\r天冬门\pd70.bmp\r
味苦、甘，平、大寒，无毒。主诸曝风湿偏痹，强骨髓，杀三虫，去伏尸，保定肺
气，去寒热，养肌肤，益气力，利小便，冷而能补，久服轻身，益气延年，不饥。一名颠勒
。生奉高山谷。二月、三月、七月、八月采根，曝干。（垣衣、地黄为之使，畏曾青。）
陶隐居云∶奉高，泰山下县名也。今处处有，以高地大根味甘者为好。张华《博物志》
云∶
天门冬，逆捋有逆刺。若叶滑者，名 休，一名颠棘。可以浣缣，素白如绒（音越 类）。
金
城人名为浣草。擘其根，温汤中挪之，以浣衣胜灰。此非门冬，相似尔。按∶如此说，今人
所
采皆是有刺者，本名颠勒，亦粗相似，以浣垢衣则净。《桐君药录》又云∶叶有刺，蔓生，
五月花白，十月实黑，根连数十枚。如此殊相乱，而不复更有门冬，恐门冬自一种，不即是
浣
草耶？又有百部，根亦相类，但苗异尔。门冬蒸，剥去皮，食之甚甘美，止饥。虽曝干，犹
脂
润难捣，必须薄切，曝于日中，或火烘之也。俗人呼苗为棘刺，煮作饮乃宜人，而终非真
棘刺尔。服天门冬，禁食鲤鱼。唐本注云∶此有二种，苗有刺而涩者，无刺而滑者，俱是门
冬。俗云颠刺、浣草者，形 （音瞑）之。虽作数名，终是一物。二根浣垢俱净，门冬、浣
草
，互名之也。今按陈藏器本草云∶天门冬，陶云百部根亦相类，苗异尔。按天门冬根有十余
茎，百部多者五、六十茎，根长尖，内虚，味苦。天门冬根圆短实润，味甘不同，苗蔓亦别
。如陶所说，乃是同类。今人或以门冬当百部者，说不明也。臣禹锡等谨按尔雅云∶蔷蘼，
门冬。注云∶门冬，一名满冬。 （音门）。抱朴子云∶或名地门冬，或名 门冬，或名巅
棘
，或名淫羊食，或名管松。其生高地，根短味甜气香者上。其上水侧下地者，叶细似蕴而黄
，
根长而味多苦气臭者下。亦可服食，然善令人下气，为益又迟也。服之百日，皆丁壮兼倍，
快于术及黄精也。入山便可蒸，若煮啖之，取足以断谷；若有力，可饵之。亦作散并捣绞其
汁作液以服，散尤益。药性论云∶天门冬，君。主肺气咳逆，喘息促急，除热，通肾气。疗
肺，生痈吐脓，治湿疥，止消渴，去热中风，宜久服。煮食之，令人肌体滑泽，除身中一
切恶气，不洁之疾，令人白净。蜀人使浣衣如
玉，和地黄为使，服之耐老，头不白，能冷补，患人体虚而热，加而用之。杨损之云∶服天
门冬，误食鲤鱼中毒，浮萍解之。日华子云∶贝母为使。镇心，润五脏，益皮肤，悦颜色，
补五劳七伤，治肺气并嗽，消痰，风痹，热毒游风，烦闷吐血，去心用。
图经曰∶天门冬，生奉高山谷，今处处有之。春生藤蔓，大如钗股，高至丈余，叶如茴
香，
尖细而疏滑，有逆刺，亦有涩而无刺者。其叶如丝杉而细散，皆名天门冬。夏生白花，亦有
黄色者。秋结黑子，在其根枝旁。入伏后无花，暗结子。其根白或黄紫色，大如手指，长二
、三寸，大者为胜，颇与百部根相类，然圆实而长，一、二十枚同撮。二月、三月、七月、
八月采根，四破之，去心，先蒸半炊间，曝干，停留久仍湿润。入药时，重炕焙令燥。洛中
出者，叶大干粗，殊不相类。岭南者无花，余无它异。谨按天门冬别名，《尔雅》谓之
蘼
（亡彼切），一名 （极闸同）冬。《山海经》云∶条谷之山，其草多芍药， 冬是也。《抱
朴
子》及《神仙服食方》云∶天门冬，一名颠棘。在东岳名淫羊食；在中岳名天门冬；在西岳
名管松；在北岳名无不愈；在南岳名百部；在京陆山阜名颠棘。虽处处皆有，其名各异，其
实一也，在北岳地阴者尤佳。欲服之，细切，阴干，捣下筛，酒调三钱匕，日五、六进之，
二百日知，可以强筋髓，驻颜色，与炼成松脂同蜜丸益善。服者不可食鲤鱼，此方以颠棘为
别名，而张茂先以为异类。《博物志》云∶天门冬茎间有刺，而叶滑者曰 休，一名颠枣，
根以浣缣素令白。越人名为浣草，似天门冬而非也。凡服此，先试浣衣如法者，便非天门冬
。若如所说，则有刺而叶滑，便不中服。然今所有，往往是此类，用者须详之。
雷公云∶采得了，去上皮一重，便劈破，去心，用柳木甑，烧柳木柴，蒸一伏时，洒酒
令遍
，
更添火蒸，出曝，去地二尺以来，作小架，上铺天门叶，将蒸了天门冬，摊令干用。食疗补
虚劳，治肺痨，止渴，去热风。可去皮、心，入蜜煮之，食后服之。若曝干，入蜜丸尤佳。
亦用洗面，甚佳。外台秘要∶治风癫引胁牵痛，发作则吐，耳如蝉鸣。天门冬去心、皮，曝
干
捣筛，酒服方寸匕。若人久服，亦能长生。经验后方∶服天门冬法∶不计多少，去心、皮为
末
，每服方寸匕，日三、四服不绝，甚益人，以酒饮之。又，治症瘕积聚，去三尸，轻身益气
，
延年耐老，百病不侵。孙真人枕中记∶天门冬，末，服方寸匕，日三。无问山中、人间，恒
勿
废，久服益。若酿酒服之，去症瘕积聚，风痰癫狂，三虫伏尸，除瘟痹，轻身益气，令人不
饥，百日还年耐老。修真秘旨神仙∶服天门冬三十斤，细切，阴干，捣末。每服三钱，酒调
下，日五、六服。二百日后怡泰，拘急者缓，羸劣者强；三百日身轻；三年走及奔马。道马
八帝圣化经∶欲不畏寒，取天门冬、茯苓等分为末。服方寸匕，日再服。大寒时，单衣汗出
。
抱朴子云∶杜紫微服天门冬，御八十外家，有男一百四十人，日行三百里。列仙传∶赤顶子食
天门冬，齿落更生，细发复出。神仙传∶甘始者，太原人，服天门冬，在人间三百余年。
衍义曰∶天门冬，麦门冬之类。虽曰去心，但以水渍漉使，周润，渗入肌，俟软，缓缓
擘取
，不
可浸出脂液。其不知者，乃以汤浸一、二时，柔即柔矣，然气味都尽。用之不效，乃曰药不
神，其可得乎？治肺热之功为多。其味苦，但专泄而不专收，寒多人禁服。余如二经。
天门冬门
味苦、甘，性平、大寒，无毒。主治各种暴发性风湿导致的偏侧肢体痹痛，强健骨髓，杀灭三虫，去除伏尸鬼疰，安定肺气，消除寒热症状，滋养肌肤，补充气力，通利小便。其性冷而能补，长期服用可使人身体轻盈，补气延年，减少饥饿感。又名颠勒。生长在奉高的高山深谷中。二月、三月、七月、八月采集根部，晒干。（垣衣、地黄作为它的辅药，它畏曾青。）
陶隐居说：奉高，是泰山下的县名。现在到处都有生长，以高地生长、根大味甘的为好。张华《博物志》说：天门冬，逆着捋会有逆刺。如果叶子光滑的，名叫“休”，又名颠棘。可以用来洗绢帛，洁白如绒（音越类）。金城人称之为浣草。掰开它的根，在温水中揉搓，用来洗衣服比灰汁更白。这不是天门冬，只是相似罢了。按：像这样一说，现在人们采摘的都是有刺的，本名叫颠勒，也大致相似，用来洗脏衣服则很干净。《桐君药录》又说：叶子有刺，蔓生，五月开白花，十月结黑子，根连缀数十枚。如此差异很大且相乱，不再有其他天门冬了，恐怕天门冬自有一种，不就是浣草吗？又有百部，根也相似，只是苗不同。天门冬蒸过后，剥去皮，吃它非常甘甜美味，能止饥。即使晒干，仍然脂润难捣，必须切成薄片，在阳光下晒，或用火烘。俗人叫它的苗为棘刺，煮成饮料才适合饮用，但终究不是真正的棘刺。服用天门冬，禁止吃鲤鱼。唐本注说：这有两种，苗有刺且涩的，无刺且滑的，都是门冬。俗称为颠刺、浣草的，形状昏暗不明。虽然起好几个名字，终究是一物。两种根洗污垢都干净，门冬、浣草，互相命名。现在考察陈藏器本草说：天门冬，陶弘景说百部根也相似，只是苗不同。按天门冬根有十余茎，百部多的有五六十茎，根长尖，内部空虚，味苦。天门冬根圆短实润，味甘不同，苗蔓也不同。像陶所说，乃是同类。现在有人把门冬当作百部的，说法不明确。臣禹锡等谨按《尔雅》说：蔷蘼，就是门冬。注解说：门冬，一名满冬。（音门）。《抱朴子》说：或叫地门冬，或叫某门冬，或叫巅棘，或叫淫羊食，或叫管松。它生在高地，根短味甜气香的为上品。它生在水边低地的，叶细似蕴而黄，根长而味多苦气臭的为下品。也可以服食，然而善于让人下气，功效又慢。服用一百天，体力加倍，比术及黄精更快。进山就可以蒸，如果煮着吃，足以断绝五谷；如果有能力，可以食用。也可以做成散剂并捣碎绞取它的汁液服用，散剂尤其有益。《药性论》说：天门冬，为君药。主治肺气咳逆，喘息急促，除热，通肾气。治疗肺病，生痈吐脓，治湿疥，止消渴，去热中风，宜久服。煮着吃，令人肌肤滑泽，除去身中一切恶气、不洁之疾，使人皮肤白净。蜀人用它来洗衣服如玉般洁净，和地黄一起作为辅药，服用它能抗衰老，头发不白，能冷补，人体虚而有热的，加入使用。杨损之说：服用天门冬，误食鲤鱼中毒，用浮萍解之。日华子说：贝母作为它的辅药。镇心，润五脏，益皮肤，悦颜色，补五劳七伤，治肺气并咳嗽，消痰，风痹，热毒游风，烦闷吐血，去心用。
《图经》说：天门冬，生在奉高的高山深谷，现在到处都有。春天生藤蔓，大如钗股，高至丈余，叶如茴香，尖细而疏滑，有逆刺，也有涩而无刺的。它的叶如丝杉而细散，都叫天门冬。夏天开白花，也有黄色的。秋天结黑子，在根枝旁。入伏后无花，暗中结子。它的根白或黄紫色，大如手指，长二、三寸，大的为好，颇与百部根相似，然而圆实而长，一、二十枚同撮。二月、三月、七月、八月采根，四破之，去心，先蒸半顿饭时间，晒干，存放久了仍湿润。入药时，重新炕焙令干燥。洛中出产的，叶大干粗，殊不相类。岭南的无花，其余没有其它差异。谨按天门冬别名，《尔雅》叫它蘼（亡彼切），一名某冬。《山海经》说：条谷之山，那里的草多芍药，某冬就是。《抱朴子》及《神仙服食方》说：天门冬，一名颠棘。在东岳叫淫羊食；在中岳叫天门冬；在西岳叫管松；在北岳叫无不愈；在南岳叫百部；在京陆山阜叫颠棘。虽然到处都有，名字各异，其实是一物，在北岳阴面的尤佳。想服用它，细切，阴干，捣碎过筛，酒调三钱匕，每天五、六次服用，二百天见效，可以强筋髓，驻颜色，与炼成松脂同蜜丸更好。服用者不可吃鲤鱼，此方以颠棘为别名，而张茂先认为它是异类。《博物志》说：天门冬茎间有刺，而叶滑的叫“休”，一名颠枣，根用来洗绢素令白。越人叫它浣草，似天门冬而非。凡是服用这个，先试洗衣服如法做的，便不是天门冬。如果像所说，则有刺而叶滑，便不适合服用。然而现在所有的，往往是这类，使用者须详细辨别。
雷公说：采到了，去掉上皮一层，就劈开，去心，用柳木甑，烧柳木柴，蒸一个时辰，洒酒令遍，再添火蒸，取出晒，离地二尺以上，做小架，上面铺天门叶，将蒸了的天门冬摊开令干用。《食疗》补虚劳，治肺痨，止渴，去热风。可去皮、心，入蜜煮之，食后服之。如果晒干，入蜜丸尤其好。也用来洗面，很好。《外台秘要》：治风癫引胁牵痛，发作则吐，耳如蝉鸣。天门冬去心、皮，晒干捣筛，酒服方寸匕。如果人久服，也能长生。《经验后方》：服天门冬法：不计多少，去心、皮为末，每服方寸匕，每天三、四服不绝，甚益人，以酒饮之。又，治症瘕积聚，去三尸，轻身益气，延年耐老，百病不侵。孙真人《枕中记》：天门冬，末，服方寸匕，每天三次。无论山中、人间，恒勿废，久服有益。如果酿酒服之，去症瘕积聚，风痰癫狂，三虫伏尸，除瘟痹，轻身益气，令人不饥，百日还年耐老。《修真秘旨神仙》：服天门冬三十斤，细切，阴干，捣末。每服三钱，酒调下，每天五、六服。二百日后怡泰，拘急者缓，羸劣者强；三百日身轻；三年走及奔马。《道马八帝圣化经》：欲不畏寒，取天门冬、茯苓等分为末。服方寸匕，每天两次。大寒时，单衣汗出。
《抱朴子》说：杜紫微服天门冬，御八十外家，有男一百四十人，日行三百里。《列仙传》：赤顶子食天门冬，齿落更生，细发复出。《神仙传》：甘始者，太原人，服天门冬，在人间三百余年。
《衍义》说：天门冬，属于麦门冬之类。虽然说去心，但以水渍漉使，周润，渗入肌，待软，缓缓擘取，不可浸出脂液。那些不知道的人，乃以汤浸一、二时，柔即柔矣，然气味都尽。用之不效，乃曰药不神，这怎么可能呢？治肺热之功为多。其味苦，但专泄而不专收，寒多人禁服。其余如二经。
Tianmendong (Asparagi Radix) Section
Bitter, sweet, neutral, extremely cold, non-toxic. Mainly treats various acute wind-dampness causing hemiplegic bi-syndrome (painful obstruction syndrome affecting one side of the body), strengthens bone marrow, kills three parasites (roundworms, tapeworms, and hookworms), removes latent corpse-guan (ghostly afflictions), stabilizes Lung Qi, eliminates chills and fever, nourishes skin and flesh, supplements Qi and strength, promotes urination. Its nature is cold yet capable of tonification; long-term consumption lightens the body, supplements Qi, prolongs life, and reduces hunger. Also known as Dianle. Grows in high mountains and deep valleys of Fenggao. Roots are harvested in the second, third, seventh, and eighth months and dried in the sun. (Yuanyi [Moss on walls] and Dihuang [Rehmanniae Radix Preparata] act as its assistants; it fears Zengqing [Azurite].)
Tao Hongjing states: Fenggao is the name of a county below Mount Tai. It grows everywhere now, but those growing in high places with large roots and sweet taste are considered good. Zhang Hua's *Bowuzhi* (Insects and Animals) states: Tianmendong has reverse thorns if stroked against the grain. If the leaves are smooth, it is called "Xiu," also known as Dianji. It can be used to wash silk, making it white as velvet (pronounced 'Yue' similar). People in Jincheng call it Huancao (Washing Grass). Break its root, knead it in warm water, and it cleans clothes better than ash lye. This is not Tianmendong, merely similar. According to this description, what people harvest now are all thorny ones, originally named Dianle, which is roughly similar and cleans dirty clothes well. *Tongjun Yaolu* further states: Leaves have thorns, grows as vines, flowers white in the fifth month, bears black fruit in the tenth month, roots connect in dozens. Such differences are confusing, and there seems to be no other Tianmendong; perhaps Tianmendong is a specific type, not identical to Huancao? There is also Baibu (Stemonae Radix), whose roots are similar, but the seedlings differ. After steaming Tianmendong and peeling off the skin, eating it is very sweet and delicious, stopping hunger. Even when dried, it remains oily and hard to grind; it must be sliced thinly, dried in the sun, or roasted over fire. Laypeople call its seedlings Ji Ci (Thorny Stems); boiled into a drink, it is suitable for consumption, but ultimately not true Ji Ci. When consuming Tianmendong, carp must be avoided. *Tang Ben Zhu* notes: There are two types; those with thorny and astringent seedlings, and those with smooth, thornless seedlings, are both Mendong. Commonly called Dianci or Huancao, their shapes are obscure. Although given several names, they are ultimately one substance. Both roots clean dirt effectively; Mendong and Huancao share names. Currently examining Chen Cangqi's *Bencao*: Tao Hongjing said Baibu roots are similar, differing only in seedlings. Examining Tianmendong, roots have over ten stems; Baibu has many, up to fifty or sixty stems. Baibu roots are long, pointed, hollow inside, and bitter. Tianmendong roots are round, short, solid, moist, and sweet-tasting, different from Baibu; their vines also differ. As Tao described, they are of the same category. Some people today mistake Mendong for Baibu, an unclear statement. Ministers Yuxi et al. respectfully cite *Erya*: Qiangmi is Mendong. The annotation says: Mendong, also named Mandong. (Pronounced 'Men'). *Baopuzi* states: Also named Dimendong, or [Name]mendong, or Dianji, or Yinyangshi, or Guansong. Those growing in high places with short roots, sweet taste, and fragrant aroma are superior. Those growing by water or in low lands have fine, yellowish leaves resembling Yun, long roots, bitter taste, and foul odor; these are inferior. They can also be consumed, but they tend to direct Qi downward, and their benefits are slow. After one hundred days of consumption, physical strength doubles, faster than Shu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) and Huangjing (Polygonati Rhizoma). In the mountains, one can steam them; if boiled and eaten, they suffice to stop grain intake; if resources allow, they can be ingested. They can also be made into powders, or crushed to extract juice for consumption; powders are particularly beneficial. *Yaoxing Lun* states: Tianmendong is the Sovereign herb. It mainly treats Lung Qi rebellious coughing, rapid panting, clears heat, unblocks Kidney Qi. Treats lung diseases, abscesses with pus expectoration, damp scabies, stops thirst-wasting (Xiaoke), removes heat-induced stroke, suitable for long-term use. Boiled and eaten, it makes skin and body smooth and glossy, removes all evil qi and impure diseases from the body, whitening the complexion. People in Shu use it to wash clothes until jade-like; combined with Dihuang as an assistant, it resists aging, prevents hair whitening, provides cold tonification, and is added for patients with deficiency-heat. Yang Sunzhi states: If Tianmendong is taken and carp is mistakenly eaten causing poisoning, Pingsyou (Lemnae Herba) resolves it. Rihuazi states: Beimu (Fritillariae Bulbus) acts as its assistant. Calms the Heart, moistens the Five Viscera, benefits skin, enhances complexion, tonifies the Five Exhaustions and Seven Injuries, treats Lung Qi issues and coughing, resolves phlegm, wind-bi, toxic heat wandering wind, irritability, vomiting blood; remove the heart before use.
*Tujing* states: Tianmendong grows in high mountains and deep valleys of Fenggao, now found everywhere. Spring brings vine growth, thick as hairpins, reaching over a zhang high. Leaves resemble fennel, sharp, thin, sparse, and smooth, with reverse thorns; some are astringent and thornless. Their leaves resemble silk fir, fine and scattered, all named Tianmendong. Summer brings white flowers, sometimes yellow. Autumn bears black seeds near the root branches. After entering the Dog Days, flowers cease, and seeds form secretly. Roots are white or yellow-purple, finger-thick, two to three cun long; larger ones are better, somewhat resembling Baibu roots, but round, solid, and longer, with ten to twenty clustered together. Roots are harvested in the second, third, seventh, and eighth months, split into four, hearts removed, steamed for half a meal time, then dried. If stored long, they become moist again. For medicinal use, re-roast until dry. Those from Luozhong have large leaves and coarse stems, quite dissimilar. Those from Lingnan have no flowers; otherwise, no difference. Respectfully noting Tianmendong aliases: *Erya* calls it Mi (cut sound 'Wangbi'), also named [Name]dong. *Shanhaijing* states: On Tiao Valley Mountain, herbs include many Peony, [Name]dong is one. *Baopuzi* and *Shenxian Fushi Fang* state: Tianmendong, alias Dianji. In the Eastern Peak named Yinyangshi; Central Peak named Tianmendong; Western Peak named Guansong; Northern Peak named Wubuyu; Southern Peak named Baibu; Jinglu Mountains named Dianji. Though found everywhere, names vary, but substance is one; those in the shade of the Northern Peak are best. To consume, slice finely, dry in shade, grind and sieve, mix with wine, take three qianbi doses, five or six times daily. Effects seen after two hundred days; strengthens sinews and marrow, preserves complexion. Combined with refined pine resin and honey pills is especially good. Consumers must not eat carp. This formula uses Dianji as an alias, while Zhang Maoxian considers it a different species. *Bowuzhi* states: Tianmendong stems have thorns, and if leaves are smooth, it is called "Xiu," alias Dianshao, roots used to wash silk white. Yue people call it Huancao, similar to Tianmendong but not so. Anyone taking this should first test washing clothes as described; if it works, it is not Tianmendong. If as described, thorny with smooth leaves, it is unsuitable for consumption. However, what exists now is often such types; users must examine carefully.
Lei Gong states: Upon harvesting, remove the outer skin layer, split open, remove the heart, use a willow wood steamer, burn willow wood fuel, steam for one shichen (two hours), sprinkle wine evenly, add fire and steam again, take out and dry, place on a small stand two chi above ground,铺 Tianmendong leaves, spread the steamed Tianmendong to dry for use. *Shiliao* tonifies deficiency and exhaustion, treats pulmonary tuberculosis (Feilao), stops thirst, removes wind-heat. Peel and remove heart, cook with honey, take after meals. If dried, honey pills are excellent. Also good for face washing. *Waitai Miyao*: Treats wind-manic conditions pulling hypochondriac pain, vomiting upon attack, tinnitus like cicadas. Remove heart and skin of Tianmendong, dry, grind and sieve, take one fangcunbi dose with wine. Long-term consumption can also lead to longevity. *Jingyan Houfang*: Method of taking Tianmendong: Any amount, remove heart and skin, make into powder, take one fangcunbi dose, three to four times daily without interruption, very beneficial, taken with wine. Also treats Zhengjia accumulation masses, removes three corpses, lightens body, supplements Qi, prolongs life and old age, protects against hundred diseases. Sun Simiao's *Zhenzhong Ji*: Tianmendong powder, take one fangcunbi dose, three times daily. Whether in mountains or among men, never neglect; long-term use is beneficial. If brewed into wine and taken, removes Zhengjia accumulation masses, wind-phlegm mania, three parasites and latent corpses, removes epidemic bi-syndrome, lightens body, supplements Qi, prevents hunger, restores youth and resists aging after one hundred days. *Xiuzhen Mizhi Shenxian*: Consume thirty jin of Tianmendong, slice finely, dry in shade, grind to powder. Take three qian per dose, mixed with wine, five to six times daily. After two hundred days, feel comfortable and relaxed; stiffness eases, weakness strengthens; after three hundred days, body feels light; after three years, run as fast as galloping horses. *Daoma Ba Di Shenghua Jing*: To fear not the cold, take equal parts Tianmendong and Fuling (Poria) as powder. Take one fangcunbi dose, twice daily. In extreme cold, sweat in single clothing.
*Baopuzi* states: Du Ziwei consumed Tianmendong, managed eighty households outside, had one hundred forty sons, walked three hundred li daily. *Liexian Zhuan*: Chidingzi ate Tianmendong, lost teeth grew back, fine hair regrew. *Shenxian Zhuan*: Gan Shi, from Taiyuan, consumed Tianmendong, lived among humans for over three hundred years.
*Yanyi* states: Tianmendong belongs to the category of Maidong (Ophiopogonis Radix). Although it says to remove the heart, soak in water, drain, ensure uniform moisture penetration into the flesh, wait until soft, slowly tear apart to remove the heart; do not soak until lipid fluids leach out. Those who do not know this soak it in hot water for one or two hours; though soft, all flavor and aroma are lost. Using it yields no effect, then they say the medicine is not miraculous; how can this be? Its merit in treating Lung Heat is significant. Its taste is bitter, but it specifically drains rather than astringes; those with excessive cold must avoid it. Rest follows the two classics.