卒然发黄，心满气喘，命在顷刻，故名急黄也。有初得病，身体面目即发黄者；有初不
知黄
，死后始变黄者。此因脾胃本有蓄热，谷气郁蒸，而复客气热毒所加，故发为是病也。古云
∶发热心颤者，必发为急黄。
瓜蒂散（《广济》） 疗急黄。
瓜蒂 赤小豆 丁香 黍米（各二七枚） 薰陆香 麝香（等分，另研） 青布（二方寸，
烧灰）
上为细末，白汤下一钱，得下黄水，其黄则定。
消渴病有三∶一渴而饮水多，小便数，有脂如麸片，甜者是消渴也。二吃食多，不甚渴
，小
便少，似有油而数者，是消中也。三渴饮水不能多，但腿肿脚先瘦小，阴痿弱，数小便者
，是肾消也。（《古今录验》）
消渴大禁有三∶一饮酒，二房室，三咸食及面，能慎此者，虽不服药，自可无他。不知
此者，纵有金丹，亦不可救，慎之，慎之。
李词部曰∶消渴之疾，发则小便味甜。按∶《洪范》云∶稼穑作甘。以理推之，淋饧醋
酒作
脯法，须臾即皆能甜也。人饮食之后，滋味皆甜，积在中焦，若腰肾气盛，则上蒸精气，化
入骨髓，其次为脂膏，其次为肌肉，其余则为小便。气臊者，五脏之气；味咸者，润下之味
也。若腰肾虚冷，不能蒸化于上，谷气则尽下而为小便，故甘味不变，下多不止，食饮虽多
而肌肤枯槁。譬如乳母，谷气上泄，皆为乳汁。消渴疾者，谷气下泄，尽为小便也。又肺为
五脏之华盖，若下有暖气上蒸，即润而不渴；若下虚极，即阳气不能升，故肺干而渴。譬如
釜中有水，以板盖之，若下有火力，则暖气上腾而板能润；若无火力，则水气不能上，板终
不可得而润也。故张仲景云∶宜服八味肾气丸，并不可食冷物，及饮冷水，此颇得效，故录
八味肾气丸（方见肾劳。） 服讫后，再服后方以压之。
黄连（二十分） 麦冬（十二分） 苦参（十分） 生地（七分） 知母（七分） 牡蛎（七分）
为末，牛乳为丸，桐子大，曝干，浆水或牛乳下二十丸，日再服。病甚者，瘥后须服一
载以上，即永绝病根。一方有人参五两。以上见《本事方》。
又疗消渴、口苦舌干方
麦冬（五两） 花粉（三两） 乌梅（十个，去核） 小麦（三合） 茅根 竹茹（各一升）
水九升，煎取三升，去滓分四五服。细细含咽。
疗饮水不消、小便中如脂方（崔氏）
黄连 栝蒌根（各五两，为末）
生地汁和，并手丸如桐子大，每食后牛乳下五十丸，日二服。一方用生栝蒌汁、生地汁
、羊乳汁，和黄连任多少，众手捻为丸，如桐子大，麦冬饮服三十丸，渐加至四十五丸。轻者三
日愈，重者五日愈，名羊乳丸。
麦冬饮子 治膈消胸满，烦心短气。
人参 茯神 麦冬 知母 五味子 生地 生甘草 葛根 栝蒌根
上等分 咀，每服五钱，水二盏，竹叶十四片，煎至七分，去滓温服。
河间云∶心移热于肺为膈消。膈消者，心肺有热，胸满烦心，津液燥少，短气，久则引
饮为消渴也。麦冬饮子主之。
麦冬丸 消渴之人，愈与不愈，常须虑有大痈，以其内热而小便数故也。小便数
则津液竭，津液竭则经络涩，经络涩则营卫不行，营卫不行则热气留滞，必于大骨节间发痈疽而
卒。当预备此药，除肠胃实热，兼服消渴方。
麦冬 茯苓 黄芩 石膏 玉竹（各八分） 人参 龙胆草（各六分） 升麻（四分） 枳实
（五分） 生姜 栝蒌根（各十分） 枸杞根
为末，蜜丸桐子大，茅根粟米汁下十丸，日二服。若渴则与后药。
栝蒌根 生姜 麦冬汁 芦根（各三升）
水一斗，煮取三升，分三服。
冬瓜饮子 治消渴，能食，小便如脂麸片，日夜无度。
冬瓜一个，割开去穣，入黄连末十两，仍将顶盖好，热灰中煨熟，去皮细切，研烂，用
布取汁，每服一盏，日三夜二服。
葶苈丸 疗消渴成水病浮肿方。
甜葶苈（隔纸炒） 栝蒌根 杏仁（麸炒黄） 汉防己（各一两）
为末，蜜丸桐子大，每服三十丸，茯苓汤下，日三。
白术散 治诸病烦渴，津液内耗，不问阴阳，皆可服之，大能止渴生津。
干葛（二两） 白术 人参 茯苓 炙草 藿香 木香（各一两）
为粗末，每三钱，水一盏半，煎至一盏，温服。
猪肚丸 治消渴。
猪肚（一具，洗净） 黄连 白粱米（各五两） 花粉 茯神（各四两） 知母（三两） 麦冬
（二两）
上六味为末，内猪肚中缝密，置甑中蒸极烂，乘热入药臼中捣为丸。若硬加蜜丸梧子大，每
服三十丸，加至五十丸，日二。
突然面色发黄，心胸痞满，气喘急促，生命垂危在顷刻之间，所以称为急黄。有的病人刚发病时，身体和面目就发黄；有的起初看不出发黄，死后才变成黄色。这是因为脾胃本来就有积热，谷气郁结蒸腾，又受到外来客气热毒的侵袭，所以发生这种病。古书上说：发热且心跳颤抖的，必定会发展为急黄。
瓜蒂散（出自《广济方》）治疗急黄。
瓜蒂、赤小豆、丁香、黍米（各十四枚）、薰陆香、麝香（等分，单独研细）、青布（两块一方寸大小，烧成灰）。
以上药物研成细末，用白开水送服一钱，服药后排出黄色水液，黄疸就会消退。
消渴病有三种：一种是口渴且饮水多，小便次数多，尿液中有像麸皮片一样的脂状物，味道甜，这是消渴病。第二种是吃得多，但不怎么口渴，小便量少，尿液中似乎有油样物质且次数多，这是消中病。第三种是口渴但饮水不能多，腿部肿胀而脚先消瘦，阳痿虚弱，小便频数，这是肾消病。（出自《古今录验》）
消渴病有三个大禁忌：一是饮酒，二是房事，三是吃咸食及面食。能谨慎遵守这三条的人，即使不服药，自然也不会出其他问题。不知道这些禁忌的人，即使有金丹妙药，也无法救治，务必谨慎，务必谨慎。
李词部说：消渴病发作时，小便味道甜。按：《洪范》中说：庄稼和收割的味道是甘甜的。从道理上推断，淋饴糖、醋、酒制作肉干的方法中，很快都能变甜。人饮食之后，滋味都是甜的，积聚在中焦，如果腰肾之气旺盛，就能向上蒸腾精气，转化为骨髓，其次化为脂膏，再次化为肌肉，剩下的则成为小便。气味臊的是五脏之气；味道咸的是润下的味道。如果腰肾虚冷，不能向上蒸化，谷气就会全部向下成为小便，所以甘味不变，下泄不止，虽然饮食很多，但肌肤枯槁。就像乳母一样，谷气向上泄漏，都变成了乳汁。消渴病患者，谷气向下泄漏，全部变成了小便。另外，肺是五脏的华盖，如果下面有暖气向上蒸腾，就会滋润而不渴；如果下面极度虚损，阳气就不能上升，所以肺干燥而口渴。就像锅里有水，用板子盖住，如果下面有火力，暖气就会上腾使板子湿润；如果没有火力，水汽就不能上升，板子终究无法湿润。所以张仲景说：适宜服用八味肾气丸，并且不可吃冷物，喝冷水，这很有效，所以记录八味肾气丸（方剂见肾劳篇）。服完后，再服用后面的方剂以巩固疗效。
黄连（二十份）、麦冬（十二份）、苦参（十分）、生地（七分）、知母（七分）、牡蛎（七分）。
研成细末，用牛乳制成丸药，如梧桐子大，晒干，用浆水或牛乳送服二十丸，每天两次。病情严重的，痊愈后还需服用一年以上，才能永远断绝病根。另一方有人参五两。以上见于《本事方》。
另一个治疗消渴、口苦舌干的方剂：
麦冬（五两）、花粉（三两）、乌梅（十个，去核）、小麦（三合）、茅根、竹茹（各一升）。
用水九升，煎取三升，去掉药渣，分四五次服用。细细含咽。
治疗饮水不消化、小便中如脂状物的方剂（崔氏方）：
黄连、栝蒌根（各五两，研成细末）。
用地黄汁调和，并用手搓成如梧桐子大的丸药，每次饭后用牛乳送服五十丸，每天两次。另一方用生栝蒌汁、地黄汁、羊乳汁，与黄连任意比例混合，众人手捻成丸，如梧桐子大，用麦冬饮送服三十丸，逐渐加量至四十五丸。轻症三天痊愈，重症五天痊愈，名叫羊乳丸。
麦冬饮子：治疗膈消、胸满、心烦、短气。
人参、茯神、麦冬、知母、五味子、生地、生甘草、葛根、栝蒌根。
以上药物等分，切碎，每次服用五钱，加水两盏，竹叶十四片，煎至七分，去掉药渣，温服。
河间说：心将热邪移于肺称为膈消。膈消病，心肺有热，胸满心烦，津液燥少，短气，时间久了就会引饮发展为消渴病。用麦冬饮子主治。
麦冬丸：消渴病患者，无论是否痊愈，常须担心发生大痈疽，因为体内有热且小便频数的缘故。小便频数则津液枯竭，津液枯竭则经络涩滞，经络涩滞则营卫运行不畅，营卫运行不畅则热气留滞，必定在大骨节间发生痈疽而猝死。应当预备此药，清除肠胃实热，兼服消渴方。
麦冬、茯苓、黄芩、石膏、玉竹（各八分）、人参、龙胆草（各六分）、升麻（四分）、枳实（五分）、生姜、栝蒌根（各十分）、枸杞根。
研成细末，蜜丸如梧桐子大，用茅根粟米汁送服十丸，每天两次。如果口渴，则服用后面的方剂。
栝蒌根、生姜、麦冬汁、芦根（各三升）。
用水一斗，煮取三升，分三次服用。
冬瓜饮子：治疗消渴，能吃，小便如脂麸片，日夜无度。
冬瓜一个，切开去瓤，放入黄连末十两，仍将顶盖好，在热灰中煨熟，去皮切细，研烂，用布取汁，每次服用一盏，白天三次，夜间两次服用。
葶苈丸：治疗消渴形成水肿病的方剂。
甜葶苈（隔纸炒）、栝蒌根、杏仁（麸炒黄）、汉防己（各一两）。
研成细末，蜜丸如梧桐子大，每次服用三十丸，用茯苓汤送服，每天三次。
白术散：治疗各种疾病引起的烦渴，津液内耗，不论阴阳虚实，都可以服用，大能止渴生津。
干葛（二两）、白术、人参、茯苓、炙甘草、藿香、木香（各一两）。
研成粗末，每次三钱，加水一盏半，煎至一盏，温服。
猪肚丸：治疗消渴。
猪肚（一个，洗净）、黄连、白粱米（各五两）、花粉、茯神（各四两）、知母（三两）、麦冬（二两）。
以上六味药研成细末，装入猪肚中缝密，放在甑中蒸极烂，趁热放入药臼中捣成丸。如果太硬加蜜丸如梧子大，每次服用三十丸，加至五十丸，每天两次。
Sudden onset of jaundice, chest fullness, and panting, with life hanging in the balance, is therefore called Ji Huang (Acute Jaundice). Some patients present with yellow discoloration of the body and face immediately upon illness onset; others show no signs of jaundice initially but turn yellow only after death. This condition arises because the Spleen and Stomach originally harbor accumulated heat, causing Grain Qi to stagnate and steam, compounded by an invasion of external pathogenic heat-toxin. Ancient texts state: "Those who experience fever and heart palpitations will inevitably develop acute jaundice."
Gua Di San (Melon Peduncle Powder) [from *Guangji Fang*] treats acute jaundice.
Ingredients: Gua Di (Thladianthae Fructus), Chi Xiao Dou (Adzuki Bean), Ding Xiang (Clove), Shu Mi (Millet grain) (14 each); Xun Lu Xiang (Frankincense), She Xiang (Musk) (equal parts, separately ground); Qing Bu (Blue Cloth) (two pieces, one square cun each, burned to ash).
Grind all into a fine powder. Take 1 qian with warm water. Upon passage of yellow fluid, the jaundice will subside.
Xiao Ke (Wasting-Thirst) disease has three types: First, excessive thirst with high water intake, frequent urination, and urine containing lipid-like flakes resembling bran that taste sweet; this is Xiao Ke. Second, excessive hunger without significant thirst, scanty urine that appears oily and frequent; this is Xiao Zhong (Middle Wasting). Third, thirst but inability to drink much, leg swelling with initial emaciation of the feet, impotence, and frequent urination; this is Shen Xiao (Kidney Wasting) [from *Gujin Luyan*].
There are three major prohibitions for Xiao Ke: first, alcohol consumption; second, sexual activity; third, salty foods and wheat products. Those who strictly observe these, even without medication, will generally avoid complications. Those ignorant of these prohibitions cannot be saved even by golden elixirs; exercise utmost caution.
Li Cibu stated: In Xiao Ke, urine tastes sweet when the disease manifests. According to the *Hong Fan*: "Crops and harvest yield sweetness." Reasoning from this, methods for making maltose, vinegar, wine, and dried meat eventually become sweet. After eating, flavors are sweet and accumulate in the Middle Jiao. If Kidney Qi is robust, it steams essence upward to transform into marrow, then into fat/gristle, then into muscle, and the remainder becomes urine. The pungent odor belongs to the Five Zang organs' Qi; the salty taste corresponds to the downward-nourishing nature. If Kidney Qi is deficient and cold, failing to steam upward, Grain Qi descends entirely as urine. Thus, the sweet flavor remains unchanged, leading to persistent polyuria. Despite abundant food intake, the flesh and skin become withered. Just as a nursing mother's Grain Qi leaks upward to become milk, so too does the Grain Qi of a Xiao Ke patient leak downward to become urine. Furthermore, the Lung is the canopy of the Five Zang organs. If warmth rises from below, it moistens, preventing thirst; if lower deficiency is extreme, Yang Qi cannot ascend, causing Lung dryness and thirst. Consider a pot of water covered by a board: if there is fire below, steam rises and moistens the board; without fire, vapor cannot rise, and the board remains dry. Therefore, Zhang Zhongjing said: "It is suitable to take Ba Wei Shen Qi Wan (Eight-Ingredient Replenish the Kidney Qi Pill), and one must avoid cold foods and cold water." This approach is quite effective, hence recorded here. Ba Wei Shen Qi Wan (see Ren Lao for formula details). After finishing this, take the following formula to consolidate the effect.
Huang Lian (20 parts), Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix) (12 parts), Ku Shen (Sophorae Flavescentis Radix) (10 parts), Sheng Di (Rehmanniae Radix) (7 parts), Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma) (7 parts), Mu Li (Ostreae Concha) (7 parts).
Grind into powder, form pills with cow's milk, size of Sophora seeds. Dry them. Take 20 pills with fermented rice water or cow's milk, twice daily. For severe cases, continue taking the medicine for over a year after recovery to eradicate the root cause. Another version includes 5 liang of Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma). Above from *Baoshi Fang*.
Another formula for treating Xiao Ke with bitter taste in mouth and dry tongue:
Mai Dong (5 liang), Hua Fen (Trichosanthis Radix) (3 liang), Wu Mei (Mume Fructus) (10, pitted), Xiao Mai (Tritici Fructus) (3 he), Mao Gen (Imperatae Rhizoma), Zhu Ru (Bambusae Caulis in Taenia) (each 1 sheng).
Decoct in 9 sheng of water to obtain 3 sheng. Remove dregs. Divide into 4-5 doses. Sip slowly and swallow.
Formula for treating indigestion of water intake and urine resembling lipid [Cui Shi Formula]:
Huang Lian, Gua Lou Gen (Trichosanthis Radix) (each 5 liang, powdered).
Mix with juice of Sheng Di, hand-roll into pills size of Sophora seeds. Take 50 pills with cow's milk after each meal, twice daily. Another version uses fresh Gua Lou juice, fresh Sheng Di juice, and goat milk mixed with Huang Lian in any proportion, rolled into pills by multiple hands, size of Sophora seeds. Take 30 pills with Mai Dong Yin, gradually increasing to 45 pills. Mild cases resolve in 3 days, severe in 5 days. Named Yang Ru Wan (Goat Milk Pill).
Mai Dong Yin Zi (Ophiopogon Decoction): Treats Ge Xiao (Diaphragm Wasting) with chest fullness, vexation, and shortness of breath.
Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), Fu Shen (Poria with Hostwood), Mai Dong, Zhi Mu, Wu Wei Zi (Schisandrae Fructus), Sheng Di, Sheng Gan Cao (Raw Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Ge Gen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix), Gua Lou Gen.
Equal parts, cut into small pieces. Take 5 qian per dose, add 2 zhan of water and 14 bamboo leaves. Decoct to 7/10 volume. Remove dregs and take warm.
He Jian stated: Heart transferring heat to the Lung is called Ge Xiao. Ge Xiao involves heat in the Heart and Lung, chest fullness, vexation, scanty dry fluids, and shortness of breath. Prolonged, it leads to excessive drinking and develops into Xiao Ke. Mai Dong Yin Zi is indicated.
Mai Dong Wan (Ophiopogon Pill): Patients with Xiao Ke, whether recovering or not, must always be wary of developing large abscesses (Da Yong) due to internal heat and frequent urination. Frequent urination depletes fluids; depleted fluids cause meridian stasis; meridian stasis impedes Ying and Wei circulation; impaired Ying and Wei circulation causes heat retention, leading to carbuncles and sores at major bone joints, potentially causing sudden death. Prepare this medicine to clear excess heat in the intestines and stomach, combined with Xiao Ke formulas.
Mai Dong, Fu Ling (Poria), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix), Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum), Yu Zhu (Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma) (each 8 fen), Ren Shen, Long Dan Cao (Gentianae Radix) (each 6 fen), Sheng Ma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma) (4 fen), Zhi Shi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus) (5 fen), Sheng Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens), Gua Lou Gen (each 10 fen), Gou Qi Gen (Lycii Radix).
Powder, honey-pilled size of Sophora seeds. Take 10 pills with Mugwort root and millet juice, twice daily. If thirsty, use the subsequent formula.
Gua Lou Gen, Sheng Jiang, Mai Dong Zhi (Ophiopogon Juice), Lu Gen (Phragmitis Rhizoma) (each 3 sheng).
Decoct in 1 dou of water to obtain 3 sheng. Divide into 3 doses.
Dong Gua Yin Zi (Winter Melon Decoction): Treats Xiao Ke where the patient can eat, urine resembles lipid/bran flakes, occurring day and night without limit.
One winter melon, cut open, remove pulp. Insert 10 liang of Huang Lian powder. Replace lid. Roast in hot ashes until cooked. Peel, chop finely, mash, and extract juice through cloth. Take 1 zhan per dose, three times during the day and twice at night.
Ting Li Wan (Descurainia Pill): Treats Xiao Ke complicated by edema/water disease.
Tian Ting Li (Descurainiae Semen seu Fructus) (fried between papers), Gua Lou Gen, Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) (bran-fried yellow), Han Fang Ji (Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix) (each 1 liang).
Powder, honey-pilled size of Sophora seeds. Take 30 pills with Fu Ling decoction, three times daily.
Bai Zhu San (Atractylodes Macrocephala Powder): Treats various diseases causing vexation and thirst, internal depletion of fluids. Suitable regardless of Yin or Yang patterns. Greatly stops thirst and generates fluids.
Gan Ge (Puerariae Lobatae Radix) (2 liang), Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma), Ren Shen, Fu Ling, Zhi Gan Cao (Prepared Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Huo Xiang (Agastaches Herba), Mu Xiang (Aucklandiae Radix) (each 1 liang).
Coarse powder. Take 3 qian per dose, add 1.5 zhan of water. Decoct to 1 zhan. Take warm.
Zhu Du Wan (Pig Stomach Pill): Treats Xiao Ke.
Zhu Du (Pig Stomach) (one, cleaned), Huang Lian, Bai Liang Mi (White Glutinous Rice) (each 5 liang), Hua Fen, Fu Shen (each 4 liang), Zhi Mu (3 liang), Mai Dong (2 liang).
Grind the six ingredients into powder. Place inside the pig stomach, sew tightly. Steam in a steamer until very soft. While hot, pound in a mortar to form pills. If too hard, add honey. Size of Sophora seeds. Take 30 pills, increasing to 50 pills, twice daily.