无毒 植生
苦菜（出神农本经）主五脏邪气厌（于协切伏也）谷胃痹久服安心益气聪察少卧轻身耐
老
（以上朱字神农本经）肠 渴热中疾恶疮耐饥寒豪气不老（以上黑字名医所录）【名】荼草 游
冬堇荼 选【苗】（衍义曰）苦菜叶似苦苣而狭绿色差淡折之有白汁出常常点瘊子自落花
与
野菊相似春夏秋皆旋开花四方皆有在北道则冬方凋毙生南方则冬夏常青此月令小满节后所谓
苦菜秀者是也又有一种苦 味苦寒有小毒捣叶敷小儿闪癖煮汁服去暴热目黄秘塞然其叶极似
龙葵但龙葵子无壳苦 子有壳如皮弁子圆如珠人亦呼为小苦耽也【地】（图经曰）生益州川
谷
山陵道旁（道地）蜀川【时】（生）春苗（采）三月三日【收】阴干【用】茎叶【质】叶类
苦苣而
狭【色】青【味】苦【性】寒泄【气】味浓于气阴也【臭】腥【主】除肠 去邪气【治】（疗）
（衍
义曰）花去中热安心神
无毒附叶子 植生
荏子主咳逆下气温中补体○叶性温主调中去臭气（名医所录）【名】 【苗】（陶隐居云）
荏状如苏高硕白色不甚香其子研之杂米作糜甚肥美下气补益东人呼为 （音鱼）以其似苏字
但
除禾边故也笮其子作油用煎之即今油帛及和漆所用者服食断谷亦用之名为重油（唐本注云）
荏
叶人常生食其子故不及苏也江东以荏子为油北土以大麻为油此二油俱堪油物若以和漆荏者为
强尔（萧炳云）又有大荏形似野荏高硕叶大小荏一倍不堪食人收其子以充油绢帛与大麻子同
其
小荏子欲熟人采其角食甚香美大荏叶不堪食也【地】（唐本注云）出江东今北地多产之【时】
（生）春生苗（采）九月取【收】阴干【用】子及叶【质】类苏高硕而白色【色】白【味】
辛【性】
温【气】气之浓者阳也【臭】微香【治】（疗）（唐本注云）叶捣敷虫咬及男子阴肿（日华子
云）
叶调气润心肺长肌肤消宿食止上气咳嗽去狐臭敷蛇咬○子下气止嗽（食疗云）子止咳逆下气
生
食止渴润肺（补）（日华子云）子补中益气通血脉填精髓可蒸令熟烈日曝干当口开舂取米食
之亦
可休粮【合治】子研之合杂米作糜食之甚肥美能下气补益○叶生捣和醋封男子阴肿女人绵裹
纳之三四易瘥○叶烂杵合猪脂和薄敷虺中人【禁】子压作油少破气多食发心闷
无毒，植物生长。
苦菜（出自《神农本草经》）主治五脏邪气、食欲不振、胃脘痞塞；长期服用可安心神、益气力、使听觉视觉灵敏、减少睡眠、身体轻便、耐衰老。
（以上朱字部分为《神农本草经》原文）肠中积热、消渴内热之疾、恶疮；耐饥寒、豪气不衰、不老。（以上黑字部分为历代名医所记录）【名称】荼草、游冬、堇荼、选。【苗】（《衍义》说）苦菜的叶子像苦苣但更狭长，颜色较淡，折断后有白色汁液流出，常用来点治瘊子，自然脱落。与野菊花相似，春夏秋三季都陆续开花，各地都有。在北方道路旁则到冬天才凋谢枯萎，生长在南方则冬夏常青。这就是《月令》小满节后所说的“苦菜秀”（指苦菜茂盛）。又有一种苦菜，味苦性寒，有小毒，捣碎叶子敷贴小儿的闪癖（一种儿科病证），煮汁服用可去除暴热、目黄、便秘等症。然而它的叶子极像龙葵，但龙葵的种子无壳，这种苦菜的种子有壳，像皮弁子一样圆如珠子，人们也称它为小苦耽。【产地】（《图经》说）生于益州川谷山陵及道路旁边。（道地药材）蜀川。【时节】（生长）春季出苗。（采收）三月三日。【贮藏】阴干。【药用部位】茎叶。【质地】叶子类似苦苣但狭长。【颜色】青色。【味道】苦。【性质】寒，具有泄降作用。【气味】气味浓烈，属阴。【气味特征】腥味。【主要功效】清除肠道积热，祛除邪气。【治疗】（疗效）（《衍义》说）花能去除中焦热邪，安心神。
无毒，附生叶子，植物生长。
荏子（紫苏子）主治咳嗽气逆，能下气、温中、补益身体。○叶子性温，主治调理中焦、去除臭气（历代名医所记录）。【名称】荏。【苗】（陶隐居说）荏的形状像苏（紫苏），植株高大硕壮，颜色白，香气不浓。其子研磨后混合米煮粥，非常肥美，能下气补益。东方人称之为“鱼”（音同鱼），因为它像“苏”字但去掉了禾字边。压榨其子取油使用，煎制后即现在的油帛以及调和漆所用的油。服食断谷（辟谷）也使用它，名为重油。（《唐本草注》说）荏叶人们常生吃，其子不如苏子常用。江东地区用荏子做油，北方土地用大麻子做油，这两种油都可以用于浸染物品，如果用来调和漆，荏子油的强度更强。（萧炳说）又有大荏，形状像野荏，植株高大，叶子比大小荏大一倍，不堪食用。人们收集其子用来充作油料浸染绢帛，与大麻子相同。小荏子在种子快要成熟时采摘豆荚食用，非常香美，大荏的叶子不堪食用。【产地】（《唐本草注》说）产于江东，现在北方多地也有产出。【时节】（生长）春季生苗。（采收）九月采集。【贮藏】阴干。【药用部位】子及叶。【质地】类似苏，高大硕壮且白色。【颜色】白色。【味道】辛。【性质】温。【气味】气味浓郁，属阳。【气味特征】微香。【治疗】（疗效）（《唐本草注》说）叶子捣碎敷贴虫咬伤及男子阴部肿胀。（日华子说）叶子调理气机，滋润心肺，促进肌肤生长，消除宿食，止上气咳嗽，去除狐臭，敷贴蛇咬伤。○子能下气止咳。（《食疗》说）子能止咳逆、下气，生食止渴、润肺。（补益）（日华子说）子补中益气，通血脉，填精髓。可蒸熟后烈日曝干，张口舂去米壳取米食用，也可以休粮（辟谷）。【合治】子研磨后混合杂米煮粥食用，非常肥美，能下气补益。○叶生捣烂和醋封贴男子阴肿，女人用绵裹纳药入体，三四次更换即可痊愈。○叶烂杵碎混合猪脂薄敷被毒蛇咬伤者。【禁忌】子压制成油，少量破气，多吃易发心闷。
Non-toxic, plant growth.
Kucai (Bitter Vegetable) (from *Shennong Bencao Jing*): Mainly treats evil qi in the five zang organs, anorexia, gastric obstruction; long-term consumption calms the mind, benefits qi, enhances hearing and vision, reduces sleep needs, lightens the body, and promotes longevity.
(The above red text is from *Shennong Bencao Jing*) Intestinal heat accumulation, internal heat with thirst, malignant sores; withstands hunger and cold, maintains robust spirit, prevents aging. (The above black text is recorded by famous physicians of later generations). [Names]: Tuchao, Youdong, Jintu, Xuan. [Seedlings]: (*Yanyi* states) The leaves of Kucai resemble those of bitter lettuce but are narrower and paler green; breaking them exudes white juice, which is often used to treat warts, causing them to fall off naturally. It resembles wild chrysanthemum, blooming successively in spring, summer, and autumn, found everywhere. In northern roadsides, it withers only in winter; growing in the south, it remains evergreen through winter and summer. This is what the *Monthly Ordinances* refers to as "Kucai xiu" (Kucai flourishing) after the Xiaoman solar term. There is another type of bitter vegetable with a bitter taste and cold nature, possessing slight toxicity; its crushed leaves applied externally treat pediatric "shanpi" (a pediatric condition), while its decoction ingested removes sudden heat, jaundice, and constipation. However, its leaves closely resemble those of *Solanum nigrum* (Longkui), but Longkui seeds lack a shell, whereas this bitter vegetable's seeds have a shell, round like a leather cap or pearl, also called "Xiao Kudan". [Origin]: (*Tujing* states) Grows in valleys, hills, and roadsides of Yizhou. (Authentic origin) Shuchuan. [Season]: (Growth) Spring seedlings. (Harvest) March 3rd. [Storage] Dried in shade. [Medicinal Part] Stems and leaves. [Texture] Leaves similar to bitter lettuce but narrow. [Color] Green. [Taste] Bitter. [Nature] Cold, with draining properties. [Qi/Taste] Strong aroma, belongs to Yin. [Odor] Fishy. [Main Action] Clears intestinal heat, expels evil qi. [Treatment] (Efficacy) (*Yanyi* states) Flowers remove middle-jiao heat and calm the mind.
Non-toxic, attached leaves, plant growth.
Renzi (Perilla Seed) mainly treats cough and rebellious qi, directs qi downward, warms the middle, and nourishes the body. ○ Leaves have a warm nature, mainly regulate the middle jiao and eliminate foul odors (recorded by famous physicians). [Name] Ren. [Seedlings]: (Tao Hongjing says) Ren resembles Su (Perilla frutescens), tall and robust, white in color, not very fragrant. Its seeds, when ground and mixed with rice to make porridge, are very nutritious, direct qi downward, and provide tonification. People in the east call it "Yu" (sound like fish) because it resembles the character "Su" but without the "grain" radical. Pressing its seeds yields oil, which, when refined, becomes the oil for oil-paper and lacquer mixing. It is also used for fasting practices (Dugu), named Chongyou. (*Tang Bencao Zhu* states) People often eat Ren leaves raw; its seeds are less commonly used than Su seeds. In Jiangdong, Perilla seeds are used for oil; in northern lands, hemp seeds are used for oil. Both oils can be used for dyeing materials; if used for mixing lacquer, Perilla oil is stronger. (Xiao Bing says) There is also Da Ren (Large Perilla), resembling wild Perilla, tall and robust, with leaves twice the size of small Perilla, inedible. People collect its seeds for oiling silk and fabrics, same as hemp seeds. Xiao Ren (Small Perilla) pods are harvested when seeds are nearly ripe for eating, very fragrant; Da Ren leaves are inedible. [Origin]: (*Tang Bencao Zhu* states) Produced in Jiangdong, now widely produced in the north. [Season]: (Growth) Spring seedlings. (Harvest) September. [Storage] Dried in shade. [Medicinal Part] Seeds and leaves. [Texture] Similar to Su, tall, robust, and white. [Color] White. [Taste] Pungent. [Nature] Warm. [Qi/Taste] Strong aroma, belongs to Yang. [Odor] Slightly fragrant. [Treatment] (Efficacy) (*Tang Bencao Zhu* states) Leaves, when crushed and applied, treat insect bites and male genital swelling. (Ri Hua Zi says) Leaves regulate qi, moisten lungs and heart, promote skin growth, resolve retained food, stop upper-rebellious qi and cough, eliminate fox odor, and apply to snake bites. ○ Seeds direct qi downward and stop cough. (*Shiliao* states) Seeds stop cough and rebellious qi, relieve thirst and moisten lungs when eaten raw. (Tonification) (Ri Hua Zi says) Seeds tonify the middle, benefit qi, unblock blood vessels, and fill essence. Can be steamed, sun-dried, husked, and eaten as rice, or used for fasting. [Combined Treatment] Seeds ground and mixed with various grains to make porridge, very nutritious, directing qi downward and providing tonification. ○ Fresh leaves crushed and mixed with vinegar applied externally for male genital swelling; women may insert cotton-wrapped leaves internally, changing every three to four times until healed. ○ Crushed leaves mixed with lard applied thinly for viper bites. [Contraindications] Oil pressed from seeds slightly disperses qi in small amounts; excessive consumption causes chest oppression.