（《食疗》）
【释名】野鸭（《诗疏》）、野
时珍曰∶凫从几（音殊），短羽高飞貌，凫义取此。《尔雅》云∶
故也。俗作晨凫，云凫常以晨飞，亦通。
【集解】时珍曰∶凫，东南江海湖泊中皆有之。数百为群，晨夜蔽天，而飞声如风雨，
所至稻粱一空。陆玑《诗疏》云∶状似鸭而小，杂青白色，背上有纹，短喙长尾，卑脚红掌，
水鸟之谨愿者，肥而耐寒。或云食用绿头者为上，尾尖者次之。海中一种冠凫，头上有冠，
乃石首鱼所化也。并宜冬月取之。
肉
【气味】甘，凉，无毒。
诜曰∶九月以后，立春以前，即中食，大益病患，全胜家者，虽寒不动气。
《日华》曰∶不可合胡桃、木耳、豆豉同食。
【主治】补中益气，平胃消食，除十二种虫。身上有诸小热疮，年久不愈者，但多食之，
即瘥（孟诜）。治热毒
血
【主治】解挑生蛊毒，热饮探吐（时珍。出《摘玄》）。
（音甓梯。《拾遗》）
【释名】须 （《尔雅》）、水KT （音札。《正要》）、 （《日用》）、刁鸭（《蜀本
注》）、
时珍曰∶ 、须 ，并未详。 、刁、零丁，皆状其小也。油，言其肥也。
【集解】藏器曰∶ ，水鸟也。大如鸠，鸭脚连尾，不能陆行，常在水中。人至即沉
，或击之便起。其膏涂刀剑不锈。《续英华诗》云∶马衔苜蓿叶，剑莹 膏，是也。
韩保升曰∶野鸭有与家鸭相似者，有全别者。其甚小者名刁鸭，味最佳。
时珍曰∶ ，南方湖溪多有之。似野鸭而小，苍白文，多脂味美。冬月取之，其类甚
多。扬雄《方言》所谓“野凫，甚小而好没水中者，南楚之外谓之 ，大者谓之鹘 ”，
是也。
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
【主治】补中益气。五味炙食，甚美（时珍。出《正要》）。
膏
【主治】滴耳，治聋（藏器）。
（出自《食疗本草》）
【释名】野鸭（出自《毛诗正义疏》）、野时珍说：凫字从“几”（音同“殊”），形容短羽高飞的样子，凫字的含义取于此。《尔雅》中说：这是古义。俗称为晨凫，说是野鸭常在早晨飞翔，这也讲得通。
【集解】时珍说：凫，在东南地区的江海湖泊中都有分布。它们数百只成群结队，早晚飞翔时遮蔽天空，飞行时的声音如同风雨之声，所到之处的稻粱粮食被吃个精光。陆玑在《毛诗正义疏》中说：形状像鸭子但较小，羽毛杂有青白色，背上有纹路，嘴短尾长，脚低红掌，是水鸟中谨慎老实的一种，肉质肥美且耐寒。有人说食用绿头的是上品，尾巴尖的是次品。海中有一种冠凫，头上有冠，据说是由石首鱼变化而成的。这些都在冬季捕捉为宜。
肉
【气味】味甘，性凉，无毒。
孟诜说：九月以后，立春以前这段时间食用的，对病人大有益处，胜过家养的鸭子，即使性质寒凉也不会扰动气机。
《日华子本草》说：不可与胡桃、木耳、豆豉一同食用。
【主治】补益中气，平调胃气，消除食积，去除体内十二种寄生虫。身上有小热疮，多年不愈的，只要多吃它，就能痊愈（孟诜）。治疗热毒
血
【主治】解除挑生蛊毒，用热饮探吐（时珍。出自《摘玄方》）。
（音同“甓梯”。出自《海药本草拾遗》）
【释名】须（出自《尔雅》）、水KT（音同“札”，出自《本草正要》）、（出自《日用本草》）、刁鸭（出自《蜀本注》）、
时珍说：和须，都没有详细记载。、刁、零丁，都是形容其体型小。油，是形容其脂肪多。
【集解】藏器说：是水鸟。大小如斑鸠，鸭脚连着尾巴，不能在陆地上行走，常在水中生活。人靠近它就沉下去，或者敲击水面它就起来。它的油脂涂抹刀剑可以防锈。《续英华诗》中说：“马衔苜蓿叶，剑莹膏”，指的就是这种油的特性。
韩保升说：野鸭中有与家鸭相似的，也有完全不同的。其中特别小的叫刁鸭，味道最好。
时珍说：南方湖溪中多有分布。外形像野鸭但更小，羽毛苍白有花纹，脂肪多味道鲜美。冬季捕捉，其种类很多。扬雄《方言》中所说的“野凫，非常小且喜欢潜入水中的，在南楚之外叫做，大的叫做鹘”，指的就是这种。
肉
【气味】味甘，性平，无毒。
【主治】补益中气。用五味调料炙烤食用，味道很美（时珍。出自《本草正要》）。
膏
【主治】滴入耳中，治疗耳聋（藏器）。
(From *Shiliao Bencao* [Food Therapy Materia Medica])
**[Names]** Wild Duck (from *Mao Shi Zheng Yi Shu* [Commentary on the Book of Songs]); Ye.
Li Shizhen states: The character "Fu" (wild duck) is derived from "Ji" (pronounced "shu"), depicting the appearance of short-winged high flight; the meaning of "Fu" is taken from this. *Erya* [An Ancient Dictionary] states: This is the ancient meaning. It is colloquially called "Chen Fu" [Morning Wild Duck], claiming that wild ducks often fly in the morning, which is also acceptable.
**[Collected Explanations]**
Li Shizhen states: Fu [wild ducks] are found throughout the rivers, seas, and lakes in the southeast. They gather in flocks of hundreds, flying day and night so densely as to obscure the sky, their flight sounding like wind and rain. Wherever they go, rice and millet are consumed entirely. Lu Ji, in his commentary on the *Book of Songs*, states: They resemble ducks but are smaller, with mixed blue-green and white plumage, patterns on the back, short beaks, long tails, low-set feet, and red palms. They are cautious and honest among water birds, fat and cold-resistant. Some say that green-headed ones are superior, while those with pointed tails are secondary. There is a type in the sea called "Guan Fu" [Crowned Duck], which has a crest on its head, said to be transformed from the Large Yellow Croaker (*Larimichthys crocea*). These should all be harvested in winter.
**Meat**
**[Flavor and Properties]** Sweet, cool, non-toxic.
Meng Shen states: Consumed after September and before the Beginning of Spring, it greatly benefits patients, surpassing domestic ducks, and although cold in nature, it does not disturb Qi.
*Ri Hua Bencao* [Bencao by Ri Hua] states: Do not consume together with walnuts, wood ear mushrooms, or fermented soybeans.
**[Indications]** Tonifies the Middle Jiao and supplements Qi, regulates the Stomach and aids digestion, eliminates twelve types of parasites. For small heat-sores on the body that have persisted for years, consuming large amounts will lead to recovery (Meng Shen). Treats heat-toxins.
**Blood**
**[Indications]** Resolves "Tiao Sheng" Gu poison [parasitic disease caused by ingestion]; induce vomiting with hot drinks (Li Shizhen. From *Zhai Xuan Fang*).
(Pronounced "Pi Ti". From *Hai Yao Bencao Shi Yi* [Supplement to Sea Drug Materia Medica])
**[Names]** Xu (from *Erya*); Shui KT (pronounced "Zha", from *Bencao Zheng Yao*); (from *Ri Yong Ben Cao*); Diao Ya [Pipit Duck] (from *Shu Ben Zhu*).
Li Shizhen states: and Xu are not detailed. , Diao, and Ling Ding all describe their small size. You describes their fattiness.
**[Collected Explanations]**
Zang Qi states: is a water bird. It is as large as a turtledove, with webbed feet connected to the tail, unable to walk on land, remaining constantly in water. When people approach, it sinks; if struck, it rises. Its grease applied to swords and knives prevents rust. The poem *Xu Ying Hua* states: "Horses chew on alfalfa leaves, swords shine with grease," referring to this property.
Han Baosheng states: Among wild ducks, some resemble domestic ducks, while others are completely different. The smallest are called Diao Ya, with the best flavor.
Li Shizhen states: are abundant in southern lakes and streams. They resemble wild ducks but are smaller, with pale white patterned plumage, rich in fat and delicious. Harvested in winter, there are many varieties. Yang Xiong's *Fang Yan* [Regional Words] mentions: "Wild ducks, very small and fond of diving into water, are called in areas outside Southern Chu, while larger ones are called Hu." This refers to them.
**Meat**
**[Flavor and Properties]** Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
**[Indications]** Tonifies the Middle Jiao and supplements Qi. Roasted with five flavors, it is very delicious (Li Shizhen. From *Bencao Zheng Yao*).
**Grease**
**[Indications]** Dropped into the ears to treat deafness (Zang Qi).