《病源》咳嗽者，由肺感于寒，微者成咳嗽也。肺主气，合于皮毛，邪之初伤，先客
皮毛，故肺先受之，五脏与六腑为表里，皆禀气于肺，以四时更王，五脏六腑皆有咳嗽，各
以其时感于寒而受病，故以咳嗽形证不同。五脏之咳者，乘秋则肺先受之，肺咳之状，咳而
喘息有音声，甚则唾血；乘夏则心先受之，心咳之状，咳则心痛，喉仲介介如哽，甚则咽肿
喉痹；乘春则肝先受之，肝咳之状，咳则两（一作左）胁下痛，甚则不可转侧，两 下满；
乘
季夏则脾先受之，脾咳之状，咳则右胁下痛，阴引于肩背，甚则不可以动，动则咳剧；乘冬
则肾先受之，肾咳之状，咳则腰背相引而痛，甚则咳逆，此五脏之咳也。五脏咳久不已，传
与六腑。脾咳不已，则胃受之，胃咳之状，咳而呕，呕甚则长虫出；肝咳不已，则胆受之，
胆咳之状，咳而呕胆汁；肺咳不已，则大肠受之，大肠咳之状，咳而遗粪；心咳不已，则小
肠受之，小肠咳之状，咳而失气，气与咳俱出；肾咳不已，则膀胱受之，膀胱咳之状，咳而
遗溺；久咳不已，则三焦受之，三焦咳之状，咳而腹满，不欲食饮，此皆聚于胃，关于肺，
使人多涕唾而面浮肿，气逆也。又有十种咳，一曰风咳，欲语因咳，言不得终是也；二曰寒
咳，饮冷食寒，注入于胃，从肺脉上气，内外合，因之而咳是也；三曰支咳，心下硬满，咳
则引四肢痛，其脉反迟是也；四曰肝咳，咳而引胁下痛是也；五曰心咳，咳而唾血，引手少
阴是也；六曰脾咳，咳而涎出，续续不止，下引少腹是也；七曰肺咳，咳引颈项而唾涎沫是
也；八曰肾咳，咳则耳聋无所闻，引腰并脐中是也；九曰胆咳，咳而引头痛、口苦是也；十
曰厥阴咳，咳而引舌本是也。诊其右手寸口气口以前脉，手阳明经也，其脉浮则为阳实，阳
实者，病苦腹满，善喘咳，脉微大，为肝痹，咳引少腹，咳嗽脉浮大者生，沉小伏匿者死。
又云，脉浮直者生，沉硬者死；咳且呕，腹胀且泄，其脉弦弦欲绝者死；咳脱形发热，脉小
硬急者死；咳且羸瘦，络脉大硬者死；咳而尿血，羸瘦脉大者死。（出第十四卷中）
《短剧》疗咳嗽。紫菀七味汤方。
紫菀（半两） 五味子（一两） 桂心（二两） 麻黄（四两去节） 杏仁（七十枚去
皮、尖、
两仁，碎） 干姜（四两） 甘草（二两炙）
上药切，以水九升，煎取二升半，去滓，温服七合，日三服。忌海藻、菘菜、生葱、
KT面、腥腻。（《经心录》、《古今录验》同，出第二卷中）
《延年》紫菀饮 主咳嗽方。
紫菀 贝母 茯苓 杏仁（去皮、尖、两仁者） 生姜（各三两） 人参（二两） 橘
皮（一
两去脉）
上七味，切，以水五升，煮取一升五合，去滓，分温三服，如人行七里，更进一服。忌
葱、蒜、面、酢。（张文仲处，《古今录验》同，出第五卷中）
《古今录验》天门冬煎 疗咳嗽方。
天门冬（六两去心） 杏仁（三升去双仁、皮、尖，碎） 椒（三升熬令汗出） 桂心 浓
朴（炙） 杜仲 苦参（各三两） 附子（六两炮） 干姜（六两） 乌头（二枚炮） 人
参（六两）
蜈蚣（一枚去头、足，炙）
上十二味，别捣杏仁，其余者合捣下筛，以五斤胶饴和捣千杵。服如大枣一枚，日
三。忌冷水、猪肉、生葱、鲤鱼。（出第九卷中）
《诸病源候论》指出，咳嗽这一病症，是由于肺受到寒邪侵袭所致，轻微的情况就会形成咳嗽。肺主司气，与皮毛相合，邪气初伤人体时，首先客居于皮毛，因此肺最先受邪。五脏与六腑互为表里，都禀受于肺的气机，随着四季更替而旺衰变化，所以五脏六腑都会发生咳嗽，各自在相应的季节感受寒邪而致病，因此咳嗽的表现和证候各不相同。
五脏的咳嗽：逢秋季则肺先受邪，肺咳的症状是咳嗽且喘息有声，严重时唾血；逢夏季则心先受邪，心咳的症状是咳嗽时心痛，喉咙中感觉介介然如有物梗阻，严重时咽喉肿痛、喉痹；逢春季则肝先受邪，肝咳的症状是咳嗽时两侧（一说左侧）胁下疼痛，严重时身体不能转侧，两胁下胀满；逢长夏（季夏）则脾先受邪，脾咳的症状是咳嗽时右胁下疼痛，牵引肩背，严重时不能活动，一动则咳嗽加剧；逢冬季则肾先受邪，肾咳的症状是咳嗽时腰背相互牵引作痛，严重时咳嗽气逆，这就是五脏的咳嗽。
五脏咳嗽日久不愈，会传变给六腑。脾咳久治不愈，则胃受邪，胃咳的症状是咳嗽伴呕吐，呕吐严重时吐出蛔虫；肝咳久治不愈，则胆受邪，胆咳的症状是咳嗽并呕出胆汁；肺咳久治不愈，则大肠受邪，大肠咳的症状是咳嗽时大便失禁；心咳久治不愈，则小肠受邪，小肠咳的症状是咳嗽时排气，气体随咳嗽一起排出；肾咳久治不愈，则膀胱受邪，膀胱咳的症状是咳嗽时遗尿；久咳不愈，则三焦受邪，三焦咳的症状是咳嗽伴腹部胀满，不想饮食，这些病症都是病邪聚集于胃，关联于肺，使人多涕唾且面部浮肿，气机上逆。
又有十种咳嗽：一是风咳，想说话时因咳嗽打断，话说不完；二是寒咳，饮用冷水或食用寒凉食物，寒气注入胃中，从肺脉上冲，内外合邪，因而引发咳嗽；三是支咳，心下硬满，咳嗽时牵引四肢疼痛，脉象反而迟滞；四是肝咳，咳嗽牵引胁下疼痛；五是心咳，咳嗽时唾血，牵引手少阴经；六是脾咳，咳嗽时流涎，连续不止，向下牵引少腹；七是肺咳，咳嗽牵引颈项，唾吐涎沫；八是肾咳，咳嗽时耳聋听不见声音，牵引腰部及脐中；九是胆咳，咳嗽牵引头痛、口苦；十是厥阴咳，咳嗽牵引舌本。
诊察右手寸口脉以前部位（即寸部），属于手阳明大肠经。若脉浮则为阳实，阳实证患者苦于腹部胀满，容易气喘咳嗽；脉微大，为肝痹，咳嗽牵引少腹。咳嗽脉象浮大的预后良好（生），脉象沉小伏匿的预后不良（死）。又说，脉象浮直者生，脉象沉硬者死；咳嗽且呕吐，腹胀且腹泻，脉象弦急欲绝者死；咳嗽形体脱失发热，脉象小硬急者死；咳嗽且消瘦，络脉大硬者死；咳嗽且尿血，形体消瘦脉大者死。（出自第十四卷中）
《短剧方》治疗咳嗽的紫菀七味汤方。
紫菀（半两） 五味子（一两） 桂心（二两） 麻黄（四两，去节） 杏仁（七十枚，去皮、尖、双仁，捣碎） 干姜（四两） 甘草（二两，炙）
以上药物切碎，用水九升，煎取二升半，去渣，温服七合，每日三次。忌食海藻、菘菜、生葱、饴糖面、腥腻之物。（《经心录》、《古今录验》同，出自第二卷中）
《延年方》紫菀饮，主治咳嗽方。
紫菀 贝母 茯苓 杏仁（去皮、尖、双仁者） 生姜（各三两） 人参（二两） 橘皮（一两，去白）
以上七味药切碎，用水五升，煮取一升五合，去渣，分三次温服。如人行走七里路程的时间后，再进一服。忌食葱、蒜、面食、醋。（张文仲处方，《古今录验》同，出自第五卷中）
《古今录验》天门冬煎，治疗咳嗽方。
天门冬（六两，去心） 杏仁（三升，去双仁、皮、尖，捣碎） 花椒（三升，炒至出汗） 桂心 厚朴（炙） 杜仲 苦参（各三两） 附子（六两，炮制） 干姜（六两） 乌头（二枚，炮制） 人参（六两） 蜈蚣（一枚，去头足，炙）
以上十二味药，将杏仁单独捣碎，其余药物混合捣碎过筛，用五斤胶饴调和，再捣千杵。每次服用如大枣大小的一枚，每日三次。忌食冷水、猪肉、生葱、鲤鱼。（出自第九卷中）
According to *Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun* (Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases), cough arises when the Lung is affected by cold pathogenic factors; mild cases result in cough. The Lung governs Qi and corresponds to the skin and hair. When pathogens initially invade the body, they first lodge in the skin and hair; therefore, the Lung is affected first. The Zang organs and Fu organs are exterior-interior pairs, all deriving their Qi from the Lung, and following the cycles of the four seasons, all Zang and Fu organs can develop cough. Each suffers disease by contracting cold in its corresponding season, which explains why the manifestations and syndromes of cough vary among different organs.
Cough of the Five Zang Organs: In autumn, the Lung is affected first. The manifestation of Lung cough includes coughing with wheezing and audible sounds; severe cases may involve spitting blood. In summer, the Heart is affected first. The manifestation of Heart cough includes pain in the heart region during coughing, a sensation of obstruction in the throat as if something were stuck; severe cases involve sore throat and throat bi syndrome. In spring, the Liver is affected first. The manifestation of Liver cough includes pain under both hypochondria (or left side) during coughing; severe cases make turning difficult, with fullness under both hypochondria. In late summer, the Spleen is affected first. The manifestation of Spleen cough includes pain under the right hypochondrium radiating to the shoulder and back during coughing; severe cases prevent movement, worsening the cough upon motion. In winter, the Kidney is affected first. The manifestation of Kidney cough includes pulling pain between the waist and back during coughing; severe cases involve coughing with rebellious Qi. These constitute the five types of Zang cough.
If cough of the Zang organs persists for a long time without healing, it transmits to the Fu organs. Persistent Spleen cough transmits to the Stomach; Stomach cough manifests as coughing with vomiting, and severe vomiting may expel roundworms. Persistent Liver cough transmits to the Gallbladder; Gallbladder cough manifests as coughing with vomiting of bile. Persistent Lung cough transmits to the Large Intestine; Large Intestine cough manifests as coughing with fecal incontinence. Persistent Heart cough transmits to the Small Intestine; Small Intestine cough manifests as passing flatus accompanying the cough. Persistent Kidney cough transmits to the Bladder; Bladder cough manifests as urinary incontinence during coughing. If chronic cough persists, it affects the Sanjiao (Triple Burner); Sanjiao cough manifests as coughing with abdominal fullness and loss of appetite. These conditions generally gather at the Stomach and relate to the Lung, causing excessive phlegm and saliva, facial edema, and rebellious Qi.
There are also ten types of cough: First, Wind Cough, where one cannot finish speaking due to interrupting coughs. Second, Cold Cough, caused by drinking cold water or eating cold food, allowing cold to enter the Stomach and rise via the Lung meridian, combining internally and externally to induce cough. Third, Branch Cough, characterized by hardness and fullness below the heart, coughing that pulls pain into the limbs, and a pulse that is unexpectedly slow. Fourth, Liver Cough, where coughing pulls pain into the hypochondrium. Fifth, Heart Cough, where coughing involves spitting blood and pulls along the Hand-Shaoyin meridian. Sixth, Spleen Cough, where coughing produces continuous salivation radiating downward to the lower abdomen. Seventh, Lung Cough, where coughing pulls pain into the neck and throat, producing salivary foam. Eighth, Kidney Cough, where coughing causes deafness and pulls pain into the waist and umbilicus. Ninth, Gallbladder Cough, where coughing pulls pain into the head and causes bitter taste in the mouth. Tenth, Jueyin Cough, where coughing pulls pain into the root of the tongue.
Diagnosis: Palpating the Cun position before the Kou position on the right hand corresponds to the Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming. A floating pulse indicates Excess Yang; patients suffer from abdominal fullness and frequent wheezing/coughing. A slightly large pulse indicates Liver Bi, with cough pulling pain into the lower abdomen. A floating and large pulse in cough indicates survival (good prognosis), while a deep, small, and hidden pulse indicates death (poor prognosis). Furthermore, a straight floating pulse indicates survival, while a deep and hard pulse indicates death. Cough accompanied by vomiting, abdominal distension, and diarrhea, with a string-taut pulse nearly imperceptible, indicates death. Cough with emaciation and fever, with a small, hard, and rapid pulse, indicates death. Cough with wasting and thinness, with large and hard collateral pulses, indicates death. Cough with hematuria, emaciation, and a large pulse indicates death. (From Volume 14)
*Duan Ju Fang* (Short Drama Formulas) treats cough with Zi Wan Qi Wei Tang (Seven-Ingredient Aster Decoction).
Aster Root (Zi Wan, *Asteris Radix et Rhizoma*) 3g, Schisandra Fruit (Wu Wei Zi, *Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus*) 6g, Cinnamon Twig Bark (Gui Xin, *Cinnamomi Ramulus Cortex*) 12g, Ephedra Stem (Ma Huang, *Ephedrae Herba*) 24g (devoid of nodes), Apricot Seed (Xing Ren, *Armeniacae Semen Amarum*) 70 seeds (devoid of skin, tip, and twin kernels, crushed), Dried Ginger (Gan Jiang, *Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens*) 24g, Licorice Root (Gan Cao, *Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma*) 12g (roasted).
Cut the above herbs, decoct in 9 sheng of water until reduced to 2.5 sheng, strain, and take 0.7 sheng warm, three times daily. Avoid seaweed, Chinese cabbage, raw scallion, maltose noodles, and greasy/fishy foods. (Same as *Jing Xin Lu* and *Gu Jin Lu Yan*, From Volume 2)
*Yan Nian Fang* (Longevity Formulas) Zi Wan Yin (Aster Drink), main formula for cough.
Aster Root (Zi Wan, *Asteris Radix et Rhizoma*), Fritillaria Bulb (Bei Mu, *Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus*), Poria (Fu Ling, *Poria*), Apricot Seed (Xing Ren, *Armeniacae Semen Amarum*) (devoid of skin, tip, twin kernels), Fresh Ginger (Sheng Jiang, *Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens*) (each 15g), Ginseng Root (Ren Shen, *Panacis Quinquefolii Radix*) 12g, Tangerine Peel (Ju Pi, *Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium*) 6g (devoid of white pith).
Cut the seven ingredients, decoct in 5 sheng of water until reduced to 1.5 sheng, strain, and divide into three warm doses. Administer another dose after the patient walks approximately 3 kilometers. Avoid scallion, garlic, noodles, and vinegar. (Prescription by Zhang Wenzhong, Same as *Gu Jin Lu Yan*, From Volume 5)
*Gu Jin Lu Yan* Tian Men Dong Jian (Asparagus Decoction Paste), formula for treating cough.
Asparagus Root (Tian Men Dong, *Asparagi Radix*) 36g (devoid of heart), Apricot Seed (Xing Ren, *Armeniacae Semen Amarum*) 3 sheng (devoid of twin kernels, skin, tip, crushed), Sichuan Pepper (Jiao, *Zanthoxyli Pericarpium*) 3 sheng (stir-fried until oil appears), Cinnamon Twig Bark (Gui Xin, *Cinnamomi Ramulus Cortex*), Magnolia Bark (Hou Po, *Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex*) (roasted), Eucommia Bark (Du Zhong, *Eucommiae Cortex*), Sophora Root (Ku Shen, *Sophorae Flavescentis Radix*) (each 15g), Prepared Aconite Root (Fu Zi, *Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata*) 36g (prepared), Dried Ginger (Gan Jiang, *Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens*) 36g, Prepared Aconite Carpal Root (Wu Tou, *Aconiti Radix*) 2 pieces (prepared), Ginseng Root (Ren Shen, *Panacis Quinquefolii Radix*) 36g, Centipede (Wu Gong, *Scolopendra*) 1 piece (devoid of head and feet, roasted).
Process twelve ingredients separately: crush Apricot Seeds alone; grind the rest together and sieve. Mix with 5 jin of maltose paste and pound 1,000 times. Take a dose the size of a large jujube, three times daily. Avoid cold water, pork, raw scallion, and carp. (From Volume 9)