（本经中品）
【气味】苦温，无毒。
【主治】主五癃，关格不通，利小便水道，疗小儿惊，大人痉，仍自还神化。
【核】曰∶发 ，剪 下发也。梳栉而下者，乃乱发耳。修事，取男子年近二十岁以上，
无疾患，及颜貌红白者，从顶心剪切。苦参水浸一宿，入瓶子内，用火 赤，俟冷，研用；
一法用水煮七日夜，取汁熬膏者弥佳。
先人云∶发如血脉，不溃不泄，原从精生。又复色黑，具上生之体，多润下之力。故可
收起亟之阴妄奔，定淫畏之神飞越也。
【 】曰∶肾藏精，其荣在发。心主血，发乃血之余也。丛生阳首，而复倒垂，则炎上
之用，即润下之体。所谓阳在外，阴之使也；阴在内，阳之守也。故主阳失内守而致阳关，
阴失外使而致阴格。与玄府闭而致州都癃，交通不表而致惊与痉也。本自神化之余荣，仍自
还余荣为神化耳。
（本经中品）
【气味】苦酸咸寒，无毒。
【主治】主百毒，蛊疰，邪毒，瘴气。杀钩吻、鸩羽、蛇毒。除邪，不迷惑魇寐。久
服轻
【核】曰∶出永昌山谷，及益州。永昌，滇南也。今出武陵、交州、宁州诸远山。黔、
蜀者次之；海南者为上。状似水牛，猪首、大腹、卑脚似象，有三蹄，前脚直而无膝，依木
为息，木倒则
皮孔三毛如豕，有一角、二角、三角者。一在顶上，一在额上，一在鼻上。鼻上者，食角也，
一名奴角，小而不堕。顶额者，每岁一退，自埋山中，土人潜易之。二角者，鼻角长而额角
短。一角者，有鼻无额，有额无鼻。鼻角者，胡帽犀；额角者，兕犀也。兕即犀之 ， ，
牝也。牝毛色青，皮坚可以为铠。又有毛犀二角，即旄牛，所谓牯犀。又有水犀，出入水中，
最为难得，皮中有珠甲，山犀无之。异物志云∶东海水中有犀焉，乐闻丝竹，彼人动乐，则
出而听之。然犀之优劣，观角纹之粗细通塞以为差等。纹如鱼子形者，谓之粟纹；纹中有眼
者，谓之粟眼；黑中有黄花者，谓之正透；黄中有黑花者，谓之倒透；花中复有花者，谓之
重透。又纹有倒插者，一半以下通；有正插者，一半以上通；有腰股插者，中断不通；并名
通犀。有通天者，自下彻上咸通也。又有通天犀角；上有一白缕，直上至端，夜露不濡，入
药至神验。汉书骇鸡犀，置米饲鸡，皆惊骇不敢啄；置屋上，乌鸟不敢集。犀中最大者，堕
罗犀，一株重七八斤，云是牯犀额角，其花多作撒豆斑色。夜视有光者，日夜明犀，通神开
水，禽兽见之皆惊，乃绝品也。又有理文盘结，作百物形者，亦上品。又有花如椒豆斑者次
之。乌犀纯黑无花者，为下品。兕角理文细腻，斑白分明，不可入药。牯角纹大， 角纹细
也。修治，勿用奴犀、 犀、病水犀、挛子犀、无润犀。唯取乌黑肌皱、拆裂光润者，锉屑，
入臼杵细，研万匝乃用。李 云∶凡犀角锯成，当以薄纸，裹置怀中蒸燥，乘热捣之，应手
如粉。故归田录云∶翡翠销金，人气粉犀，此亦异也。松脂为之使。恶雷丸、 菌。忌盐。
娠妇勿
【 】曰∶角生顶额鼻端，为脑之余，髓之余也。亦似筋余之甲，血余之发。甲固宛然，
纹亦俨若束发如也。山海经云∶南方兽之美者，有梁山之犀焉，似得火化之正令者也。饮则
污浊，清之也；食则毒棘，消之也。故曰犀利。开宝纪事云∶辟暑犀，色如玉，溽暑时，清
气逼人。白孔六帖云∶辟寒犀，色如金，严寒时，暖气袭人。岭表录异云∶辟尘犀，佩之尘
不近身。杜阳编云∶蠲忿犀，蠲去忿怒。夜明犀，通天分水，鸟见之高飞，鱼见之深入，百
兽见之决骤，种种神异，凡此皆根尘之妄见为有者，悉能辟除之，是能一切空诸所有，故能
治一切实诸所无也。邪鬼迷惑魇寐，此吾意眚之实诸所无也。瘴气、钩吻、鸩羽、蛇虺百毒，
此物杂毒之实诸所无也。治之如何，曰空。
（火实欲空者，宜空之；火空则发也，是谓虚其实；火空欲实者，宜忌之。火实乃能作
炎上用，以显暖热体，所以存其性也。自药有赋，人安苟简，曰解乎心热，并不审病情之欲
实欲空而概投之，虽无实实之虞，宁免虚虚之患。）
（犀角居上而尖峻，确具火象。然附于坤牛纯土之体，是子反生母，子气归藏而不露，
故苦寒，而翻成北方之水，故能解心热也。本属火而化水并已之所有者能空之，故凡实所无
者，遇之自消耳。）
【《神农本草经》列为中品】
【气味】味苦，性温，无毒。
【主治】主治五种淋证（小便不通），关格病（大小便不通，上下隔绝），通利小便水道，治疗小儿惊风，成人痉挛，并能使神气自我恢复转化。
【考证】曰：发，是剪下的头发。从梳子梳下来的，那是散乱的头发。炮制方法，选取年龄接近二十岁以上的男子，没有疾病，且面色红润白皙的，从头顶心剪切下来。用苦参水浸泡一夜，放入瓶子里，用火烤至通红，等冷却后，研磨使用；另一种方法是用水煮七天七夜，取汁液熬成膏状更好。
祖先说：头发如同血脉，不溃烂不泄漏，原本由精所生。又呈现黑色，具备向上生长的形体，多具有向下滋润的力量。所以可以收敛急迫妄动的阴气，安定淫乱恐惧而飞越的神志。
【按语】曰：肾藏精，其华在发。心主血，头发是血的剩余部分。生长在阳性的头部，却又倒垂向下，那么炎上的作用，就是润下的形体。所谓阳气在外，是阴气的役使；阴气在内，是阳气的守持。所以主治阳气失去内部守持而导致阳关闭塞，阴气失去外部役使而导致阴格阻滞。与玄府（汗孔）闭塞导致膀胱（州都）淋闭，阴阳交通不畅而导致惊风和痉挛有关。本自神气转化的剩余荣华，仍然回归剩余的荣华以服务于神气转化。
【《神农本草经》列为中品】
【气味】味苦、酸、咸，性寒，无毒。
【主治】主治各种毒物，蛊疰（一种慢性消耗性疾病），邪毒，瘴气。能杀死钩吻、鸩羽、蛇毒。祛除邪气，不使人迷惑或梦魇。长期服用身体轻健……
【考证】曰：出产于永昌的山谷，以及益州。永昌，是滇南地区。现在出产于武陵、交州、宁州等地的远山。贵州、四川产的次之；海南产的是上品。形状像水牛，猪头、大肚子，脚低矮像大象，有三只蹄子，前脚直而没有膝盖，依靠树木休息，树倒了就倒下。皮孔三毛像猪，有一角、两角、三角的。一个在顶上，一个在额上，一个在鼻上。鼻上的角，是食角，又名奴角，小而不脱落。顶角和额角的角，每年退落一次，自己埋在山中，当地人偷偷更换它。两角的，鼻角长而额角短。一角的，有鼻无额，有额无鼻。鼻角的，是胡帽犀；额角的，是兕犀。兕就是犀的雌性，牝也。雌性的毛色青，皮坚硬可以做铠甲。又有毛犀两角，就是旄牛，所谓的牯犀。又有水犀，出入水中，最为难得，皮中有珠甲，山犀没有。异物志说：东海海水中有犀，喜欢听丝竹音乐，那里的人演奏音乐，它就出来听。然而犀角的优劣，观察角纹的粗细通畅与否来作为等级差别。纹路像鱼子形状的，叫粟纹；纹路中有眼的，叫粟眼；黑底中有黄花的，叫正透；黄底中有黑花的，叫倒透；花纹中又有花纹的，叫重透。又有纹路倒插的，一半以下通畅；有正插的，一半以上通畅；有腰股插的，中间中断不通；都叫通犀。有通天犀的，从下到上完全通畅。又有通天犀角；上面有一条白线，一直通到顶端，夜间露水不沾湿，入药极其灵验。汉书记载骇鸡犀，放在米里喂鸡，鸡都惊恐不敢啄食；放在屋顶上，乌鸦鸟儿不敢栖息。犀中最大的，是堕罗犀，一株重七八斤，说是牯犀的额角，其花纹多呈撒豆斑色。夜间看有光的，是日夜明犀，通神分水，禽兽见了都惊恐，是绝品。又有纹理盘结，形成百物形状的，也是上品。又有花纹像椒豆斑的次之。乌犀纯黑无花纹的，为下品。兕角纹理细腻，黑白分明，不可入药。牯角纹大，兕角纹细。炮制，不要用奴犀、兕犀、病水犀、挛子犀、无润犀。只取乌黑肌皱、开裂光润的，锉成屑，放入臼中杵细，研一万遍才使用。李时珍说：凡是犀角锯开后，应当用薄纸包裹，放在怀中蒸燥，趁热捣碎，应手如粉。所以归田录说：翡翠销金，人气粉犀，这也是奇异之处。松脂是它的引经药。畏雷丸、马勃。忌盐。孕妇勿用……
【按语】曰：角生在头顶、额头、鼻尖，是脑的剩余，髓的剩余。也像筋剩余的甲，血剩余的发。甲坚固宛然，纹路也俨然像束发一样。山海经说：南方野兽中的美者，有梁山之犀，似乎得到了火化的正统命令。喝则污浊，它能澄清；吃则毒棘，它能消除。所以叫犀利。开宝纪事说：辟暑犀，颜色像玉，湿热季节，清气逼人。白孔六帖说：辟寒犀，颜色像金，严寒时，暖气袭人。岭表录异说：辟尘犀，佩戴它灰尘不近身。杜阳编说：蠲忿犀，去除愤怒。夜明犀，通天分水，鸟见之高飞，鱼见之深入，百兽见之决骤，种种神异，凡此皆根尘的妄见为有的东西，都能辟除，是能一切空诸所有，所以能治一切实诸所无。邪鬼迷惑梦魇，这是我心中实有的虚妄。瘴气、钩吻、鸩羽、蛇虺百毒，这是物体杂毒的实有虚无。治疗它的方法，叫做“空”。
（火实欲空的，宜空之；火空则发，是谓虚其实；火实欲实的，宜忌之。火实乃能作炎上用，以显暖热体，所以存其性也。自从药物有赋，人们安于苟简，说解心热，并不审察病情是欲实还是欲空而一概投药，虽然没有实实的忧患，难道能免虚虚的祸患吗？）
（犀角居上而尖峻，确实具备火的形象。然而依附于坤牛纯土之体，是子反生母，子气归藏而不显露，所以味苦寒，反而变成北方的水，所以能解心热。本属火而化水并拥有它所能空的特性，所以凡是实所无的，遇到它自然消解。）
[Classified as Middle Grade in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*]
【Flavor and Nature】Bitter, warm, non-toxic.
【Indications】Mainly treats five types of strangury (obstructed urination), Guan-Ge syndrome (blockage of both upper and lower orifices with inability to pass urine or stool), promotes the flow of water passages in urination, treats pediatric convulsions (Jing) and adult spasms, and allows the spirit (Shen) to restore itself through transformation.
【Verification】It is stated: "Fa" refers to cut hair. Hair falling from a comb is merely scattered hair. For processing, select hair cut from the vertex of men who are nearly twenty years old, free from disease, and with ruddy and fair complexions. Soak in Sophora flavescens (Kushen) water overnight, place in a bottle, heat over fire until red-hot, allow to cool, then grind for use; another method involves boiling in water for seven days and nights, extracting the juice, and concentrating it into a paste, which is superior.
My ancestors said: Hair resembles blood vessels; it does not ulcerate nor leak, originally generated from Essence (Jing). It is also black in color, possessing an upward-growing form, yet predominantly has downward-moistening power. Thus, it can restrain urgent and reckless surging of Yin, and stabilize the spirit that flies away due to licentiousness and fear.
【Commentary】It is said: The Kidney stores Essence, its flourishing manifestation is in the hair. The Heart governs Blood, and hair is the surplus of Blood. Growing densely on the Yang head, yet hanging downwards, its flaming-upward function embodies the moistening-downward form. This means Yang outside is the servant of Yin; Yin inside is the guardian of Yang. Therefore, it mainly treats Yang losing internal guardianship leading to Yang Guan blockage, and Yin losing external service leading to Yin Ge obstruction. It relates to the closure of Xuanfu (pores) causing Zhoudou (bladder) strangury, and the lack of communication between Yin and Yang causing Jing (convulsion) and Spasms. Originally being the surplus glory of Shen's transformation, it returns to this surplus glory to serve Shen's transformation.
[Classified as Middle Grade in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*]
【Flavor and Nature】Bitter, sour, salty, cold, non-toxic.
【Indications】Mainly treats various toxins, Gu-Zhu (a chronic wasting disease caused by parasites or evil qi), evil toxins, and miasma. Kills Gouwen (Wolfsbane), Zhen Yu (poisonous bird feathers), and snake venom. Expels evil qi, preventing confusion and nightmare sleep. Long-term consumption makes the body light...
【Verification】It is stated: It originates from valleys in Yongchang and Yizhou. Yongchang is in southern Dian. Currently, it is produced in distant mountains of Wuling, Jiaozhou, and Ningzhou. Those from Qian (Guizhou) and Shu (Sichuan) are secondary; those from Hainan are superior. Its shape resembles a water buffalo, with a pig-like head, large belly, and low-set feet like an elephant. It has three hooves; the front legs are straight without knees, resting against trees, and falls when the tree falls. The skin pores have three hairs like a pig. It may have one, two, or three horns. One on the crown, one on the forehead, one on the nose. The nasal horn is the feeding horn, also called Nu Jiao, small and not shedding. The crown and forehead horns shed annually, burying themselves in the mountain soil, where locals secretly replace them. Two-horned ones have long nasal horns and short forehead horns. One-horned ones have either a nasal horn without a forehead horn, or vice versa. The nasal horn is Hu Mao Xi (Hat-cap Rhinoceros); the forehead horn is Si Xi (Female Rhino). Si is the female rhinoceros. The female has greenish hair and hard skin suitable for armor. There is also Mao Xi (Hairy Rhinoceros) with two horns, which is Maoniu, also known as Gu Xi (Male Rhino). There is also Water Xi, entering and exiting water, most rare, with pearl-like scales in the skin, unlike Mountain Xi. *Yiwuzhi* states: In the East Sea, there are rhinos that enjoy silk and bamboo music; when people play music, they come out to listen. However, the quality of rhino horn is graded by the fineness and continuity of the grain patterns. Patterns resembling fish roe are called Su Wen (Millet Pattern); patterns with eyes within are called Su Yan (Millet Eye); black background with yellow flowers is Zheng Tou (Direct Penetration); yellow background with black flowers is Dao Tou (Reverse Penetration); flowers within flowers are Chong Tou (Double Penetration). Patterns inserting downwards are Tong Xi (through-horn) if the lower half is clear; patterns inserting upwards are Tong Xi if the upper half is clear; patterns inserting at the waist/thigh are blocked in the middle. All are named Tong Xi. There is Tian Tong Xi (Heaven-Penetrating Horn), completely clear from bottom to top. There is also Tian Tong Xi Jiao; with a white thread running straight to the tip, unaffected by night dew, extremely effective in medicine. *Han Shu* records Hai Ji Xi (Chicken-Frightening Rhinoceros): placed in rice feeding chickens, they startle and dare not peck; placed on roofs, birds dare not land. The largest is Duo Luo Xi, weighing 7-8 jin per piece, said to be the forehead horn of Gu Xi, with patterns resembling scattered bean spots. Night-shining is Ri Ye Ming Xi, penetrating heaven and dividing water; birds fly high, fish dive deep, beasts flee upon seeing it, an absolute supreme product. Patterns forming intricate shapes of hundred things are also superior grade. Patterns like pepper bean spots are next. Pure black Wu Xi (Black Rhinoceros) without patterns is inferior grade. Si Jiao (Female Rhino Horn) has fine texture and distinct black-white patterns, unsuitable for medicine. Gu Jiao (Male Horn) has coarse patterns, while Si Jiao has fine patterns. Processing: Do not use Nu Xi, Si Xi, sick Water Xi, Luan Zi Xi, or dry Xi. Only select those that are jet-black, wrinkled, cracked, and lustrous. File into powder, pound in a mortar, grind ten thousand times before use. Li Shizhen said: When sawing rhino horn, wrap it in thin paper, keep it warm in the bosom to dry, then crush while hot; it turns to powder easily. Thus, *Guitian Lu* says: Emerald melting gold, human breath turning rhino horn to powder, is also strange. Pine resin is its guiding herb. It opposes Lei Wan (Polyporus) and Mo Jun (Lycoperdon). Avoid salt. Pregnant women should not use...
【Commentary】It is stated: Horns grow on the crown, forehead, and nose tip, being the surplus of Brain and Marrow. They resemble the nails of tendons' surplus and the hair of blood's surplus. Nails are solid and distinct; patterns are solemn like bound hair. *Shanhaijing* says: Among beautiful beasts of the south, there is Liangshan Xi, seemingly receiving the orthodox command of Fire transformation. It drinks turbid water and clarifies it; eats toxic thorns and dissolves them. Hence called Xi Li (Sharp/Powerful). *Kaibao Jishi* says: Bi Shu Xi (Summer-Averting Rhinoceros), jade-colored, emits clear qi during humid heat. *Baikong Liutie* says: Bi Han Xi (Cold-Averting Rhinoceros), gold-colored, emits warm qi in severe cold. *Lingbiao Luyi* says: Bi Chen Xi (Dust-Averting Rhinoceros), wearing it keeps dust away. *Duyang Bian* says: Juan Fen Xi (Anger-Eliminating Rhinoceros), eliminates anger. Ye Ming Xi (Night-Bright Rhinoceros) penetrates heaven and divides water; birds fly high, fish dive deep, beasts flee instantly. Such miracles all stem from delusions of root and dust perceiving existence; it can expel them all, emptying all that exists, thus treating all that truly does not exist. Evil ghosts, confusion, nightmares are real illusions in our mind. Miasma, Gouwen, Zhen Yu, snake venoms are real poisons in objects. How to treat? By "Emptying".
(Fire that is full and desires emptiness should be emptied; when Fire is empty, it flares up, meaning to vacate its excess; Fire that is full and desires solidity should be avoided. Full Fire performs flaming-upward functions, manifesting warmth and heat, preserving its nature. Since medicines have their nature, people rely on simplicity, saying it clears heart heat, without examining whether the condition desires fullness or emptiness, indiscriminately administering it. Though avoiding the danger of reinforcing excess, how can one avoid the harm of depleting deficiency?)
(Rhinoceros horn sits high and sharp, clearly embodying the image of Fire. Yet attached to the pure Earth body of Kun Ox, it is the child generating the mother inversely; the child's Qi hides and does not reveal itself. Thus bitter and cold, transforming into Northern Water, hence clearing Heart Heat. Originally belonging to Fire but transforming into Water, possessing the ability to empty, so whatever is falsely existent is naturally dissolved by it.)