凡斑疹初见，须用纸拈照看胸背两胁，点大而在皮肤之上者为斑；或云头隐隐，或琐碎小粒者为疹。又宜
见而不宜多见。按方书谓斑色红者属胃热，紫者热极，黑者胃烂，然亦必看外症所合，方可断之。
春夏之间，湿病俱发斑疹为甚，如淡红色，四肢清，口不甚渴，脉不洪数，此非虚斑，即属阴斑，或胸前
微见数点，面赤足冷，或下利清谷，此阴盛格阳于上，当温之。
若斑色紫而点小者，心包热也；点大而紫，胃中热也。斑黑而光亮者，虽属不治，然其人气血充者，根据法
治之，或有可救；若黑而晦者必死。黑而隐隐四旁赤色者，乃火郁内伏，大用清凉透发，间有转红而可救者。
又有夹斑带疹，皆是邪之不一，各随其部而泄。然斑属血者恒多，疹属气者不少。斑疹皆是邪气外露之象，发
出之时，宜神情清爽，方为外解里和。如斑疹出而昏者，此正不胜邪而内陷，或胃津内涸之候矣。
再有一种白 ，小粒如水晶色者，此湿热伤肺，邪虽出而气液枯也，必得甘药补之。若未至久延，气液尚
在未伤，乃为湿郁卫分，汗出不彻之故，当理气分之邪。枯白如骨者多凶，气液竭也。
再妇人病温与男子同，但多胎前产后，以及经水适来适断。大凡胎前病，古人皆以四物加减用之，谓恐邪
来害妊也。如热极者，有用井底泥及蓝布浸冷覆盖腹上等，皆是护胎之意。然亦须看其邪之可解而用之。如血
腻之药不灵，又当审察，不可固执，仍宜步步保护胎元，恐正损邪陷也。
至于产后，方书谓慎用苦寒，恐伤已亡之阴也。然亦要辨其邪能从上中解者，稍从症用之，亦无妨也。
不过勿犯下焦，且属虚体，当如虚怯人病邪而治。况产后当血气沸腾之际，最
多空窦，邪必乘虚内陷，虚处受邪，为难治也。
如经水适来适断，邪将陷于血室，少阳伤寒，言之详悉，不必多赘。但数动与正伤寒不同。仲景立小柴
胡汤提出所陷热
邪，参、枣以扶胃气，因冲脉隶属阳明也。此惟虚者为合治。若热邪陷入，与血相结者，当宗陶氏小柴胡汤去
参、枣加生地、桃仁、楂肉、丹皮或犀角等。若本经血结自甚，必少腹满痛，轻者刺期门，重者小柴胡汤去甘药
加延胡、归尾、桃仁；挟寒加肉桂心；气滞加香附、陈皮、枳壳等。然热陷血室之症，多有谵语，如狂之象，
与阳明胃热相似。此种病机，最须辨别。血结者身体必重，非若阳明之轻便者。何以故耶？阴主重浊，络脉被
阻，身之侧旁气痹，连及胸背，皆为阻窒。故去邪通络，正合其病。往往延久，上逆心包，胸中痹痛，即陶氏
所谓血结胸也。王海藏出一桂枝红花汤加海蛤、桃仁，原欲表里上下一齐尽解之理，此方大有巧妙焉。
凡斑疹初现时，必须用纸条卷成筒状对着光线检查胸背和两胁部位。斑点较大且位于皮肤表面之上的称为“斑”；或者形状像云头隐约可见，或是细碎小颗粒状的称为“疹”。斑疹适宜出现，但不宜过多。查阅医书说，斑色红的属于胃热，紫色的属于热极，黑色的属于胃气腐烂，然而也必须结合外部症状来综合判断，才能确诊。
春夏季节，湿病发作时常伴有严重的斑疹。如果斑色淡红，四肢发凉，口不十分渴，脉象不洪大急促，这如果不是虚斑，就属于阴斑。或者仅在胸前微微见到几点，面部发红但脚部发冷，或者大便泻下未消化的食物，这是阴寒内盛、格拒阳气于上部的表现，应当采用温法治疗。
如果斑色紫而点小的，是心包有热；点大而紫的，是胃中有热。斑色黑而光亮者，虽然属于难治之症，但如果患者气血充盛，按照正确方法治疗，或许还有救；如果黑色且晦暗无光，则必定死亡。黑色而隐隐约约四周呈赤色的，是火邪郁结伏于体内，需用大量清凉药物透发邪气，偶尔能转为红色而获救。
又有夹带斑疹的情况，都是邪气性质不一，应分别根据其所在部位进行疏泄。然而斑多属血分病变，疹多属气分病变。斑疹都是邪气向外显露的现象，在发出之时，如果神情清爽，才是邪气外解、里气调和的表现。如果斑疹发出后反而神志昏沉，这是正气不胜邪气而内陷，或者是胃中津液枯竭的征候。
还有一种白㾦（晶莹的小水泡），细小如水晶颜色，这是湿热损伤肺脏，邪气虽已外出但气液已经枯耗，必须用甘味药物补益。如果病程尚未久延，气液尚未受伤，这是由于湿气郁阻卫分，汗出不彻底所致，应当调理气分的邪气。如果白㾦干枯如骨头般白色，大多预后不良，这是气液竭尽的表现。
另外，妇女患温热病与男子相同，但多见于胎前产后，以及月经刚来或刚断之时。大凡胎前患病，古人多用四物汤加减治疗，说是担心邪气伤害胎儿。如热极者，有用井底泥及蓝布浸冷水覆盖腹上等法，这都是护胎的意思。但也须看邪气是否可解再使用这些方法。如果滋腻养血药物无效，又当仔细审察，不可固执己见，仍应步步保护胎元，担心正气受损、邪气内陷。
至于产后，医书说慎用苦寒药物，恐怕损伤已经亏损的阴液。但也需辨别邪气能否从上焦或中焦解除，稍微根据症状使用苦寒药，也无妨。只不过不要侵犯下焦，且产妇属于虚体，应当像对待虚弱之人感受邪气那样治疗。况且产后正处于血气沸腾之际，最容易出现空虚无实之处，邪气必然乘虚内陷，在虚处受邪，难以治疗。
如果月经刚来或刚断，邪气将陷入血室，这在少阳伤寒中论述得很详细，不必多赘述。但这与正伤寒有所不同。张仲景创立小柴胡汤提出所陷的热邪，用人参、大枣扶助胃气，因为冲脉隶属于阳明经。这只有对于虚证患者才符合治法。如果热邪陷入，与血液相结聚，应当遵循陶华的方法，用小柴胡汤去掉人参、大枣，加入生地、桃仁、山楂肉、丹皮或犀角等。如果本经血结非常严重，必然少腹胀满疼痛，轻者针刺期门穴，重者用小柴胡汤去掉甘草等甘缓药物，加入延胡索、当归尾、桃仁；挟杂寒邪加肉桂心；气滞加香附、陈皮、枳壳等。然而热陷血室的病症，多有谵语、如狂的表现，与阳明胃热相似。这种病机，最需要辨别。血结者身体必然沉重，不像阳明病那样身体轻便。为什么呢？阴主沉重浑浊，络脉被阻滞，身体侧旁气机痹阻，连及胸背，都成为阻塞不通。所以祛除邪气、疏通络脉，正合病情。往往拖延日久，邪气上逆心包，导致胸中痹痛，这就是陶氏所说的“血结胸”。王海藏创制了桂枝红花汤加海蛤、桃仁，原本是想让表里上下邪气一齐解散，这个方子大有巧妙之处。
Whenever macules (maculae) and papules (papular eruptions) first appear, one must use a rolled paper tube to inspect the chest, back, and both hypochondriac regions against light. Those with larger spots located above the skin surface are called "macules" (ban); those that appear vaguely like cloud patterns or as fine,琐碎 small granules are called "papules" (zhen). It is appropriate for them to appear, but not in excessive numbers. Medical texts state that red macules belong to stomach heat, purple ones indicate extreme heat, and black ones indicate rotting of the stomach qi; however, one must also correlate external symptoms before making a diagnosis.
During spring and summer, dampness diseases often present with severe macules and papules. If the macules are pale red, the limbs are cold, there is no significant thirst, and the pulse is neither surging nor rapid, this is either deficiency macules (xu ban) or yin macules (yin ban). Or if only a few points appear slightly on the chest, the face is red while the feet are cold, or there is diarrhea with undigested food, this indicates excess yin repelling yang upward; it should be treated with warming methods.
If the macules are purple with small dots, it is heat in the Pericardium; if large and purple, it is heat in the stomach. Black macules that are bright and lustrous, although considered untreatable, may still be saved if the patient's qi and blood are robust and treated according to proper methods; if they are black and dull, death is certain. Black macules that are faintly visible with reddish surroundings indicate fire pathogen constrained and latent within; copious cooling and resolving agents should be used to vent the pathogen, and occasionally turning red may lead to recovery.
There are also cases where macules and papules occur together, indicating diverse pathogens; each should be drained according to its location. Generally, macules relate more often to the blood level, while papules relate to the qi level. Both macules and papules are manifestations of pathogens emerging outward. During their eruption, if the spirit remains clear, it signifies that the exterior is resolved and the interior is harmonized. If the patient becomes confused after the eruption, it indicates that righteous qi cannot overcome the pathogen, leading to internal collapse, or it is a sign of exhaustion of stomach fluids.
Another type is Bai Bao (white crystalline vesicles), which are small and crystal-clear in color. This results from damp-heat injuring the Lung; although the pathogen has exited, qi and fluids are depleted. Sweet-natured tonifying herbs must be used. If the condition has not prolonged, and qi/fluids are not yet damaged, it is due to dampness constraining the Defensive (Wei) level and incomplete sweating; one should regulate the qi-level pathogen. If the Bai Bao are dry and white like bone, the prognosis is mostly ominous, indicating exhaustion of qi and fluids.
Furthermore, women suffering from warm diseases are similar to men, but often involve periods before pregnancy, postpartum, or during menstruation just starting or stopping. Historically, conditions before pregnancy were treated with modifications of Si Wu Tang (Four Substances Decoction), fearing harm to the fetus. For extreme heat, methods such as applying mud from well bottoms or cold-soaked blue cloth over the abdomen were used, all intending to protect the fetus. However, these should only be used if the pathogen can be resolved thus. If blood-nourishing, cloying herbs are ineffective, careful examination is required; one must not be dogmatic, but rather step-by-step protect the fetal origin, fearing damage to righteous qi and internal invasion of pathogens.
Regarding the postpartum period, texts advise caution with bitter-cold herbs to avoid damaging already depleted yin. However, one must distinguish whether the pathogen can be resolved from the Upper or Middle Jiao; slight use according to symptoms is acceptable. One must simply avoid violating the Lower Jiao. Since the postpartum body is deficient, treatment should follow that for weak individuals suffering from pathogens. Moreover, postpartum is a time when blood and qi are turbulent, creating many "empty voids"; pathogens inevitably invade through these deficiencies. Pathogens affecting deficient areas are difficult to treat.
If menstruation has just started or stopped, the pathogen is about to sink into the Blood Chamber (Xue Shi). Shaoyang Cold Damage discusses this in detail, so no further elaboration is needed here. However, this differs from typical Cold Damage. Zhang Zhongjing established Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) to extract sunk heat pathogens, using Ginseng and Jujube to support Stomach qi, because the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) belongs to the Yangming channel. This approach fits only deficiency patterns. If heat pathogens sink and bind with blood, one should follow Tao Hua's method: modify Xiao Chai Hu Tang by removing Ginseng and Jujube, adding Sheng Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix), Tao Ren (Persicae Semen), Shan Zha (Crataegi Fructus), Mu Dan Pi (Moutan Cortex), or Xi Jiao (Rhinocerotis Cornu). If blood stasis in the original channel is severe, causing lower abdominal fullness and pain, mild cases require needling Qi Men (LR14); severe cases require modifying Xiao Chai Hu Tang by removing sweet/calm herbs, adding Yan Hu Suo (Corydalis Rhizoma), Dang Gui Wei (Angelicae Sinensis Radix Caulis), Tao Ren, Rou Gui Xin (Cinnamomi Ramulus Cortex), or Xiang Fu (Cyperi Rhizoma), Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium), Zhi Ke (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus) for qi stagnation. Symptoms of heat sinking into the Blood Chamber often include delirium and manic-like behavior, resembling Yangming Stomach heat. This pathology requires careful differentiation. Blood binding causes heaviness of the body, unlike the lightness seen in Yangming disease. Why? Yin governs heaviness and turbidity; when collaterals are obstructed, qi bi-zhang (obstruction) affects the sides of the body, extending to the chest and back, causing blockage. Therefore, expelling pathogens and unblocking collaterals matches the pathology. Often, if prolonged, pathogens ascend to the Pericardium, causing chest bi-pain, known as Tao's "Blood Binding Chest" (Xue Jie Xiong). Wang Haizang proposed Gui Zhi Hong Hua Tang (Cinnamon Twig and Safflower Decoction) plus Hai Ge Ke (Arcae Concha) and Tao Ren, aiming to resolve pathogenic factors simultaneously from exterior/interior and upper/lower; this formula is highly ingenious.