经曰∶ 疟皆生于风,其蓄作有时者何也?歧伯之对,极为详明。后之论者,乃为疟病皆起于
少阳。缘少阳为半表半里之经,进而与阴争则寒,退而与阳争则热,此解相沿已数百年。初阅之似
亦近理,细思之颇为不然。盖疟有一日一作者,有间日一作者,有三日一作者,轻重悬殊,岂得谓
之皆在少阳乎!且进而与阴争,退而与阳争,谁进之而谁退之,岂病之自为进退乎!当其寒也,鼓
颔战栗,固属病进。及其热也,谵语神昏,岂得谓之病退乎!细绎经文,乃恍然大悟。经曰∶此皆
得之夏伤于暑热,因得秋气,汗出遇风,及得之以浴,水气舍于皮肤之间,邪气与卫气并居。此明
明说暑热之气先入于内,后受风寒,包裹热邪,是热邪在里,寒邪在外也。及其与卫气同发,先发
在外之寒邪,故先寒。次发在内之热邪,故后热。至得汗之后,风热渐解,故寒热俱平。则有寒有
热,乃邪之循序而发,而非进与阴争、退与阳争,断断然矣。其一日一作者何也?邪在卫也。经曰
卫气者,昼日行于阳,夜行于阴,内外相搏,是以日作。此言卫气行于人身,一日一周,
邪气与卫气同行,故疟亦一日一作也。其间日一作者何也?邪在营也。经曰∶邪藏于皮肤之内,肠
胃之外此营气之所舍也。邪气在于营分,则虽卫气独发,而邪气在内,不与之并行,更历一周,而
邪气始与卫气相遇,故疟亦间日一作也。其三日一作者何也?邪在腑也。经曰∶邪气与卫气客于六腑
,有时相失,不能相得,故休数日乃作也。可知人之一身,由卫而营,由营而腑,自表及里,自有
一定次第。邪气在腑,已入第三层,故疟亦三日一作也。治之之法,当先投辛温,解其外裹之寒;
更进辛凉,清其内蕴之热;俾得邪从汗出,而病可霍然。至于在营在腑,按经投剂,方有端绪。雄
于前贤,无能为役,何敢自矜独得,妄议古人;然释经辨症,不得不细细推敲,谁谓医为小道,《
内经》易读乎!
初发寒邪,宜辛温解散,辟寒散主之。
辟寒散(自制)
川芎(八分) 防风(一钱) 白芷(五分) 广皮(一钱) 半夏(一钱五分)
羌活(一钱) 秦艽(一钱) 枳壳(一钱) 苏梗(一钱) 姜(三大片)
次发热邪,宜辛凉解散,清暑散主之。
清暑散(自制)
薄荷叶(二钱) 青蒿梗(一钱五分) 石斛(三钱) 贝母(二钱) 葛根(二钱)
连翘(一钱五分) 豆豉(三钱) 杏仁(三钱) 淡竹叶(二十张)
寒热俱重,体盛脉实者,交加散主之。虚人禁用。
交加散(自制)
附子(七分) 石膏(五分) 羌活(一钱) 防风(一钱) 广皮(一钱)
连翘(一钱五分) 葛根(二钱) 豆豉(三钱) 薄荷(一钱) 藿香(一钱) 姜皮
(八分) 荷叶(一角)
疟邪在营,间日一作者,和营双解散主之。
和营双解散(自制)
当归(二钱) 柴胡(一钱) 葛根(二钱) 广皮(一钱) 半夏(一钱五分) 贝
母(二钱) 茯苓(二钱) 防风(一钱) 薄荷(一钱) 苏梗(一钱) 姜
皮(八分) 河井水煎服。
大疟在腑,三日一作者,返正汤主之。
返正汤(自制)
当归(二钱) 茯苓(二钱) 白术(一钱) 炮姜(五分) 葛根(二钱)
广皮(一钱) 半夏(一钱五分) 贝母(二钱) 砂仁(一钱) 青皮(一钱)
大疟日久,正气虚而邪未解者,斑龙托里汤主之。
斑龙托里汤(自制)
陈鹿胶(一钱五分角霜炒) 制首乌(二钱) 当归(二钱) 茯苓(二钱) 白术(一
钱) 广皮(一钱) 半夏(一钱五分) 贝母(二钱) 砂仁(一钱) 党参(四钱)
苏梗(一钱五分) 大枣(二枚) 姜(三片)
冬令受寒,伏藏于肾,春夏举发,寒变为热,先热后寒,名曰温疟,清正散主之。
清正散(自制)
青蒿梗(一钱五分) 薄荷(一钱) 广皮(一钱) 贝母(二钱) 葛根(二钱)
山栀(一钱五分) 连翘(一钱五分) 豆豉(三钱) 杏仁(三钱) 茅根(五钱)
肺素有热,阳气盛而不衰,故但热而不寒,令人消烁脱肉,名曰瘅疟,玉露散主之。
玉露散(自制)
玉竹(四钱) 花粉(二钱) 沙参(四钱) 麦冬(二钱) 石斛(三钱)
贝母(二钱) 杏仁(三钱) 茯苓(二钱) 山药(三钱) 梨(三大片)
《内经》中说:疟疾都是由于风邪引起的,为什么它的发作和休止有固定的时间呢?岐伯的回答非常详细明确。后世的医家论述,却认为疟病都起于少阳经。因为少阳经是半表半里的经络,邪气进而与阴争则发冷,退而与阳争则发热,这种解释沿袭了几百年。初看似乎也有道理,仔细思考却颇为不对。因为疟疾有一日发作一次的,有隔日发作一次的,有三日发作一次的,轻重悬殊,怎么能说都在少阳经呢!况且说是进与阴争、退与阳争,是谁让它进、谁让它退的呢?难道是病邪自己进退吗!当它发冷时,咬牙战栗,这确实属于病势进展。等到发热时,胡言乱语、神志昏迷,怎么能说是病势衰退呢!细细研读经文,才恍然大悟。经文说:这都是因为夏天被暑热所伤,到了秋天感受秋凉之气,出汗时遇到风邪,或者洗冷水澡,水气停留在皮肤之间,邪气与卫气并居在一起。这明明是说暑热之气先进入体内,后来遭受风寒包裹热邪,使得热邪在里,寒邪在外。当它与卫气一同发动时,先发动在外的寒邪,所以先感到寒冷。接着发动在内的热邪,所以后感到发热。等到出汗之后,风热逐渐解除,所以寒热都平息了。那么有寒有热,是邪气按照顺序依次发作,而不是进与阴争、退与阳争,这是毫无疑问的。为什么有一日发作一次的呢?是因为邪气在卫分。经文说:卫气,白天行于阳分,夜晚行于阴分,内外相互搏结,所以每日发作。这是说卫气在人身运行,一天循环一周,邪气与卫气同行,所以疟疾也是一日发作一次。为什么有隔日发作一次的呢?是因为邪气在营分。经文说:邪气藏在皮肤之内,肠胃之外,这是营气停留的地方。邪气在营分,那么即使卫气单独发动,而邪气在内,不与卫气并行,要再经历一个周期,邪气才能与卫气相遇,所以疟疾也是隔日发作一次。为什么有三日发作一次的呢?是因为邪气在腑。经文说:邪气与卫气客居于六腑,有时不能相值,不能相互感应,所以要休息几天才发作。可知人的身体,由卫到营,由营到腑,从表到里,自有固定的次第。邪气在腑,已经深入第三层,所以疟疾也是三日发作一次。治疗的方法,应当先投用辛温药,解除外面包裹的寒邪;再进用辛凉药,清解内部蕴积的热邪;使得邪气随汗而出,病就可以霍然而愈。至于邪在营分和腑分,按照经络投用方剂,才有头绪。我对前贤的贡献无能为力,怎敢自夸独得之秘,妄议古人;然而解释经文、辨析症状,不得不细细推敲,谁说医学是小道,《内经》容易读懂吗!
初次发作寒邪,宜用辛温解散法,以辟寒散为主方。
辟寒散(自制)
川芎(八分) 防风(一钱) 白芷(五分) 广皮(陈皮)(一钱) 半夏(一钱五分)
羌活(一钱) 秦艽(一钱) 枳壳(一钱) 苏梗(紫苏梗)(一钱) 姜(三大片)
随后发热邪,宜用辛凉解散法,以清暑散为主方。
清暑散(自制)
薄荷叶(二钱) 青蒿梗(一钱五分) 石斛(三钱) 贝母(二钱) 葛根(二钱)
连翘(一钱五分) 豆豉(淡豆豉)(三钱) 杏仁(三钱) 淡竹叶(二十张)
寒热都很严重,体质壮实脉象有力者,以交加散为主方。体虚之人禁用。
交加散(自制)
附子(七分) 石膏(五分) 羌活(一钱) 防风(一钱) 广皮(陈皮)(一钱)
连翘(一钱五分) 葛根(二钱) 豆豉(淡豆豉)(三钱) 薄荷(一钱) 藿香(一钱) 姜皮(八分) 荷叶(一角)
疟邪在营分,隔日发作一次的,以和营双解散为主方。
和营双解散(自制)
当归(二钱) 柴胡(一钱) 葛根(二钱) 广皮(陈皮)(一钱) 半夏(一钱五分) 贝母(二钱) 茯苓(二钱) 防风(一钱) 薄荷(一钱) 苏梗(紫苏梗)(一钱) 姜皮(八分) 河井水煎服。
大疟邪在腑,三日发作一次的,以返正汤为主方。
返正汤(自制)
当归(二钱) 茯苓(二钱) 白术(一钱) 炮姜(五分) 葛根(二钱)
广皮(陈皮)(一钱) 半夏(一钱五分) 贝母(二钱) 砂仁(一钱) 青皮(一钱)
大疟日久,正气虚弱而邪气未解者,以斑龙托里汤为主方。
斑龙托里汤(自制)
陈鹿胶(一钱五分,用角霜炒制) 制首乌(二钱) 当归(二钱) 茯苓(二钱) 白术(一钱) 广皮(陈皮)(一钱) 半夏(一钱五分) 贝母(二钱) 砂仁(一钱) 党参(四钱)
苏梗(紫苏梗)(一钱五分) 大枣(二枚) 姜(三片)
冬季受寒,伏藏于肾,春夏季发作,寒变为热,先热后寒,名叫温疟,以清正散为主方。
清正散(自制)
青蒿梗(一钱五分) 薄荷(一钱) 广皮(陈皮)(一钱) 贝母(二钱) 葛根(二钱)
山栀(栀子)(一钱五分) 连翘(一钱五分) 豆豉(淡豆豉)(三钱) 杏仁(三钱) 茅根(白茅根)(五钱)
肺中素有热,阳气盛而不衰,所以只发热而不恶寒,使人消瘦脱肉,名叫瘅疟(dàn nüè),以玉露散为主方。
玉露散(自制)
玉竹(四钱) 花粉(天花粉)(二钱) 沙参(四钱) 麦冬(二钱) 石斛(三钱)
贝母(二钱) 杏仁(三钱) 茯苓(二钱) 山药(三钱) 梨(三大片)
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: "All malaria arises from wind. Why does its accumulation and occurrence have a fixed time?" Qi Bo's answer is extremely detailed and clear. Later commentators, however, argued that all malaria originates in the Shaoyang (Lesser Yang) channel. Since the Shaoyang channel is half-exterior and half-interior, when the pathogen advances and contends with Yin, chills occur; when it retreats and contends with Yang, fever occurs. This explanation has been followed for hundreds of years. At first glance, it seems reasonable, but upon careful reflection, it is quite incorrect. Malaria manifests as occurring once daily, every other day, or once every three days, with significant differences in severity. How can it be said to all reside in the Shaoyang channel? Moreover, regarding advancing to contend with Yin and retreating to contend with Yang, who causes it to advance and who causes it to retreat? Is it the pathogen moving on its own? When chills occur, teeth chattering and trembling are indeed signs of disease progression. But when fever occurs, accompanied by delirium and coma, how can this be considered disease regression? Carefully analyzing the classic text leads to sudden enlightenment. The text says: "These are all caused by summer injury from heat, combined with autumn air. Sweat exposed to wind, or bathing in water, causes water qi to lodge between the skin. The pathogenic qi resides together with Wei Qi." This clearly states that summer-heat qi enters the interior first, followed by exposure to wind-cold which wraps around the heat pathogen. Thus, the heat pathogen is inside, and the cold pathogen is outside. When they move together with Wei Qi, the exterior cold pathogen activates first, causing initial chills. Then the interior heat pathogen activates, causing subsequent fever. After sweating, the wind-heat gradually resolves, so both chills and fever subside. Therefore, having chills and fever means the pathogen is releasing in sequence, not advancing to contend with Yin and retreating to contend with Yang. This is certain.
Why does it occur once daily? Because the pathogen is in the Wei (Defensive) level. The text says: "Wei Qi travels in the Yang during the day and in the Yin at night. Interior and exterior contend, hence it occurs daily." This refers to Wei Qi circulating through the body, completing one cycle per day. The pathogen moves with Wei Qi, so malaria also occurs once daily.
Why does it occur every other day? Because the pathogen is in the Ying (Nutritive) level. The text says: "The pathogen hides within the skin, outside the intestines and stomach, where Ying Qi resides." When the pathogen is in the Ying level, even if Wei Qi activates alone, the pathogen remains inside and does not move concurrently with it. It must wait for another full cycle before the pathogen meets Wei Qi again, so malaria occurs every other day.
Why does it occur once every three days? Because the pathogen is in the Fu (Hollow) organs. The text says: "The pathogen and Wei Qi lodge in the Six Fu organs. Sometimes they miss each other and cannot interact, so there is a rest period of several days before recurrence." Thus, the human body proceeds from Wei to Ying, from Ying to Fu, from exterior to interior, following a fixed order. The pathogen in the Fu organs has entered the third layer, so malaria occurs once every three days.
The treatment method should first administer acrid-warm herbs to resolve the exterior wrapping cold; then advance to acrid-cool herbs to clear the interior accumulated heat. This allows the pathogen to exit via sweat, and the disease will be cured abruptly. For pathogens in the Ying and Fu levels, prescribing formulas according to the channels provides direction. I am unable to match the contributions of former sages, so how dare I boast of unique insights or rashly critique ancients? However, explaining the classics and differentiating symptoms requires meticulous scrutiny. Who says medicine is a trivial art and the *Inner Canon* easy to read!
For initial cold pathogen attack, use acrid-warm dispersing methods. The main formula is Bi Han San (Cold-Avoiding Powder).
Bi Han San (Self-made)
Chuanxiong Rhizome (8 fen), Saposhnikovia Root (1 qian), Angelica Dahurica Root (5 fen), Tangerine Peel (1 qian), Pinellia Tuber (1.5 qian), Notopterygium Rhizome (1 qian), Gentiana Macrophylla Root (1 qian), Aurantium Fruit (1 qian), Perilla Stem (1 qian), Ginger (3 large slices).
For subsequent heat pathogen attack, use acrid-cool dispersing methods. The main formula is Qing Shu San (Summer-Heat-Clearing Powder).
Qing Shu San (Self-made)
Mint Leaf (2 qian), Artemisia Annua Stem (1.5 qian), Dendrobium Stem (3 qian), Fritillaria Bulb (2 qian), Kudzu Root (2 qian), Forsythia Fruit (1.5 qian), Fermented Soybean (3 qian), Apricot Seed (3 qian), Bamboo Leaf (20 leaves).
When chills and fever are both severe, and the constitution is robust with a forceful pulse, use Jiao Jia San (Interlaced Powder). Contraindicated for deficient persons.
Jiao Jia San (Self-made)
Aconite Lateral Root (7 fen), Gypsum Fibrosum (5 fen), Notopterygium Rhizome (1 qian), Saposhnikovia Root (1 qian), Tangerine Peel (1 qian), Forsythia Fruit (1.5 qian), Kudzu Root (2 qian), Fermented Soybean (3 qian), Mint (1 qian), Patchouli Leaf (1 qian), Ginger Skin (8 fen), Lotus Leaf (1 corner).
For malaria pathogen in the Ying level, occurring every other day, use He Ying Shuang Jie San (Harmonizing Ying and Double-Resolving Powder).
He Ying Shuang Jie San (Self-made)
Angelica Sinensis Root (2 qian), Bupleurum Root (1 qian), Kudzu Root (2 qian), Tangerine Peel (1 qian), Pinellia Tuber (1.5 qian), Fritillaria Bulb (2 qian), Poria (2 qian), Saposhnikovia Root (1 qian), Mint (1 qian), Perilla Stem (1 qian), Ginger Skin (8 fen). Decoct with river well water.
For major malaria pathogen in the Fu organs, occurring every three days, use Fan Zheng Tang (Return-to-Righteousness Decoction).
Fan Zheng Tang (Self-made)
Angelica Sinensis Root (2 qian), Poria (2 qian), Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome (1 qian), Processed Ginger (5 fen), Kudzu Root (2 qian), Tangerine Peel (1 qian), Pinellia Tuber (1.5 qian), Fritillaria Bulb (2 qian), Amomum Fruit (1 qian), Green Tangerine Peel (1 qian).
For prolonged major malaria, where righteous Qi is deficient and pathogen remains unresolved, use Ban Long Tuo Li Tang (Spotted Dragon Supporting-Interior Decoction).
Ban Long Tuo Li Tang (Self-made)
Deer Antler Glue (processed with antler horn frost) (1.5 qian), Prepared Polygonum Multiflorum Root (2 qian), Angelica Sinensis Root (2 qian), Poria (2 qian), Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome (1 qian), Tangerine Peel (1 qian), Pinellia Tuber (1.5 qian), Fritillaria Bulb (2 qian), Amomum Fruit (1 qian), Codonopsis Root (4 qian), Perilla Stem (1.5 qian), Chinese Jujube (2 pieces), Ginger (3 slices).
If cold is contracted in winter, lying dormant in the Kidney, and erupts in spring/summer, transforming from cold to heat, presenting with fever preceding chills, it is named Wen Malaria (Warm Malaria). The main formula is Qing Zheng San (Clearing-Rectifying Powder).
Qing Zheng San (Self-made)
Artemisia Annua Stem (1.5 qian), Mint (1 qian), Tangerine Peel (1 qian), Fritillaria Bulb (2 qian), Kudzu Root (2 qian), Gardenia Fruit (1.5 qian), Forsythia Fruit (1.5 qian), Fermented Soybean (3 qian), Apricot Seed (3 qian), Imperata Rhizome (5 qian).
If the Lung harbors latent heat, and Yang Qi is abundant and unceasing, resulting in fever without chills, causing emaciation and flesh wasting, it is named Dan Malaria (Crimson Malaria). The main formula is Yu Lu San (Jade Dew Powder).
Yu Lu San (Self-made)
Polygonatum Odoratum Rhizome (4 qian), Trichosanthes Root (2 qian), Glehnia Root (4 qian), Ophiopogon Tuber (2 qian), Dendrobium Stem (3 qian), Fritillaria Bulb (2 qian), Apricot Seed (3 qian), Poria (2 qian), Chinese Yam (3 qian), Pear (3 large slices).