【气味】
苦温无毒。又甘辛。可升可降。阴中阳也。入足太阴阳明太阳之经。
【主治】
风寒湿痹。消痰水。暖胃消谷嗜食。瘟疾山岚瘴气。以其有雄壮上行之气。故能除
湿。下安太阴。使邪气不传入脾。以其经疳浸火炒。故能出汗。与白术止汗特异。用者不可
以此代彼。盖有止发之别。其余主治则同。脾精不禁。小便漏浊淋不止。腰背酸痛。宜用苍
术以敛脾精。精生于谷故也。随经援引。务在驱使得宜。
【气味】
甘平温无毒。入手足太阴经。
【主治】
伤中。补虚羸。益气力。长肌肉。强筋骨。补五劳七伤。心气不足。泄精健忘。仲
景八味丸用之。取其凉而善补。强阴益阳也。皮肤干燥者。亦此滋润之。
【气味】
甘平无毒。浮而升。阳也。入手少阴足少阴厥阴经。
【主治】
吐血衄血。血淋尿血。女人血痛血枯。经水不调。崩中带下。胎前产后诸疾。男妇
一切咳嗽喘急。肺痿及痈疽肿毒。滋阴润燥。化痰清肺。利小便。调大肠。大抵阴不足者。
补之以味。阿胶之甘以补阴血也。
【气味】
辛甘平无毒。
【主治】
生能升。熟能降。升则吐风痰。散风寒。发疮疹。降则定痰喘咳嗽。调下痢后重。
止内痛。利气治痰。有推墙倒壁之功。莱菔属土有金与水。大抵入阳明少阳气分太阴气分。
下气之功居多。久服则渗人血。故与地黄何首乌同服。则令髭发皆白矣。
【气味】
味苦，性温，无毒。又有甘、辛之味。药性既可升提又可下降，属于阴中寓阳之品。归入足太阴脾经、足阳明胃经和足太阳膀胱经。
【主治】
风寒湿痹阻（由风、寒、湿邪引起的肢体关节疼痛麻木）。消除痰饮和水湿停滞，温暖胃部，促进谷物消化，增进食欲。治疗瘟疫疾病及山林间的瘴气。因为该药具有雄壮上行的气机，所以能够祛除湿气，向下安定太阴脾脏，使邪气不传入脾脏。因为它经过米泔水浸泡并用火炒制，所以能够发汗，这与白术止汗的功效截然不同。使用者不可用此药代替彼药，因为二者有止汗与发汗的区别。其余的主治功效则相同。对于脾精不固导致的小便浑浊淋漓不止、腰背酸痛，适宜使用苍术来收敛脾精，因为精气是由水谷化生的。药物随经络引导，务必在驱邪时处理得当。
【主治】
治疗内伤虚损。补益身体消瘦虚弱，增强气力，生长肌肉，强健筋骨。补益五劳七伤（泛指多种慢性虚损性疾病），改善心气不足，治疗遗精和健忘。张仲景的八味丸中使用它，是取其性质凉润且善于补益，能强阴益阳。皮肤干燥的人，也用它来滋润。
【气味】
味甘，性平，无毒。药势浮而上升，属于阳。归入手少阴心经、足少阴肾经和足厥阴肝经。
【主治】
治疗吐血、鼻衄（鼻出血）、血淋（尿血伴疼痛）、尿血。治疗妇女血痛、血枯（血虚枯竭）、月经不调、崩漏（非经期大量出血）及带下病。治疗产前产后各种疾病。男女一切咳嗽气喘急症，肺痿（肺部萎弱不用）以及痈疽肿毒。滋阴润燥，化痰清肺，通利小便，调理大肠。大抵阴液不足者，用厚味的药物来补益。阿胶的甘味可以补益阴血。
【气味】
味辛、甘，性平，无毒。
【主治】
生用能升提，熟用能沉降。升提时可吐出风痰，疏散风寒，透发疮疹；沉降时可定喘止咳，调理痢疾后的里急后重感，停止内部疼痛，利气化痰，有推墙倒壁般的强大功效。莱菔子属土，兼具金与水之性。大抵归入阳明、少阳和太阴的气分。以下气的作用居多。长期服用会渗入人血，所以如果与地黄、何首乌同服，会导致胡须和头发变白。
[Flavor and Nature]
Bitter, warm, non-toxic. Also possesses sweet and pungent flavors. Its action can ascend and descend; it is yang within yin. It enters the Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian, Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian, and Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian.
[Indications]
Wind-cold-damp bi syndrome (painful obstruction caused by wind, cold, and damp pathogens). Eliminates phlegm-fluids and water retention, warms the stomach, promotes digestion of grains, and increases appetite. Treats epidemic febrile diseases and miasma in mountainous areas. Because it has a vigorous ascending qi, it can dispel dampness and stabilize the Taiyin (Spleen) below, preventing pathogenic factors from transmitting to the Spleen. Since it is soaked in rice water and stir-fried with fire, it can induce sweating, which is distinctly different from Baizhu's (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) ability to stop sweating. Users must not substitute one for the other, as there is a difference between stopping and inducing sweat. The remaining indications are the same. For leakage of Spleen essence manifesting as turbid urine, continuous stranguria, and soreness and pain in the waist and back, Cangzhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) should be used to consolidate Spleen essence, because essence is generated from grain. The drug follows the meridians to guide the expulsion of pathogens, ensuring proper handling during the process.
[Flavor and Nature]
Sweet, neutral-warm, non-toxic. Enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian and Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian.
[Indications]
Treats internal injury and deficiency emaciation. Tonifies deficiency and weakness, boosts qi and strength, promotes muscle growth, and strengthens sinews and bones. Tonifies five labors and seven injuries (general terms for various chronic deficiency syndromes), addresses insufficiency of Heart qi, treats spermatorrhea and forgetfulness. It is used in Zhang Zhongjing's Bawei Wan (Eight-Ingredient Pill) for its cooling nature and tonifying efficacy, strengthening yin and benefiting yang. It also moistens dry skin.
[Flavor and Nature]
Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Its action floats and ascends; it is yang. Enters the Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian, Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian, and Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian.
[Indications]
Treats hematemesis, epistaxis, bloody stranguria, and hematuria. Treats women's blood pain, blood depletion (blood deficiency exhaustion), irregular menstruation, metrorrhagia and leukorrhea, and various disorders before and after childbirth. Treats all coughs and asthma in men and women, fei wei (pulmonary atrophy), and sores, ulcers, and toxic swellings. Nourishes yin and moistens dryness, transforms phlegm and clears the lungs, promotes urination, and regulates the large intestine. Generally, for those with insufficient yin, tonification is achieved through flavor. The sweetness of Ejiao (Colla Corii Asini) tonifies yin-blood.
[Flavor and Nature]
Pungent, sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
[Indications]
Raw form can ascend; cooked form descends. Ascending action can expel wind-phlegm via vomiting, disperse wind-cold, and vent rashes. Descending action calms wheezing and cough, regulates tenesmus after dysentery, stops internal pain, promotes qi movement, and treats phlegm, possessing formidable power like pushing down walls. Radish seed belongs to Earth, containing properties of Metal and Water. Generally enters the Qi aspect of Yangming, Shaoyang, and Taiyin meridians. Its primary function is descending qi. Long-term use penetrates into the blood; therefore, if taken together with Dihuang (Rehmanniae Radix Preparata) and Heshouwu (Polygoni Multiflori Radix), it may cause beard and hair to turn white.