即伤寒病痉也，颈项强，背反张，目上视，属太阳。低头下视，口噤不语，手足牵引，
肘膝相勾，属阳明。眼目或左而斜，手足或左或右而搐，属少阳，此是三阳表症。有汗者当
解肌，无汗者当发散。不得妄以惊风名之，更不得妄投镇坠之药，阻其经络也。
桂枝葛根汤 治伤风项背强，身热自汗，为柔痉。此邪在太阳，仍兼阳明。
嫩桂枝（一钱） 白芍（钱半） 粉葛（钱半） 老生姜 炙草（各一钱）
水煎热服，仍欲微似有汗，则风邪自出，汗孔自闭。又，桂枝防风汤，见后乳子伤寒。
治太阳伤寒，头痛身热，身体颈项俱强，无汗，为刚痉。原方用栝楼桂枝汤，见上。按
此二症，重者，时方用人参败毒饮代之；轻者《医学心悟》用加味香苏饮代之。
人参败毒散 治大人小儿伤寒头痛，憎寒壮热，项强晴暗，鼻塞声重，风痰咳嗽，及时
气疫疠岚瘴鬼疟，或声如蛙鸣，赤眼目疮，湿毒流注，脚肿腮肿，喉痹。并治诸疮斑疹及噤
口痢。凡病在上部，宜加薄荷三四分。
人参 茯苓 枳壳 桔梗 前胡 柴胡 羌活 独活 川芎（各一钱） 甘草（五分） 生姜（二
烦热口渴，加黄芩一钱，水煎热服，微汗即解。治噤口痢，加陈仓米二钱，名仓廪散。
香港脚，加大黄、苍术漂各一钱。肤痒，加蝉蜕九个。有风热，加荆芥、防风，亦治肠风下血
。本方去人参，加连翘一钱、银花二钱，治疮毒。
加味香苏饮 治四时感冒，发热恶寒，头痛身痛，鼻塞声重，恶食呕逆，咳嗽，或胸膈
紫苏叶（钱半） 香附 陈皮（各一钱二分） 炙草（七分） 川芎（五分） 荆芥 秦艽 防风 蔓荆
子（各一钱） 生姜（三片） 水煎服。
微敷似汗即解。前症若头脑痛甚者，加羌活八分、葱白二根。自汗恶风者，加桂枝、白
芍各一钱。若在春夏之交，不便用桂枝，即加白术一钱五分。若兼停食，胸膈痞闷，加山楂
、麦芽、萝卜子各一钱五分。若太阳本症未罢，更兼口渴溺涩者，此为膀胱腑症，加茯苓钱
半、车前一钱。喘嗽，加桔梗、前胡各钱半，杏仁七枚，打碎。咽喉肿痛，去香附、生姜，
加桔梗、蒡子各钱半，薄荷五分。若便秘，加枳壳、萝卜子各钱半，仍用罨法、蜜导法。
葱豉汤 治伤寒初觉头痛，身热无汗，脉洪便溏。用连须葱白十四根、淡豆豉一两，水
煎服。如无汗，加葛根三钱。邪初在表，宜用此散之，免用麻黄汤之多所顾忌也。本方去豆
豉，加生姜五钱，名连须葱白汤，治同。
通关散 凡一切感冒，用皂角，去边弦及虫注者，二钱，生半夏三钱，共研细末，每用
少许吹鼻孔，得嚏则轻。无药处，单用皂角末亦可。搐鼻散尤妙，见下客忤。
治汗后不解，乍静乍躁，目直视，口噤，往来寒热。此太阳阳明已罢，尚未解，传入少
阳半表半里。宜和解，用小柴胡汤加防风。人参七分，柴胡、黄芩、制半夏、北防风各一钱
，炙草五分，老生姜三片，大枣一枚，水煎服。
防风当归汤 治发汗过多，发热，头面摇，口噤，背反张，太阳兼阳明。宜去风养血。
北防风 生地（各钱半） 当归（二钱） 川芎（一钱） 水煎服。
附子散 治阴痉手足厥冷，筋脉拘急，汗出不止，颈项强直，头摇口噤，此由汗多亡阳
青化桂 川附片（各七分） 漂白术（钱半） 川芎（一钱） 独活（八分） 大红枣（五枚） 水煎冷服。
当归四逆汤 治小儿血虚体弱，寒邪伤荣，以致眼目上翻，身体反张，盖太阳主筋病也
当归身 嫩桂枝 炒白芍（以上各三钱） 木通 炙草（各一钱半） 北细辛（一钱） 大红枣（五枚
水煎热服。儿小者减半，或乳母同服。
这就是伤寒病中的痉证。表现为颈项强直、背部反张（角弓反张）、眼睛向上凝视，这属于太阳经病变。如果表现为低头下视、牙关紧闭不能说话、手足牵引抽搐、肘膝相互勾连，这属于阳明经病变。如果眼睛向左侧或右侧偏斜，手足向左侧或右侧抽搐，这属于少阳经病变。这三种情况都是三阳经的表证。有汗的应当使用解肌法治疗，无汗的应当使用发散法治疗。不能随意将其命名为惊风，更不能随意投用具有镇坠作用的药物，以免阻碍经络通畅。
桂枝葛根汤：治疗伤风引起的项背强直、身体发热、自汗，属于柔痉。这是邪气在太阳经，同时兼涉阳明经。
配方：嫩桂枝一钱，白芍钱半，粉葛钱半，老生姜适量，炙甘草各一钱。
用水煎煮后热服，服药后希望微微似有汗出，这样风邪自然排出，汗孔自行闭合。另外，还有桂枝防风汤，见后文“乳子伤寒”章节。
治疗太阳伤寒，症状为头痛、身体发热、身体和颈项都强直、无汗，属于刚痉。原方使用栝楼桂枝汤，见上文。按此两种病症，重症者，时方常用人参败毒饮替代；轻症者，《医学心悟》中用加味香苏饮替代。
人参败毒散：治疗大人和小儿伤寒引起的头痛、怕冷且高热、项强、视力模糊、鼻塞声音重浊、风痰咳嗽，以及时行疫病、岚瘴鬼疟，或者声音像蛙鸣、赤眼目疮、湿毒流注、脚肿腮肿、喉痹。并治疗各种疮疡斑疹及噤口痢。凡是病在上部的，宜加入薄荷三四分。
配方：人参、茯苓、枳壳、桔梗、前胡、柴胡、羌活、独活、川芎各一钱，甘草五分，生姜二片。
若烦热口渴，加黄芩一钱，用水煎煮后热服，微汗即可解除。治疗噤口痢，加陈仓米二钱，名为仓廪散。
治疗香港脚（脚气），加大黄、漂苍术各一钱。皮肤瘙痒，加蝉蜕九个。有风热的，加荆芥、防风，也能治疗肠风下血。本方去掉人参，加连翘一钱、银花二钱，治疗疮毒。
加味香苏饮：治疗四季感冒，发热恶寒，头痛身痛，鼻塞声音重浊，厌恶饮食、呕吐逆气，咳嗽，或者胸膈部不适。
配方：紫苏叶钱半，香附、陈皮各一钱二分，炙甘草七分，川芎五分，荆芥、秦艽、防风、蔓荆子各一钱，生姜三片。
用水煎服。
微微出汗即能解除。前述病症如果头脑疼痛严重的，加羌活八分、葱白两根。自汗且恶风的，加桂枝、白芍各一钱。如果在春夏之交，不便使用桂枝，就加白术一钱五分。如果兼有停食，胸膈痞闷，加山楂、麦芽、萝卜子各一钱五分。如果太阳本症未罢，更兼口渴、小便涩滞的，这是膀胱腑症，加茯苓钱半、车前子一钱。喘咳，加桔梗、前胡各钱半，杏仁七枚，打碎。咽喉肿痛，去掉香附、生姜，加桔梗、牛蒡子各钱半，薄荷五分。如果便秘，加枳壳、萝卜子各钱半，仍配合罨法（热敷）和蜜导法（蜂蜜栓剂）。
葱豉汤：治疗伤寒初起感觉头痛、身体发热、无汗、脉洪大、大便溏稀。用带须葱白十四根、淡豆豉一两，用水煎服。如无汗，加葛根三钱。邪气初在体表，宜用此方发散，避免使用麻黄汤所带来的诸多顾忌。本方去掉豆豉，加生姜五钱，名为连须葱白汤，治疗作用相同。
通关散：凡是一切感冒，用皂角二钱（去掉边弦及虫蛀部分），生半夏三钱，共同研成细末，每次取少许吹入鼻孔，打喷嚏则病情减轻。没有药的地方，单用皂角末也可以。搐鼻散尤其妙，见下文“客忤”章节。
治疗发汗后病不解，时而安静时而烦躁，眼睛直视，牙关紧闭，往来寒热。这是太阳、阳明经病已罢，尚未解除，传入少阳半表半里。宜用和解法，用小柴胡汤加防风。人参七分，柴胡、黄芩、制半夏、北防风各一钱，炙甘草五分，老生姜三片，大枣一枚，用水煎服。
防风当归汤：治疗发汗过多，导致发热、头面摇动、牙关紧闭、背部反张，属太阳兼阳明经病变。宜用祛风养血法。
配方：北防风、生地各钱半，当归二钱，川芎一钱。
用水煎服。
附子散：治疗阴痉（阴寒性质的痉证），手足厥冷，筋脉拘急，汗出不止，颈项强直，头摇口噤，这是由于汗多导致亡阳。
配方：青化桂、川附片各七分，漂白术钱半，川芎一钱，独活八分，大红枣五枚。
用水煎煮后冷服。
当归四逆汤：治疗小儿血虚体弱，寒邪损伤营血，以致眼睛上翻，身体反张，因为太阳经主筋病。
配方：当归身、嫩桂枝、炒白芍（以上各三钱），木通、炙甘草各一钱半，北细辛一钱，大红枣五枚。
用水煎煮后热服。幼儿减半，或者由乳母同服。
This is the Jing syndrome (spasm) in Shanghan disease (Cold Damage). It manifests as stiffness of the neck and back, opisthotonos (back arching), and upward gazing of the eyes, which belongs to the Taiyang (Greater Yang) channel. If it presents with downward gaze, trismus (lockjaw) preventing speech, traction and convulsions of the limbs, and hooking of elbows and knees, it belongs to the Yangming (Yang Brightness) channel. If the eyes deviate to the left or right, and limb convulsions occur on the left or right, it belongs to the Shaoyang (Lesser Yang) channel. These three are exterior syndromes of the Three Yang channels. Those with sweating should be treated with muscle-releasing methods; those without sweating should be treated with dispersing methods. One must not casually name it as "Jing Feng" (wind-induced convulsion), nor casually administer sedative and heavy-settling medicines, which would obstruct the meridians.
Guizhi Gegen Tang (Cinnamon Twig and Kudzu Root Decoction): Treats wind-cold injury causing stiffness of the neck and back, fever, and spontaneous sweating, classified as Rou Jing (Soft Spasm). This indicates pathogenic factors in the Taiyang channel, concurrently involving the Yangming channel.
Ingredients: Tender Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig) 1 qian, Baishao (White Peony Root) 1.5 qian, Fenge (Kudzu Root) 1.5 qian, Laoshengjiang (Old Ginger) appropriate amount, Zhigancao (Honey-fried Licorice Root) 1 qian.
Decoct in water and take hot. After administration, slight perspiration is desired so that wind pathogens exit naturally and sweat pores close. Additionally, there is Guizhi Fangfeng Tang (Cinnamon Twig and Saposhnikovia Decoction), see the section on "Infant Cold Damage."
Treating Taiyang Shanghan, characterized by headache, fever, stiffness of the body and neck, and absence of sweating, classified as Gang Jing (Hard Spasm). The original formula uses Gualou Guizhi Tang (Trichosanthes Root and Cinnamon Twig Decoction), see above. Regarding these two syndromes, for severe cases, contemporary formulas often substitute Ren Shen Bai Du San (Ginseng and Detoxification Powder); for mild cases, *Yixue Xinwu* (New Insights into Medicine) substitutes Jiawei Xiangsu Yin (Modified Cyperus and Perilla Infusion).
Renshen Bai Du San (Ginseng and Detoxification Powder): Treats headache, aversion to cold with high fever, neck stiffness, blurred vision, nasal congestion with heavy voice, wind-phlegm cough in adults and children suffering from Shanghan, as well as epidemic diseases, miasma, ghost malaria, frog-like voice, red eyes and eye sores, damp-toxin flowing accumulation, swollen feet and cheeks, and throat obstruction. It also treats various sores, macules, rashes, and Jin Kou Li (dysentery with inability to eat). For diseases located in the upper part of the body, add Bohe (Mint) 3-4 fen.
Ingredients: Renshen (Ginseng), Fuling (Poria), Zhike (Bitter Orange), Jiegeng (Platycodon Root), Qianhu (Peucedanum Root), Chaihu (Bupleurum Root), Qianghuo (Notopterygium Rhizome), Duhuo (Angelica Pubescens Root), Chuanxiong (Szechwan Lovage Rhizome) each 1 qian, Gancao (Licorice Root) 5 fen, Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger) 2 slices.
If there is vexation, heat, and thirst, add Huangqin (Scutellaria Root) 1 qian, decoct in water, and take hot. Slight sweating will resolve the condition. To treat Jin Kou Li, add Chen Cangmi (Aged Rice) 2 qian, named Canlin San (Granary Powder).
To treat Hongxiangjiao (Charley Horse/Popliteal pain), add Dahuang (Rhubarb Root) and Piaocangzhu (Washed Atractylodes Rhizome) each 1 qian. For skin itching, add Chantui (Cicada Slough) 9 pieces. For wind-heat, add Jingjie (Schizonepeta Spike) and Fangfeng (Saposhnikovia Root), which also treats Changfeng Xiexue (hematochezia due to intestinal wind). Remove Renshen from this formula, add Lianqiao (Forsythia Fruit) 1 qian and Yinhua (Honeysuckle Flower) 2 qian to treat toxin sores.
Jiawei Xiangsu Yin (Modified Cyperus and Perilla Infusion): Treats common colds in all four seasons, featuring fever and aversion to cold, headache and body ache, nasal congestion with heavy voice, anorexia, vomiting and regurgitation, cough, or chest and diaphragm discomfort.
Ingredients: Zisuye (Perilla Leaf) 1.5 qian, Xiangfu (Cyperi Rhizoma), Chenpi (Tangerine Peel) each 1.2 qian, Zhigancao (Honey-fried Licorice Root) 7 fen, Chuanxiong (Szechwan Lovage Rhizoma) 5 fen, Jingjie (Schizonepeta Spike), Qinjiao (Gentiana Macrophylla Root), Fangfeng (Saposhnikovia Root), Manjingzi (Vittex Seed) each 1 qian, Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger) 3 slices.
Decoct in water and take.
Slight sweating resolves the condition. If the aforementioned symptoms involve severe head pain, add Qianghuo (Notopterygium Rhizoma) 8 fen and Congbai (Green Onion White) 2 stalks. For spontaneous sweating and aversion to wind, add Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig) and Baishao (White Peony Root) each 1 qian. If during the transition between spring and summer, when Guizhi is inconvenient to use, add Baizhu (Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome) 1.5 qian. If accompanied by food stagnation and chest/diaphragm fullness, add Shanzha (Hawthorn Fruit), Maiya (Germinated Hordeum Fruit), and Luobozizi (Radish Seed) each 1.5 qian. If the primary Taiyang syndrome persists, accompanied by thirst and dysuria, this is a Bladder Fu organ syndrome; add Fuling (Poria) 1.5 qian and Cheqianzi (Plantago Seed) 1 qian. For wheezing and cough, add Jiegeng (Platycodon Root) and Qianhu (Peucedanum Root) each 1.5 qian, and Xingren (Apricot Seed) 7 pieces, crushed. For sore and swollen throat, remove Xiangfu and Shengjiang, add Jiegeng (Platycodon Root) and Bangzi (Arctium Fruit) each 1.5 qian, and Bohe (Mint) 5 fen. For constipation, add Zhike (Bitter Orange) and Luobozizi (Radish Seed) each 1.5 qian, still combined with compress therapy and honey suppository method.
Congchi Tang (Green Onion and Fermented Soybean Decoction): Treats early-stage Shanghan with headache, fever, absence of sweating, surging pulse, and loose stools. Use 14 stalks of Lianxu Congbai (Green Onion White with roots) and Danshichi (Lightly Fermented Soybean) 1 liang, decoct in water and take. If there is no sweating, add Gegen (Kudzu Root) 3 qian. Since the pathogen is initially at the exterior, use this to disperse it, avoiding the many contraindications associated with Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction). Removing Danshichi from this formula and adding Laoshengjiang (Old Ginger) 5 qian creates Lianxu Congbai Tang (Green Onion White with Roots Decoction), which has the same therapeutic effect.
Tongguan San (Unblocking Orifice Powder): For all types of common colds, use Zaojiao (Gleditsia Sinensis Fruit) 2 qian (remove edges and strings, discard worm-eaten parts) and Sheng Banxia (Raw Pinellia Tuber) 3 qian, grind into fine powder. Apply a small amount insufflated into the nostrils; sneezing indicates relief. In areas without medicine, using only Zaojiao powder alone is also effective. Chubi San (Nose-Tickling Powder) is particularly excellent, see the section on "Ke Wu" (External Evil Intrusion).
Treating unresolved condition after sweating, alternating calmness and restlessness, fixed staring, trismus, and alternating chills and fever. This indicates that Taiyang and Yangming syndromes have resolved but the condition remains unrelieved, having transmitted to the Shaoyang half-exterior half-interior stage. Harmonization is indicated using Xiao Chaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) plus Fangfeng (Saposhnikovia Root). Renshen (Ginseng) 7 fen, Chaihu (Bupleurum Root), Huangqin (Scutellaria Root), Zhi Banxia (Prepared Pinellia Tuber), Bei Fangfeng (Northern Saposhnikovia Root) each 1 qian, Zhigancao (Honey-fried Licorice Root) 5 fen, Laoshengjiang (Old Ginger) 3 slices, Dazao (Jujube) 1 piece. Decoct in water and take.
Fangfeng Danggui Tang (Saposhnikovia and Angelica Decoction): Treats excessive sweating leading to fever, shaking of the head and face, trismus, and opisthotonos, belonging to Taiyang concurrent with Yangming. The treatment principle is to dispel wind and nourish blood.
Ingredients: Bei Fangfeng (Northern Saposhnikovia Root), Shengdi (Rehmannia Root) each 1.5 qian, Danggui (Angelica Sinensis Root) 2 qian, Chuanxiong (Szechwan Lovage Rhizome) 1 qian.
Decoct in water and take.
Fuzi San (Aconite Powder): Treats Yin Jing (Yin-type spasm) with cold extremities, tendon contraction, continuous sweating, neck stiffness, head shaking, and trismus, caused by excessive sweating leading to collapse of Yang Qi.
Ingredients: Qinghua Gui (Green-flowered Cinnamon Bark), Chuan Fupian (Prepared Aconite Lateral Root) each 7 fen, Biaobai Zhu (Bleached Atractylodes Rhizome) 1.5 qian, Chuanxiong (Szechwan Lovage Rhizome) 1 qian, Duhuo (Angelica Pubescens Root) 8 fen, Da Hongzao (Large Jujube) 5 pieces.
Decoct in water and take cold.
Danggui Sini Tang (Angelica Decoction for Reversal Cold): Treats infants with blood deficiency and weak constitution, where cold pathogens injure Ying (Nutritive) Qi, causing upward turning of the eyes and body opisthotonos, because the Taiyang channel governs tendon diseases.
Ingredients: Dangguishen (Body of Angelica Root), Nen Guizhi (Tender Cinnamon Twig), Chao Baishao (Stir-fried White Peony Root) (each 3 qian), Mutong (Akebia Stem), Zhigancao (Honey-fried Licorice Root) (each 1.5 qian), Bei Xixin (Northern Asarum Root) 1 qian, Da Hongzao (Large Jujube) 5 pieces.
Decoct in water and take hot. Reduce dosage by half for small children, or the nursing mother may take it together.