（《食物》）
【释名】天鹅。
时珍曰∶案师旷《禽经》云∶鹄鸣 ，故谓之鹄。吴僧赞宁云∶凡物大者，皆以天名。
天者，大也。则天鹅名义，盖亦同此。罗氏谓鹄即鹤，亦不然。
【集解】时珍曰∶鹄大于雁，羽毛白泽，其翔极高而善步，所谓鹄不浴而白，一举千里
，是也。亦有黄鹄、丹鹄，湖、海、江、汉之间皆有之，出辽东者尤甚，而畏海青鹘。其皮
毛可为服饰，谓之天鹅绒。案《饮膳正要》云∶天鹅有四等∶大金头鹅，似雁而长项，入
食为上，美于雁。小金头鹅，形差小；花鹅，色花；一种不能鸣鹅，飞则翔响，其肉微腥。
并不及大金头鹅，各有所产之地。
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。颖曰∶冷。
忽氏曰∶热。
【主治】腌炙食之，益人气力，利脏腑（时珍）。油（冬月取肪炼收）。
【气味】缺。
【主治】涂痈肿，治小儿疳耳（时珍）。
【附方】新一。
疳耳出脓∶用天鹅油调草乌末，入龙脑少许，和敷立效。无则以雁油代
绒毛
【主治】刀杖金疮，贴之立愈（汪颖）。
（音保。《纲目》）
【释名】独豹。
时珍曰∶案罗愿云∶鸨有豹文，故名独豹，而讹
列，故字从 （ 音保），相次也。《诗》云“鸨行
【集解】时珍曰∶鸨，水鸟也。似雁而斑纹，无后趾。性不木止，其飞也肃肃，其食也
。肥
鸨见鸷鸟，激粪射之，其毛自脱也。
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
时珍曰∶《礼记》∶不食鸨奥。奥者， 也，深奥之处也。
【主治】补益虚人，去风痹气（《正要》）。
肪
【主治】长毛发，泽肌肤，涂痈肿（时珍）。
（收录于《食物》部）
【释名】天鹅。
李时珍说：据师旷的《禽经》记载：“鹄鸣，故谓之鹄。”吴国僧人赞宁说：“凡是大的事物，都用‘天’来命名。‘天’的意思就是大。所以天鹅这个名字，大概也是遵循这个规律。罗愿认为鹄就是鹤，这也是不对的。”
【集解】李时珍说：鹄比雁大，羽毛洁白有光泽，飞翔极高且善于行走，所说的“鹄不浴而白，一举千里”，指的就是它。也有黄鹄、丹鹄，在湖、海、江、汉之间都有，出自辽东的尤其好，但害怕海青鹘。它的皮毛可以做服饰，称为天鹅绒。据《饮膳正要》记载：天鹅有四等：大金头鹅，形状像雁但脖子长，作为食物列为上等，味道比雁美；小金头鹅，体型稍小；花鹅，颜色花纹杂；还有一种不能鸣叫的鹅，飞起来声音响亮，肉质微腥。这些都不如大金头鹅，各有其产地。
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。颖说：性冷。
忽氏说：性热。
【主治】腌制或烤炙后食用，能补益人气力，通利脏腑（李时珍）。油（冬季取脂肪炼制收藏）。
【气味】未详。
【主治】涂抹痈肿，治疗小儿疳耳（李时珍）。
【附方】新增一方。
疳耳出脓：用天鹅油调和草乌末，加入少许龙脑，混合敷用，立即见效。如果没有，可以用雁油代替。
（音保。《纲目》）
【释名】独豹。
李时珍说：据罗愿记载：鸨身上有豹纹，所以名叫独豹，而讹误为列，所以字形从“𠂇”（音保），表示相次排列。《诗经》说“鸨行...”
【集解】李时珍说：鸨是水鸟。形状像雁但有斑纹，没有后趾。习性不喜欢在树上栖息，飞行时发出肃肃声，进食时... 肥。鸨见到猛禽，会喷射粪便攻击它，它的毛就会自行脱落。
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
李时珍说：《礼记》记载：不吃鸨奥。“奥”指的是...，深奥之处也。
【主治】补益虚弱之人，祛除风痹之气（《饮膳正要》）。
(Included in the "Food" section)
[Names] Swan.
Li Shizhen states: According to Shi Kuang's *Qin Jing* (Classic of Birds), "The crow calls, therefore it is called 'Hu'." Zanning, a monk from Wu, stated: "For all large things, the character 'Tian' (Heaven/Great) is used. 'Tian' means great. Thus, the name Swan follows this same logic." Luo Yuan claimed that Hu is identical to the crane, which is incorrect.
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen states: The Hu is larger than the wild goose, with white and lustrous feathers. It flies extremely high and walks well. This refers to the saying, "The Hu does not need bathing to be white; one flight covers a thousand li." There are also yellow Hu and red Hu. They are found in lakes, seas, rivers, and the Han River region, with those from Liaodong being particularly prized. They fear the Haiqing Falcon. Their skin and feathers can be used for clothing, known as swan down. According to *Yin Shan Zheng Yao*, there are four grades of swans: The Great Golden-Headed Goose resembles a goose but has a long neck; it is considered the finest food, tastier than wild geese. The Small Golden-Headed Goose is slightly smaller in size. The Mottled Goose has mixed colors. One type cannot cry; when flying, it makes loud noises, and its meat is slightly fishy. None of these compare to the Great Golden-Headed Goose, each having its own place of origin.
Meat
[Flavor and Toxicity] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Ying states: Cold nature.
Hu states: Hot nature.
[Indications] Consumed pickled or roasted, it benefits human strength and promotes the free flow of Qi in the Zang-Fu organs (Li Shizhen). Oil (obtained by rendering fat in winter).
[Flavor and Toxicity] Not recorded.
[Indications] Applied topically for carbuncles and swellings; treats pediatric gan-ear (childhood ear discharge due to malnutrition) (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Prescriptions] New prescription.
Gan-ear discharging pus: Mix swan oil with powder of Caowu (Aconiti Radix Lateralis Preparata), add a small amount of Longnao (Borneolum Syntheticum), mix and apply. Immediate effect. If unavailable, substitute with wild goose oil.
Down
[Indications] For knife wounds and metal injuries; applying it leads to immediate healing (Wang Ying).
(Pronounced 'bao'. *Bencao Gangmu*)
[Names] Dubao.
Li Shizhen states: According to Luo Yuan, the Bào has leopard-like patterns on its body, hence named Dubao. The character was corrupted into Lie, so the radical is '𠂇' (pronounced 'bao'), indicating sequential arrangement. The *Book of Songs* says, "The Bào walks..."
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen states: The Bào is a waterbird. It resembles a goose but has spotted patterns and lacks a hind toe. Its nature is such that it dislikes perching in trees. When flying, it makes a "sususu" sound; when eating... [text incomplete]. When the Bào sees a bird of prey, it shoots feces at it, causing its own feathers to fall off.
Meat
[Flavor and Toxicity] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
Li Shizhen states: The *Book of Rites* records: "Do not eat Bao Ao." "Ao" refers to... deep and profound places.
[Indications] Tonifies deficient individuals and dispels wind-bi syndrome (Qi stagnation due to wind-dampness) (*Yin Shan Zheng Yao*).
Fat
[Indications] Promotes hair growth, moistens the skin, and applies to carbuncles and swellings (Li Shizhen).