（《本经》上品）
【释名】鸿。
时珍曰∶按《禽经》云∶ 以水言，自北而南。 以山言，自南而北。张
并音雁。冬则适南，集于水干，故字从干；春则向北，集于山岸，故字从
者曰鸿。鸿，大也。多集江渚，故从江。梵书谓之僧娑。
【集解】《别录》曰∶雁生江南池泽，取无时。
弘景曰∶《诗疏》云∶大曰鸿，小曰雁。今雁类亦有大小，皆同一形。又有野鹅大于雁
，似人家苍鹅，谓之驾鹅。雁在江湖，夏当产伏，故皆往北，恐雁门北人不食之也。虽采无
时，以冬月为好。
恭曰∶雁为阳鸟，与燕往来相反，冬南翔，夏北徂，孳育于北也，岂因北人不食之乎？
宗 曰∶雁热则即北，寒则即南，以就和气。所以为礼币者，一取其信，二取其和也。
时珍曰∶雁状似鹅，亦有苍、白二色。今人以白而小者为雁，大者为鸿，苍者为野鹅，
亦曰 鹅，《尔雅》谓之 也。雁有四德∶寒则自北而南，止于衡阳，热则自南而北，归
于雁门，其信也；飞则有序而前鸣后和，其礼也；失偶不再配，其节也；夜则群宿而一奴巡
警，昼则衔芦以避缯缴，其智也。而捕者豢之为媒，以诱其类，是则一愚矣。南来时瘠瘦不
可食，北向时乃肥，故宜取之。又汉、唐书，并载有五色雁云。
雁肪
【正误】一名 肪。
弘景曰∶ 是野鸭，《本经》雁肪亦名 肪，是雁 相类而误耳。
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
【主治】风挛拘急偏枯，血气不通利。久服益气不饥，轻身耐老（《本经》。《心镜》云∶
上证，用肪四两
之）。杀诸石药毒（吴普）。治耳聋。和豆黄作丸，补劳瘦，肥
又治结热胸痞呕吐（时珍曰∶《外台》治此证有雁肪汤）。
【附方】新一。
生发∶雁肪日日涂之。（《千金方》）
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
思邈曰∶七月勿食雁，伤人神。《礼》云“食雁去肾”，不利人也。
【主治】风麻痹。久食助气，壮筋骨（《日华》）。利脏腑，解丹石毒（时珍）。
【发明】弘景曰∶雁肪人不多食，其肉亦应好。
宗 曰∶人不食雁，谓其知阴阳之升降，分少长之行序也。道家谓之天厌，亦一说耳。
食
骨
【主治】烧灰和米泔沐头，长发（孟洗）。
毛
【主治】喉下白毛，疗小儿痫有效（苏恭）。自落
【发明】时珍曰∶案∶《酉阳杂俎》云∶临邑人，春夏罗取鸿雁毛以御暑。又《淮南万
毕术》云∶鸿毛作囊，可以渡江。此亦中流一壶之意，水行者不可不知。
屎白
【主治】灸疮肿痛，和人精涂之（《梅师》）。
（被列为《神农本草经》上品）
【释名】鸿。
李时珍说：查阅《禽经》记载：从水域迁徙的角度来说，是从北向南飞；从山脉分布的角度来说，是从南向北飞。张揖注音为“雁”。冬天飞往南方，聚集在水边干燥处，所以“雁”字从“干”；春天飞往北方，聚集在山岸上，所以有人称它们为“鸿”。鸿，意为大。常多群聚集在江边沙洲，所以“鸿”字从“江”。梵文称之为僧娑。
【集解】《名医别录》说：雁生长在江南的池塘沼泽中，采集没有固定时间。
陶弘景说：《毛诗正义》记载：大的叫鸿，小的叫雁。现在的雁类也有大小之分，但形状都相同。还有野鹅比雁大，像家养的苍色鹅，称为驾鹅。雁在江湖生活，夏天产卵孵化，所以都往北去，恐怕是担心雁门关以北的人不吃它们吧。虽然采集没有固定时间，但以冬季采收为好。
苏恭说：雁属于阳鸟，与燕子往返的方向相反，冬天向南飞翔，夏天向北行进，是在北方繁殖养育的，难道是因为北方人不吃它们吗？
陈承说：雁热了就飞向北方，冷了飞向南方，以顺应和谐之气。之所以被用作礼仪聘礼，一是取其守信，二是取其和谐。
李时珍说：雁的形状像鹅，也有苍色、白色两种。现在人把白色而小的是雁，大的是鸿，苍色的叫野鹅，也叫[音同“驾”]鹅，《尔雅》称之为[音同“驾”]。雁有四德：天冷时从北向南飞，停在衡阳，天热时从南向北飞，回到雁门，这是它的信义；飞行时有秩序且前呼后应，这是它的礼节；失去配偶不再另配，这是它的节操；夜晚成群住宿且有一只轮流警戒，白天衔着芦苇以防被网箭射中，这是它的智慧。然而捕猎者饲养一只作为诱饵来引诱同类，这就显得愚蠢了。雁南来时瘦弱不可食用，向北飞时才肥美，所以适宜在此时捕捉。另外汉、唐史书都记载有五色雁。
雁脂肪
【正误】又名[音同“驾”]肪。
陶弘景说：[音同“驾”]是野鸭，《神农本草经》中雁脂肪也称[音同“驾”]肪，这是雁和[音同“驾”]相似而导致的错误。
【气味】甘味，平性，无毒。
【主治】风邪引起的筋脉拘挛、半身不遂，气血不通畅。长期服用能益气抗饥，身体轻盈延缓衰老（出自《神农本草经》。《药性心镜》说：治疗上述症状，用四两脂肪熬制成膏）。杀灭各种金石丹药的毒性（吴普）。治疗耳聋。与豆黄混合做成丸药，可补益虚劳消瘦，使身体丰满。（又治胸膈痞满、呕吐等实热证（李时珍说：《外台秘要》治疗此证有用雁脂肪汤）。
【附方】新增一方。
生发：每天涂抹雁脂肪。（出自《千金方》）
肉
【气味】甘味，平性，无毒。
孙思邈说：七月不要吃雁，会损伤人的精神。《礼记》说“吃雁要去掉肾脏”，这对人不利。
【主治】风邪引起的皮肤麻木。长期食用能补气，强壮筋骨（出自《日华子本草》）。通利脏腑，解丹石毒（李时珍）。
【发明】陶弘景说：人们不多食雁脂肪，雁肉应该也是好的。
陈承说：人们不吃雁，是说雁懂得阴阳的升降，分辨少长有序的行列。道家称之为“天厌”，这也是一种说法罢了。
骨
【主治】烧成灰后用淘米水清洗头部，可使头发生长（孟洗）。
毛
【主治】喉下长的白毛，治疗小儿癫痫有效（苏恭）。自然脱落的毛
【发明】李时珍说：查考资料：《酉阳杂俎》记载：临邑人在春夏季节捕捉鸿雁毛用来避暑。又《淮南万毕术》记载：用鸿毛做袋子，可以渡过江河。这也是“中流一壶”（比喻珍贵或关键之物）的意思，渡水的人不可不知道。
屎白
【主治】灸疮肿痛，与人精混合涂抹（出自《梅师集验方》）。
(Registered as a Superior Grade drug in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
**Names:** Hong.
Li Shizhen states: According to the *Qin Jing* (Birds and Poultry Classic), regarding water migration, they fly from north to south; regarding mountain ranges, they fly from south to north. Zhang Yi provided the pronunciation for "Yan" (Wild Goose). In winter, they migrate south and gather on dry banks of water bodies, hence the character contains "Gan" (dry); in spring, they move north and gather on mountain shores, hence some call them "Hong". "Hong" means large. They often gather in large flocks at riverbanks, hence the character contains "Jiang" (river). In Sanskrit texts, it is called "Sengsuo".
**Collected Explanations:** The *Bielu* (Recorded Additions) states: Wild geese inhabit the ponds and marshes of Jiangnan; they can be collected at any time.
Tao Hongjing states: The *Mao Shi Zhengyi* (Correct Meaning of the Mao Poem) records: The larger ones are called "Hong", the smaller ones "Yan". Current goose species also vary in size but share the same shape. There are also wild swans larger than geese, resembling domestic grey geese, called "Jia'e". Geese live in rivers and lakes; during summer when they lay eggs and hatch, they all go north, perhaps fearing that people north of Yanmen Pass do not eat them? Although collection has no fixed season, winter is considered best.
Su Gong states: The goose is a Yang bird, moving in the opposite direction to swallows; it flies south in winter and north in summer, breeding in the north. Could it be because northerners do not eat them?
Chen Cheng states: When hot, geese go north; when cold, they go south, to harmonize with the Qi. This is why they are used as ritual gifts: first, to symbolize trustworthiness; second, to symbolize harmony.
Li Shizhen states: The goose resembles the domestic goose, coming in grey and white varieties. Currently, people identify the white and small ones as "Yan", the large ones as "Hong", and the grey ones as wild geese, also called [Jia] goose. The *Erya* calls it [Jia]. The goose possesses four virtues: migrating south in winter to Hengyang and north in summer to Yanmen demonstrates its **trustworthiness**; flying in order with leading calls and responding echoes demonstrates its **propriety**; refusing to remate after losing a partner demonstrates its **integrity**; roosting in groups at night with one standing guard, and carrying reeds during the day to avoid nets and arrows, demonstrates its **wisdom**. However, hunters raising one as bait to lure others shows stupidity. Geese are thin and inedible when arriving in the south, but fat when heading north, so this is the appropriate time to catch them. Additionally, Han and Tang histories record the existence of five-colored geese.
**Goose Fat**
**Correction of Errors:** Also known as [Jia] fat.
Tao Hongjing states: [Jia] refers to wild ducks. The *Bencao Jing* lists goose fat also as [Jia] fat; this is an error due to the similarity between geese and [Jia] ducks.
**Flavor and Nature:** Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
**Indications:** Wind-induced spasms, stiffness, hemiplegia, and stagnation of Qi and blood. Long-term consumption tonifies Qi, prevents hunger, lightens the body, and delays aging (*Bencao Jing*. *Xinjing* states: For the above symptoms, use 4 liang of fat processed into ointment). It neutralizes the toxicity of various mineral drugs (Wu Pu). Treats deafness. Mixed with fermented soybean pills, it treats consumptive weakness and emaciation. It also treats chest fullness and vomiting due to constrained heat (Li Shizhen notes: *Waitai Miyao* uses Goose Fat Decoction for these conditions).
**Attached Prescriptions:** One new prescription.
Promote Hair Growth: Apply goose fat daily (*Qianjin Fang*).
**Meat**
**Flavor and Nature:** Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
Sun Simiao states: Do not eat goose in the seventh lunar month, as it harms the spirit. The *Book of Rites* states "remove the kidney when eating goose," as it is detrimental to health.
**Indications:** Numbness caused by wind. Long-term consumption boosts Qi and strengthens sinews and bones (*Rihua Bencao*). Promotes the free flow of Zang-Fu organs and resolves Dan-Shi (mineral pill) toxicity (Li Shizhen).
**Elucidation:** Tao Hongjing states: People rarely eat goose fat, but the meat should be good.
Chen Cheng states: People do not eat geese because they understand the rise and fall of Yin and Yang and maintain proper social order among young and old. Daoists call this "Heaven's Abhorrence," which is another interpretation.
**Bone**
**Indications:** Burned to ash and washed with rice water for hair growth (Meng Xi).
**Feathers**
**Indications:** White feathers growing under the throat; effective for treating pediatric epilepsy (Su Gong). Naturally shed feathers
**Elucidation:** Li Shizhen states: According to records: *Youyang Zazu* mentions that people in Linyi captured wild goose feathers in spring and summer to protect against heat. *Huainan Wanbi Shu* states: A bag made of wild goose down can be used to cross rivers. This reflects the principle of "a flask in mid-stream" (relying on essential resources); those who travel by water must know this.
**White Droppings**
**Indications:** Swelling and pain from moxibustion sores; mixed with human semen and applied topically (*Meishi Jiyianfang*).