病有脏虚脏实。腑虚腑实。上虚上实。下虚下实。状各不同。宜深消息。肠鸣气走。足冷手寒。食不入胃。吐逆
无时。皮毛憔悴。肌肉皱皴。耳目昏塞。语声破散。行步喘促。精神不收。此五脏之虚也。诊其脉。举指而活。按
之而微。看任何部以断其脏也。又按之沉、小、弱、微、短、涩、软、濡。俱为脏虚也。虚则补益。治之常情耳。饮食
过多。大小便难。胸膈满闷。肢节疼痛。身体沉重。头目昏眩。唇肿胀。咽喉闭塞。肠中气急。皮肉不仁。暴生喘乏。
偶作寒热。疮疽并起。悲喜时来。或自痿弱。或自高强。气不舒畅。血不流通。此脏之实也。诊其脉。举按俱盛
者实也。又长、浮、数、疾、洪、紧、弦、大。俱曰实也。看在何经而断其脏也。头疼目赤。皮热骨寒。手足舒缓。血
气
壅塞。丹瘤更生。咽喉肿痛。轻按之痛。重按之快。食饮如故。曰腑实也。诊其脉。浮而实大者是也。皮肤瘙痒。肌
肉胀。食饮不化。大便滑而不止。诊其脉。轻手按之得滑。重手按之得平。此乃腑虚也。看在何经而正其
时也。胸膈痞满。头目碎痛。饮食不下脑项昏重。咽喉不利。涕唾稠粘。诊其脉。左右寸口。沉结实大者上实
也。颊赤心忪。举动颤栗。语声嘶嘎。唇焦口干。喘乏无力。面少颜色。颐颔肿满。诊其左右寸。脉弱而微者。上
虚也。大小便难饮食如故。腰脚沉重脐腹疼痛。诊其左右手脉尺中脉伏而涩者。下实也。大小便难。饮食
进退。腰脚沉重。如坐水中。行步艰难。气上奔冲梦寐危 诊其左右尺中。脉滑而涩者。下虚也。病患脉微
涩、短、小。俱属下虚也。
疾病有脏虚、脏实，腑虚、腑实，上虚、上实，下虚、下实。其表现各不相同，应当深入审察。肠鸣气走，足冷手寒，饮食不能入胃，呕吐逆乱无定时，皮毛憔悴，肌肉皱缩，耳目昏塞，语声破散，行走时气喘急促，精神涣散不收摄。这是五脏的虚证。诊察其脉象，轻举手指感觉脉搏活跃，重按则微弱。观察任何一部脉以判断是哪一脏的病变。又若按之见沉、小、弱、微、短、涩、软、濡等脉象，都属于脏虚。虚证则用补益法治疗，这是常规的治疗原则。
饮食过多，大小便困难，胸膈满闷，肢节疼痛，身体沉重，头目昏眩，嘴唇肿胀，咽喉闭塞，肠中气急，皮肉麻木不仁，突然发生气喘乏力，偶尔出现寒热往来，疮疽并发，悲喜情绪不时发作，或者自身感到痿弱无力，或者自身感到亢盛高强，气机不舒畅，血液不流通。这是脏的实证。诊察其脉象，轻举重按都盛大有力的属于实证。又若见长、浮、数、疾、洪、紧、弦、大等脉象，都称为实证。观察病在何经以判断是哪一脏的病变。
头疼目赤，皮肤发热而骨头寒冷，手足舒缓无力，血气壅塞，丹瘤再生，咽喉肿痛，轻按时疼痛，重按时反而舒适，饮食如常。这叫做腑实证。诊察其脉象，浮而实大的就是腑实证。皮肤瘙痒，肌肉胀满，饮食不消化，大便滑泄不止。诊察其脉象，轻手按之得滑脉，重手按之得平脉。这是腑虚证。观察病在何经来纠正其治疗时机。
胸膈痞满，头目刺痛，饮食不下，脑项昏重，咽喉不利，涕唾稠粘。诊察其脉象，左右寸口脉沉结实大的，属于上实证。面颊红赤，心悸心慌，举动颤栗，语声嘶哑，嘴唇焦干口干，气喘乏力，面色少华，颐颔肿满。诊察其左右寸脉，脉弱而微的，属于上虚证。大小便困难但饮食如常，腰脚沉重，脐腹疼痛。诊察其左右手尺中脉伏而涩的，属于下实证。大小便困难，饮食进退（食欲变化），腰脚沉重，如坐水中，行走艰难，气上冲逆，梦寐惊恐。诊察其左右尺中脉滑而涩的，属于下虚证。病患脉象微、涩、短、小，都属于下虚证。
Diseases present as deficiency and excess of the Zang organs, deficiency and excess of the Fu organs, deficiency and excess of the Upper Jiao (Upper Burner), and deficiency and excess of the Lower Jiao (Lower Burner). Their manifestations differ significantly and require deep investigation. Intestinal murmurs with Qi movement, cold feet and hands, food failing to enter the stomach, frequent vomiting and regurgitation, emaciated skin and hair, wrinkled muscles, deafness and blindness, broken and scattered speech, panting and urgency during walking, and loss of spiritual essence constitute the deficiency syndrome of the Five Zang Organs. Upon pulse diagnosis, the pulse feels active when lifted lightly but becomes faint upon heavy pressure. By observing any specific pulse position, one can determine which Zang organ is affected. Furthermore, if the pulse feels deep, small, weak, minute, short, choppy, soft, or soggy upon palpation, all indicate Zang deficiency. The treatment principle for deficiency is tonification, which is the standard approach.
Excessive food intake, difficulty in urination and defecation, chest and diaphragm fullness and oppression, pain in limbs and joints, heaviness of the body, dizziness of head and eyes, swollen lips, blocked throat, urgent Qi in the intestines, insensitivity of skin and flesh, sudden onset of panting and fatigue, occasional alternating chills and fever, concurrent appearance of sores and carbuncles, intermittent episodes of sadness or joy, spontaneous flaccidity or excessive strength, unsmooth Qi flow, and stagnant blood circulation constitute the excess syndrome of the Zang organs. Upon pulse diagnosis, a pulse that is vigorous both upon light lifting and heavy pressing indicates excess. Additionally, pulses that are long, floating, rapid, hurried, surging, tight, wiry, or large are all termed excess. One must observe which meridian is involved to diagnose the specific Zang organ.
Headache with red eyes, hot skin but cold bones, relaxed and weak hands and feet, congestion of Blood and Qi, recurrence of erysipelas-like tumors, swelling and pain in the throat, pain upon light pressure but relief upon heavy pressure, and normal appetite characterize the excess syndrome of the Fu organs. Upon pulse diagnosis, a pulse that is floating and solid-large confirms this condition. Itching of the skin, distension of muscles, indigestion, and slippery, uncontrollable diarrhea characterize the deficiency syndrome of the Fu organs. Upon pulse diagnosis, a slippery pulse is felt with light pressure, while a normal pulse is felt with heavy pressure. Treatment should be guided by identifying the affected meridian to correct the timing and method.
Stuffiness and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, piercing pain in the head and eyes, inability to eat, heaviness and dizziness in the brain and neck, dysphagia, thick and sticky sputum and nasal discharge, with a pulse that is deep, solid, firm, and large at the Cun (inch) positions on both left and right wrists, indicates the excess syndrome of the Upper Jiao. Red cheeks, palpitations, trembling movements, hoarse voice, dry and cracked lips and mouth, panting and weakness, pale complexion, and swelling of the chin and jaw, with a pulse that is weak and minute at the left and right Cun positions, indicates the deficiency syndrome of the Upper Jiao. Difficulty in urination and defecation with normal diet, heavy waist and legs, and abdominal pain, with a pulse that is hidden and choppy at the Chi (cubit) positions on both left and right wrists, indicates the excess syndrome of the Lower Jiao. Difficulty in urination and defecation, fluctuating appetite, heavy waist and legs, sensation of sitting in water, difficult walking, upward rushing of Qi, and fearful dreams, with a pulse that is slippery and choppy at the left and right Chi positions, indicates the deficiency syndrome of the Lower Jiao. A patient presenting with micro, choppy, short, and small pulses generally falls under the category of Lower Jiao deficiency.