补》）
血行清道出于鼻，血行浊道出于口；咳血、衄血出于肺，呕血出于肝，吐血出于胃，涎血出于脾，咯血出于心，唾血出于肾。耳中出血叫“耳衄”，鼻出血叫“衄”，皮肤出血叫“血汗”，口鼻俱出叫“脑衄”，九窍皆出叫“大衄”。便血清澈的，属营虚有热；浑浊的属热与湿。颜色鲜红的属火，黑的属火之极。血与排泄物并下的，属有积滞，或络脉受伤。尿血因房劳过度，阴虚火动，营血妄行，血色黑黯，面色枯白，尺脉沉迟的，这是下元虚冷，所谓阳虚阴必走。有呕吐紫黑血的，《原病式》说：这不是冷凝，由热甚销烁而为稠浊，热甚则水化制之，故色见紫黑。汗血由大喜伤心，喜则气散，血随气行。下血由气虚肠薄，故血渗入而下出。○嗽出痰内有血的，名叫咳血。其原因有二：热壅于肺的易治，不过凉之而已；久嗽损于肺的难治，此已成劳病。痰中带血丝的，此阴虚火动，劳伤肺脏。盖血虽生于心，统于脾，藏于肝，然实宣布于肺。静则归经，热则妄行。火伤肺络，血随咳出的，为咳血；吐出的多的，为吐血。如果喉中常有血腥，一咯血即出，或鲜或紫，或细屑的，谓之咯血；如果鲜红随唾而出的，谓之唾血。二者皆出于肾。更有口中津唾，皆是紫黑血水，如猪血之色，晦而不鲜，形瘦体热盗汗的，此为怫郁所致。然唾血责在下焦，盖阳火煎迫而为之。肾主唾，足少阴少血多气，故其证为难治。然咯血亦病最重难治者，以肺经气多血少。又肺者，金象，为清肃下降之脏，金为火制，迫而上行，乃为咯血，逆之甚矣。《内经》说：上气见血，及闻病音，谓喘而咯血且咳嗽也。是以吐血、衄血，血去虽多，然从肝、胃、大肠而来，三经气血俱多，故身凉脉静无害；咳血、咯血，是从心、肺、肾而来，三经皆气多血少，气多则火易升，血少则火易炽，故渐见脉洪而数，身热咳嗽，失血虽少，多致不起。（冯楚瞻）
失血或从口鼻，或从二便，或暴吐即止，或久吐不已，或始终鲜红，或到底紫黑。大抵经络之血，与脉络之血有互相出入的意义。如血从口鼻暴出即止，乃脉络之血，非经络之血；若大吐不已，自然振动经络之血也。血从二便，始而络血，久则亦动经血也。始终鲜红，乃是络血；到底紫黑，亦是络中积血，或负重所致，或斗狠受伤，而经络之瘀血返之于脉络中也。故脉络之血，易生而易败也。（《医学阶梯》）
耳中出血，由郁怒所伤，内动少阳风热，致血沸腾，上冲清道，有升无降故也。○脐中出血，由胃中元阴受伤，阴血被火煎熬，上下不能转运，有失传度之令，故从胃窍出也。（罗赤诚）
血汗者，汗出而色红染衣，亦谓之红汗。《内经》以为少阴所至，河间以为胆受热而血妄行，《本草》以为大喜伤心，喜则气散，而血随气行。原虽不同，治之则一。（李东垣）
补编
气的性质，善于上升而容易散失。育与固，是养气的妙法。只有静存守中，才是善于养气的人。血的性质，善于下降而容易凝结。和与温，是养血的妙法。只有运动调中，才是善于养血的人。（《吴医汇讲》）
治疗实火引起的出血，以顺气为先，气行则血自止；治疗虚火引起的出血，以养正为先，气壮则血自摄。（《医方集解》）
活血必先顺气，气降而血自流行；温血必先温气，气暖而血自运动；养血必先养气，气旺而血自滋生。○脾为后天之本，三阴之首，脾气健旺，则元气旺盛而阴自固；肾为先天之本，三阴之蒂，肾水充足，则龙火潜伏而阴自安。所以血证有脾虚的，当补脾以统其血；有肾虚的，当壮水以制其阳；有肾中阳虚的，当益火以引其归。能于这三法中寻绎，调理血证，思过半矣。○劳伤误用寒凉，则胸满膈痛，血愈郁结；阴火误用燥热，则血愈干枯，劳瘵形成。坠堕闪挫，气逆血郁，误行补涩，则瘀蓄于胃，心下胀满，食入即吐，名叫血逆；瘀蓄于脾，则腹大膨胀，渐成中满，名叫血蛊。（《证治汇补》）
血证有四：曰虚、曰瘀、曰热、曰寒。治法有五：曰补、曰下、曰破、曰凉、曰温。血虚者，其证早晨凉傍晚热，手足心热，皮肤甲错，唇白，女子则月经前后不调，脉细无力，法宜补之。血瘀者，其证在上则烦躁，漱水不欲咽，在下则如狂，谵语，发黄，舌黑，小腹满，小便长，大便黑，法宜下之；女子则经停腹痛，产后小腹胀痛不可按，法宜破之。血热者，其证吐、衄、咳、咯、溺血，午后发热，女子则月经先期而来，脉弦而数，法宜凉之。血寒者，其证麻木疲软，皮肤不泽，手足清冷，心腹怕寒，腹有块痛，得热则止，女子则月经后期而至，脉细而缓，法宜温之。又有吐、衄、便血，久而不止，因血不能附气，失于归经的，当温脾、肾二经。脾虚不统摄的，用姜附以温中焦；肾虚不归经的，用桂附以温命门。都是温之法。（《医学六要》）
凡是治疗血病，须明血出自何经，不可一概说是吐衄多是火载血上，错经妄行，过用寒凉。夫火者，无形之气也，非水可比，怎能称载？盖血随气行，气和则血循经，气逆则血乱溢。气有余即是火。气逆而血妄行，兼于火化，因此为甚。《内经》说：怒则气逆，甚则呕血。东垣说：血妄行上出于口鼻者，皆气逆也。况且血得寒则凝，得热则行，见黑则止。由此观之，治血若不调气，而纯以寒凉是施，则血不归经，为寒所滞，虽暂止而复来也。且脾统血，寒凉伤脾，不能约束，其变可胜言哉？（《赤水玄珠》）
治疗血须知其要领。血动的缘由，惟火与气罢了。察火的，察其有火无火；察气的，察其气虚气实。知此四者，治血之法无余义了。○凡火不盛，气不逆，而血动不止的，乃其元阴受损，营气失守，病在根本而然。《内经》说：起居不节，用力过度，则络脉伤。阳络伤，则血外溢，血外溢则吐衄；阴络伤，则血内溢，血内溢则后血。这两句话，最得损伤失血之源。所以凡是治损伤，无火无气而血不止的，不宜妄用寒凉以伐生气，又不宜妄用辛燥以动阳气，但宜纯甘至静之品，培之养之，以完固损伤，则不待治血而自安矣。○血证治法，凡肺病者，宜清降不宜升浮；心病者，宜养营不宜耗散；脾病者，宜温中不宜酸寒；肝病者，或宜疏利，或宜甘缓，不宜秘滞；肾病者，或宜壮水，或宜滋阴，不宜香燥克伐；胃病者，或宜大泻，或宜大补，当察兼证虚实，勿谓阳明证尽可攻也。○治血之药，凡为君为臣，或宜专用，或宜相兼。病有浅深，方有轻重。其间参合之妙，固由乎人，而性用之殊，当知其类。○血虚之治，有主者的，宜熟地、当归、枸杞之属；血虚之治，有佐者的，宜山药、山萸、杜仲、枣仁、之属。血有虚而微热的，宜凉补之，以生地、麦冬、芍药、沙参、阿胶之属；血有因于气虚的，宜补其气，以人参、[缺字]、白术之属；血有因于气实的，宜行之降之，以青陈皮、枳壳、乌药、木香、香附之属；血有虚而滞的，宜补之活之，以当归、牛膝、川芎、醇酒之属；血有寒滞不化，及火不归原的，宜温之，以桂、附、干姜之属；血有乱动不安的，宜清之和之，以丹皮、丹参、童便、茅根、侧柏、藕汁、黑墨之属；血有大热的，宜寒之泻之，以黄芩、黄连、知母、黄柏、元参、栀子、石膏、龙胆、苦参、犀角、青黛、槐花之属；血有蓄而结的，宜破之逐之，以桃仁、红花、苏木、延胡、三棱、莪术、五灵脂、大黄之属；血有陷的，宜举之，以升麻、柴胡之属；血有燥的，宜润之，以酥酪、蜂蜜、天冬、柏子仁、苁蓉、当归之属；血有滑的，宜涩之止之，以棕灰、发灰、白芨、蒲黄、百草霜、五味子、乌梅、地榆、文蛤、续断、椿白皮之属；血有涩的，宜利之，以牛膝、车前、泽泻、木通、瞿麦、益母、滑石之属；血有病于风湿的，宜散之燥之，以荆芥、防风、葛根、秦艽、苍术、白术之属。○治血之剂，古人多以四物汤为主，然亦有宜与不宜者。盖补血行血无如当归，但当归之性动而滑，凡因火动血者忌之，因火而嗽，因湿而滑者皆忌之。行血散血无如川芎，然川芎之性升而散，凡火载血上行者忌之，气虚多汗，火不归原者皆忌之。生血凉血无如生地，敛血清血无如芍药，然二物皆凉，非阳虚脾弱者所宜；脉弱身凉，多呕便溏者，皆非宜也。故凡
Four liang. Cut pork into bean-sized pieces, mix with Cinnabar (Zhusha), and feed to birds when they are hungry. Kill the birds, seal them firmly with salt mud, roast over Ji fire, bury in the ground for one day and night, then take out and grind into powder in a silver vessel. On an empty stomach, take with non-ash wine mixed with a small amount of Musk (Shexiang). Place the patient inside a tent, tightly closed on all sides. Hold iron tongs near the mouth; if parasites emerge, clamp them with the tongs and drop them into boiling oil to fry. Then administer thin rice gruel, followed by Jiahe Yin.
Dazao Wan is very effective for treating deficiency consumptive diseases. It consists of two herbs: Placenta Hominis (Ziheche) and Dioscoreae Rhizoma (Shanyao), made into pills.
Test for Transmission Corpse Disease (Chuan Shi): Use Frankincense (Ruxiang) smoke to fumigate the patient's hand. With the palm facing up, cover it with silk cloth. After a long time, hair about one cun long appears on the back of the hand. If white or yellow, it is treatable; if red, slightly difficult; if blue-black, fatal. If no hair grows after fumigation, it belongs to ordinary deficiency consumptive disease (Xu Lao). Another method: burn Benzoin (Anxi Xiang) incense smoke and let the patient inhale it. If coughing does not stop, it is Chuan Shi; if not coughing, it is not.
Another prescription: For Treating Transmission Corpse Ghost Tumor (Chuan Shi Gui Zhu), which causes profuse sweating, silence, aversion everywhere, gradually leading to death, spreading to wipe out families. Urgently treat with one whole Otter Liver (Ta Gan), dried in shade, taken as powder. Mix with water, take one Fang Cun Bi (square-inch spoonful) dose, three times daily.
Scriptural Meaning
The Middle Jiao receives Qi, extracts juice, changes it to red, this is called Blood. ○ All Blood belongs to the Heart. ○ If one does not stay away from heat, heat will arrive, and diseases of Blood overflow and Blood leakage will arise. (Su Wen)
Ying and Wei are Essence-Qi. Blood is Spirit-Qi. Blood and Qi have different names but are of the same category; therefore, those who lose Blood should not sweat, and those who sweat excessively should not lose Blood. (Ling Shu)
Philosophical Remarks
If the patient has chest fullness, withered lips, blue tongue, dry mouth, only wants to rinse water in the mouth without swallowing, has no chills or fever, pulse is slightly large and slow, abdomen is not full but the patient says they feel full, this indicates Blood stasis.
○ If the patient appears to have fever, irritability, fullness, dry mouth and thirst, but the pulse shows no heat, this is hidden Yin heat, which is Blood stasis; it should be treated with purgation. (Jin Gui Yao Lue)
Nasal mucus, saliva, essence, fluids, sweat, blood, and body fluids, these seven spiritual substances all belong to Yin. (Dao Jing)
Blood and Qi have different names but are of the same category. Although there are distinctions of Yin/Yang and Clear/Turbid, they are all transformed from the fine essence of food and drink. Initially, they are mixed in one unit, not yet separated into clear and turbid. With the stirring and movement of Spleen Qi, they steam upwards to the Lung to become Qi; if Qi is not consumed, it descends to the Kidney to become Essence; if Essence is not leaked, it returns to the Liver to become Blood; if Blood is not drained, it unifies in the Heart, undergoes transformation by Li Fire (Heart Fire), and becomes True Blood, which nourishes the body, nothing being more precious than this. (Zhang Luyu)
In the human body, Qi acts as Wei (Defensive), and Blood acts as Ying (Nutritive). The Classics say: Ying is the fine essence of food and drink, harmonized in the Five Zang organs, spread out in the Six Fu organs, and then enters the vessels.
It is generated in the Heart, controlled by the Spleen, stored in the Liver, distributed by the Lung, and excreted by the Kidney, irrigating the whole body. Eyes receive it to see, ears receive it to hear, hands receive it to grasp, palms receive it to hold, feet receive it to walk, Zang organs receive it to produce fluids, Fu organs receive it to move Qi. Through entry, exit, ascent, and descent, moistening and unblocking, nothing does not come from this. Daily nourishment from diet allows Yang to generate and Yin to grow, extracting juice and changing it to red to become Blood. Injected into the vessels, when full it is solid, when scant it is stagnant; when vigorous, all meridians rely on its nourishment; when exhausted, all pulses become empty here. When Blood is abundant, the form is robust; when Blood is weak, the form is frail. Blood is hard to form but easy to deplete; can one not be careful in nourishing it? Once Yin Qi is injured, various changes immediately occur. Wildly flowing upwards, it causes hematemesis and epistaxis; depleted in the middle, it becomes Xu Lao; wrongly returning downwards, it causes red stool; shifting heat to the Bladder, it causes hematuria; penetrating the intestines, it becomes Chang Feng (intestinal wind); Yin deficiency with Yang pounding, it becomes Beng Zhong (metrorrhagia); dampness steaming with heat stasis, it becomes Li Xia (dysentery); extreme heat causing putrefaction, it becomes pus and blood; extreme fire resembling water, color is mostly purple-black; heat surpassing Yin, it manifests as sores and ulcers; dampness stagnating in Blood, it becomes Urticaria; coagulating and stiffening in the skin, it becomes Cold Bi; accumulating above, it causes forgetfulness; accumulating below, it resembles madness; due to falls and injuries, evil stasis gathers internally. If distinguishing locations, the upper half of the body corresponds to Heaven's Yang; the lower half corresponds to Earth's Yin. This merely lists the manifested symptoms. (Yu Ji Wei Yi)
Blood in the human body circulates internally within the collaterals, externally fills the skin and hair, penetrates the muscles, and nourishes the sinews and bones. Thus, when the hundred bodies are peaceful, movement is unimpeded. If Qi stagnates, Blood stagnates; if Qi rebels, Blood rebels; receiving heat makes it flow, receiving cold makes it coagulate; depletion causes incomplete circulation and uneven penetration, making external pathogens easy to invade. (Sun Yikui)
Blood is originally Yin Essence, not suitable for movement; movement leads to disease. Blood manages Ying Qi, not suitable for damage; damage leads to disease. Generally, movement is mostly due to Fire; excessive Fire forces Blood to move recklessly. Damage is mostly due to Qi; Qi injury means Blood has nowhere to reside. Thus, some move Fire due to Seven Emotions, some injure Qi due to Seven Emotions, some move Fire due to fatigue and sexual desire, some injure Yin due to fatigue and sexual desire. Or external pathogens unresolved, heat郁 (stagnant) in the meridians; or indulgence in drinking without restraint, Fire moves in the Stomach; or Middle Qi deficiency and cold, unable to contain and control, sinking downwards; or Yin excess repelling Yang, Fire does not return to its origin and overflows upwards. These are all causes of moving Blood. Thus, wildly flowing upwards, it appears in the seven orifices; flowing downwards, it exits the two yin openings. Or obstructing and stasis in the meridians, manifesting as abscesses and sores; or knotting in the intestines and viscera, remaining as masses; or catching Wind-Heat, manifesting as macules and papules; or stagnating in Yin-Cold, manifesting as pain and Bi. These are all manifestations of Blood diseases. If Seven Emotions and fatigue are not regulated, and latent consumption and dark burning are not nourished, the root of life is deficient, and consumption goes unnoticed, leading to emaciation of Ying Qi and deterioration of the form. This is due to insufficiency of True Yin, which is none other than Blood disease. (Zhang Jingyue)
For Blood disorders, if Heat accumulates in the Lung and Stomach, there must be chest fullness and a solid pulse; if caused by great anger and Qi rebellion, there must be a blue face and wiry pulse. If Yang deficiency causes Blood to escape outward, there must be deficiency-cold and aversion to cold; if Yin deficiency causes Fire to flare upward, there must be wheezing, coughing, and internal heat. If mental labor fails to generate Blood, there must be vexation and restlessness; if physical labor fails to control Blood, there must be spontaneous sweating and fatigue. If constraint injures the Spleen, there is sorrow, resentment, and poor appetite; if labor injures Lung Qi, there is chronic cough without phlegm. If Qi deficiency fails to control, Blood scatters; if accumulated stasis remains, Blood forms clots. If Heat stagnates above, Blood is purple; if deficiency-fire rises below, Blood is fresh red. If Cold congeals Blood, Blood is dark black; if Lung abscess forms, Blood mixes with pus. If sputum precedes blood, it is due to Phlegm-Fire accumulating heat; if blood precedes sputum, it is due to Yin deficiency and rampant Fire. If vomiting blood occurs after overeating and bloating, it is due to food injuring the Stomach wall and failing to transform; if vomiting blood occurs after drunkenness, it is due to alcohol injuring the clear pathways and causing reckless flow. ○ Generally, internal Blood diseases: stasis is easy to treat, dryness is difficult to cure. Blood flowing outward: downward flow is favorable, upward overflow is unfavorable. For all Blood disorders: if the body has no tidal fever, it is mild; if the body has tidal fever, it is severe. If bleeding from the nine orifices occurs with body heat and inability to lie down, it is fatal. (Zheng Zhi Hui Bu)
Blood flowing through the clear pathway exits the nose; blood flowing through the turbid pathway exits the mouth. Hemoptysis and epistaxis originate from the Lung; hematemesis originates from the Liver; vomiting blood originates from the Stomach; salivary blood originates from the Spleen; spitting blood originates from the Heart; drooling blood originates from the Kidney. Ear blood is called Er Nu, nasal blood is called Nu, skin blood is called Xue Han, blood from both mouth and nose is called Nao Nu, blood from all nine orifices is called Da Nu. Clear stool blood belongs to Ying deficiency with heat; turbid stool blood belongs to heat and dampness. Fresh color belongs to Fire; black color belongs to extreme Fire. Blood mixed with discharge comes from accumulation or collateral injury. Hematuria due to excessive sexual exertion, Yin deficiency with Fire moving, Ying Blood recklessly flowing, with dark black blood color, withered pale face, and deep slow Chi pulse, indicates lower Yuan deficiency-cold, what is called "Yang deficiency, Yin must flee." Those vomiting purple-black blood: Yuan Bing Shi says this is not cold coagulation, but extreme heat consuming and thickening it; extreme heat is controlled by Water transformation, hence the purple-black color. Sweat-blood results from great joy injuring the Heart; joy disperses Qi, and Blood follows Qi. Lower bleeding results from Qi deficiency and thin intestines, so Blood seeps in and exits downward. ○ Coughing up blood mixed with sputum is named Ke Xue. There are two causes: Heat congestion in the Lung is easy to treat, simply cool it; chronic cough damaging the Lung is difficult to treat, this has already become Lao disease. Blood streaks in sputum indicate Yin deficiency with Fire moving and Lao injury to the Lung. Although Blood is born in the Heart, controlled by the Spleen, and stored in the Liver, it is actually distributed by the Lung. Still, it returns to its meridian; hot, it flows recklessly. Fire injuring Lung collaterals, Blood following cough, is Ke Xue; large amounts vomited are Tu Xue. If there is always a metallic taste in the throat, and blood comes out upon spitting, whether fresh, purple, or fine particles, it is Luo Xue; if fresh red comes out with saliva, it is Tuo Xue. Both originate from the Kidney. Furthermore, if oral saliva is all purple-black blood water, like pig blood, dull and not fresh, with emaciation, body heat, and night sweats, this is caused by depression. However, Tuo Xue is blamed on the Lower Jiao, caused by Yang Fire roasting and forcing it. The Kidney governs saliva; Foot Shaoyin has little Blood and much Qi, so its syndrome is difficult to treat. Luo Xue is also one of the heaviest and most difficult-to-treat diseases because the Lung Meridian has much Qi and little Blood. Also, the Lung is the Metal image, a organ of clear descending and purifying. When Metal is controlled by Fire, forced upward, it becomes Luo Xue, which is very rebellious. The Classics say: Upper Qi seeing blood, and hearing pathological sounds, refers to wheezing with Luo Xue and coughing. Therefore, although Tu Xue and Nu involve much blood loss, since they come from the Liver, Stomach, and Large Intestine, where Qi and Blood are abundant, the body remains cool and pulse quiet, causing no harm. Ke Xue and Luo Xue come from the Heart, Lung, and Kidney, where all three meridians have much Qi and little Blood. Much Qi means Fire easily ascends; little Blood means Fire easily blazes. Thus, gradually appearing surging and rapid pulse, body heat, and coughing, even with less blood loss, often leads to failure to recover. (Feng Chuzhan)
Loss of Blood may come from the mouth and nose, or from the two bowels; sudden vomiting may stop immediately, or chronic vomiting may not cease; it may be fresh red throughout, or purple-black until the end. Generally, Blood in the meridians and Blood in the collaterals have the meaning of mutual entry and exit. If Blood bursts from the mouth and nose and stops immediately, it is Blood in the collaterals, not the meridians; if massive vomiting continues, it naturally agitates Blood in the meridians. Blood from the two bowels starts as collateral Blood, but after a long time also agitates meridian Blood. Fresh red throughout is collateral Blood; purple-black until the end is also accumulated Blood in the collaterals, possibly caused by carrying heavy loads or fighting injuries, where meridian Stasis Blood returns to the collaterals. Thus, Blood in the collaterals is easy to generate and easy to fail. (Yi Xue Ti Jie)
Ear bleeding is caused by injury from depressed anger, internally stirring Shaoyang Wind-Heat, causing Blood to boil and rush upwards to the clear pathway, rising without descending. ○ Umbilical bleeding is caused by injury to Original Yin in the Stomach, Yin Blood roasted by Fire, unable to transport up and down, losing the command of transmission, thus exiting from the Stomach orifice. (Luo Chicheng)
Xue Han (Blood Sweat) is sweat that stains clothes red, also called Hong Han. Nei Jing attributes it to Shaoyin arrival; He Jian attributes it to Gallbladder receiving heat causing Blood to move recklessly; Ben Cao attributes it to great joy injuring the Heart, joy dispersing Qi, and Blood following Qi. Although origins differ, treatment is the same. (Li Dongyuan)
Supplement
The nature of Qi is good at ascending and easy to scatter. Nourishing and consolidating are subtle methods of nurturing Qi. Only by preserving stillness and guarding the center is one good at nurturing Qi. The nature of Blood is good at descending and easy to coagulate. Harmonizing and warming are subtle methods of nourishing Blood. Only by moving and regulating the center is one good at nourishing Blood. (Wu Yi Hui Jiang)
To treat Blood caused by Excess Fire, smoothing Qi is priority; when Qi moves, Blood stops itself. To treat Blood caused by Deficiency Fire, nourishing Righteousness is priority; when Qi is strong, Blood controls itself. (Yi Fang Ji Jie)
To invigorate Blood, one must first smooth Qi; when Qi descends, Blood flows naturally. To warm Blood, one must first warm Qi; when Qi is warm, Blood moves naturally. To nourish Blood, one must first nourish Qi; when Qi is prosperous, Blood generates naturally. ○ The Spleen is the Root of Post-Heaven and the Head of the Three Yin; when Spleen Qi is healthy, Yuan Qi is prosperous and Yin is naturally secured. The Kidney is the Root of Pre-Heaven and the Stem of the Three Yin; when Kidney Water is sufficient, Dragon Fire is submerged and Yin is naturally safe. Therefore, for Blood disorders with Spleen deficiency, tonify the Spleen to control Blood; for Kidney deficiency, strengthen Water to control Yang; for Kidney Yang deficiency, benefit Fire to guide it back. By exploring these three methods, one has more than halfway achieved the regulation of Blood disorders. ○ Labor injury mistakenly using cold-cooling agents causes chest fullness and diaphragmatic pain, making Blood more stagnant; Yin Fire mistakenly using drying-hot agents makes Blood more dry, forming Lao Zhai. Falls and sprains cause Qi rebellion and Blood stasis; mistakenly using astringents causes stasis to accumulate in the Stomach, sub-xiphoid fullness, and vomiting upon eating, named Xue Ni; stasis accumulating in the Spleen causes abdominal distension and swelling, gradually becoming Zhong Man, named Xue Gu. (Zheng Zhi Hui Bu)
Blood disorders have four types: Deficiency, Stasis, Heat, Cold. Treatment methods have five: Tonify, Purge, Break, Cool, Warm. Blood Deficiency: symptoms include morning coolness and evening heat, heat in palms and soles, xerotic skin, white lips, irregular menstruation in women, fine and powerless pulse; method: Tonify. Blood Stasis: symptoms above include irritability, rinsing water without swallowing; below include mania-like state, delirium, jaundice, black tongue, lower abdominal fullness, frequent urination, black stool; method: Purge. In women, amenorrhea with abdominal pain, postpartum lower abdominal distension and pain unpressable; method: Break. Blood Heat: symptoms include vomiting, epistaxis, coughing, spitting, hematuria, afternoon fever, early menstruation in women, wiry and rapid pulse; method: Cool. Blood Cold: symptoms include numbness and weakness, lusterless skin, cold hands and feet, fear of cold in heart and abdomen, painful mass in abdomen relieved by heat, late menstruation in women, fine and slow pulse; method: Warm. Also, prolonged vomiting, epistaxis, or rectal bleeding where Blood cannot attach to Qi and loses its meridian path, should warm the Spleen and Kidney meridians. Spleen deficiency failing to control uses Ginger and Aconite to warm the Middle Jiao; Kidney deficiency failing to return uses Cinnamon and Aconite to warm the Gate of Vitality. These are all Warming methods. (Yi Xue Liu Yao)
In treating Blood diseases, one must understand which meridian the Blood comes from. One cannot generally say that vomiting and epistaxis are mostly Fire carrying Blood upward and wrongfully flowing. Fire is formless Qi, not comparable to Water, how can it carry? Blood follows Qi; when Qi is harmonious, Blood follows the meridian; when Qi rebels, Blood flows chaotically. Excess Qi is Fire. Qi rebellion causing reckless Blood flow, combined with Fire transformation, makes it severe. The Classics say: Anger causes Qi rebellion, severely causing hematemesis. Dongyuan said: Blood recklessly flowing up from mouth and nose is all due to Qi rebellion. Moreover, Blood coagulates with cold, flows with heat, and stops when black. From this, treating Blood without regulating Qi, applying only cold-cooling agents, causes Blood not to return to the meridian, stagnated by cold, stopping temporarily but recurring. Also, the Spleen controls Blood; cold-cooling agents injure the Spleen, unable to constrain, what changes could be enumerated? (Chi Shui Xuan Zhu)
Treating Blood requires knowing the essentials. The causes of Blood movement are only Fire and Qi. Observing Fire, observe if there is Fire or not; observing Qi, observe if Qi is deficient or excess. Knowing these four, there is no further meaning in treating Blood. ○ When Fire is not excessive, Qi does not rebel, but Blood movement does not stop, it is due to damaged Original Yin and lost Ying Qi, the disease being in the root. The Classics say: Irregular living and excessive effort injure the collaterals. Injury to Yang collaterals causes Blood to overflow externally, resulting in vomiting and epistaxis; injury to Yin collaterals causes Blood to overflow internally, resulting in posterior bleeding. These two statements best capture the source of injury and blood loss. Therefore, in treating injuries, when there is no Fire or Qi abnormality but Blood does not stop, do not rashly use cold-cooling agents to destroy vital Qi, nor rashly use pungent-drying agents to stir Yang Qi. Instead, use purely sweet and tranquil substances to cultivate and nourish, completing the repair of injury, so that without directly treating Blood, peace is restored. ○ Blood disorder treatments: For Lung diseases, clear and descend, do not ascend and float; for Heart diseases, nourish Ying, do not dissipate; for Spleen diseases, warm the middle, do not use sour-cold; for Liver diseases, either soothe and drain, or use sweet-slow, do not use constipating; for Kidney diseases, either strengthen Water or nourish Yin, do not use aromatic-drying attacking agents; for Stomach diseases, either purge greatly or tonify greatly, examine concurrent syndromes for deficiency/excess, do not assume Yangming syndromes can all be attacked. ○ Medicines for treating Blood, whether Sovereign or Minister, may be used exclusively or combined. Diseases have depth, prescriptions have weight. The subtlety of combination depends on the person, but differences in nature and use must be known by category. ○ Treatment for Blood Deficiency with main agents: Shu Di Huang, Dang Gui, Gou Qi Zi type. Treatment for Blood Deficiency with assistant agents: Shan Yao, Shan Zhu Yu, Du Zhong, Suan Zao Ren type. Blood deficiency with slight heat: cool-tonify with Sheng Di Huang, Mai Dong, Bai Shao, Sha Shen, E Jiao type. Blood deficiency due to Qi deficiency: tonify Qi with Ren Shen, [Missing Character], Bai Zhu type. Blood deficiency due to Qi excess: move and descend with Qing Pi, Chen Pi, Zhi Ke, Wu Yao, Mu Xiang, Xiang Fu type. Blood deficiency with stagnation: tonify and invigorate with Dang Gui, Niu Xi, Chuan Xiong, Chun Jiu type. Blood cold-stagnation not transforming and Fire not returning to origin: warm with Gui Zhi, Fu Zi, Gan Jiang type. Blood chaotic and unsettled: clear and harmonize with Dan Pi, Dan Shen, Tong Bian, Mao Gen, Ce Bai Ye, Ou Zhi, Hei Mo type. Blood with great heat: cold-purge with Huang Qin, Huang Lian, Zhi Mu, Huang Bo, Xuan Shen, Zhi Zi, Shi Gao, Long Dan, Ku Shen, Xi Jiao, Qing Dai, Huai Hua type. Blood accumulated and knotted: break and drive out with Tao Ren, Hong Hua, Su Mu, Yan Hu, San Leng, E Zhu, Wu Ling Zhi, Da Huang type. Blood sinking: lift with Sheng Ma, Chai Hu type. Blood dry: moisten with Su Lao, Mi Feng, Tian Dong, Bai Zi Ren, Rong Rong, Dang Gui type. Blood slippery: astringe and stop with Zong Hui, Fa Hui, Bai Ji, Pu Huang, Bai Cao Shuang, Wu Wei Zi, Wu Mei, Di Yu, Wen Ge, Xu Duan, Chun Bai Pi type. Blood astringent/stagnant: promote urination/drain with Niu Xi, Che Qian, Ze Xie, Mu Tong, Qu Mai, Yi Mu, Hua Shi type. Blood diseased by Wind-Damp: disperse and dry with Jing Jie, Fang Feng, Ge Gen, Qin Jiao, Cang Zhu, Bai Zhu type. ○ Formulas for treating Blood, ancients mostly used Si Wu Tang as main, but there are appropriate and inappropriate cases. Nothing beats Dang Gui for tonifying and moving Blood, but Dang Gui's nature is moving and slippery; contraindicated for Fire-moving Blood, Fire-caused cough, and Dampness-caused slipperiness. Nothing beats Chuan Xiong for moving and scattering Blood, but Chuan Xiong's nature is ascending and scattering; contraindicated for Fire-carrying Blood upward, Qi deficiency with excessive sweating, and Fire not returning to origin. Nothing beats Sheng Di Huang for generating and cooling Blood, nothing beats Bai Shao for astringing and clearing Blood, but both are cold, not suitable for Yang deficiency and Spleen weakness; weak pulse, cool body, frequent vomiting and loose stools are all unsuitable. Therefore, generally...