脏。除胸胁痰癖。逐停水。破结实。消胀满。心下急。痞痛逆气。胁风痛。安胃气。止溏泄。（药
性论云。解伤寒结胸。入陷胸汤用。主上气喘咳。肾内伤冷。阴痿而有气。加而用之。衍义云。
枳实。枳壳。一物也。小则其性酷而速。大则其性祥而缓。故张仲景治伤寒仓卒之病。承气汤中
用枳实。此其意也。皆取其疏通决泄。破结实之义。他方但导散风壅之气。可常服者。故用枳壳。
其意如此。）
竹叶。 竹叶味苦平。大寒。无毒。主咳逆上气。除烦热风痉。喉痹呕吐。淡竹叶味辛平。
大寒。主胸中痰热。咳逆上气。苦竹叶及沥。疗口疮。目痛。明目。利九窍。（陶隐居云。竹类
甚多。此前一条云是 竹。次用淡苦尔。药性论云。淡竹烧沥。治卒中风。失音不语。日华子云。
苦竹作沥。治中风失音。功用与淡竹同。食疗云。淡竹沥大寒。主劳复。茹。主噎膈鼻衄。）
大枣。味甘。平。无毒。主心腹邪气。安中养脾。 十二经。平胃气。通九窍。补少气。少
津液。身中不足。和百药。补中益气。除烦闷。疗心下悬。肠 。生者味甘。辛。多食令人多寒
热。羸瘦不可食。（陶隐居云。南枣大恶。孟诜云。第一青州。次蒲州者好。诸处不堪入药。生
者。食之过多。令人腹胀。日华子云。牙齿有病患。切忌食之。食疗云。多食动风。发冷风。并
咳嗽。衍义云。先青州。次晋州。此二等可煞曝入药。益脾胃为佳。余止可充食用。）
杏核仁。味甘苦。温。冷利。有毒。主咳逆上气。雷鸣喉痹。下气。时行头痛。解肌。消心
下急。（解锡毒。陈藏器云。利喉咽。润五脏。去痰嗽。生熟俱得。半生半熟杀人。日华子云。
实多食。伤神损筋骨。有数种。皆热。小儿尤不可食。多致疮痈。及上膈热。）
桃核仁。味苦甘。平。无毒。主瘀血。血闭。 瘕。邪气。杀小虫。止咳逆上气。消心下坚。
除卒暴击血。破 瘕。通月水。止痛。（衍义云。桃有数种。惟以山中自生者。为正。）
栀子。味苦。寒。无毒。主五内邪气。胃主热气。胸心大小肠大热。心中烦闷。酒炮 鼻。
（药性论云。杀 虫毒。去热毒风。利五淋。解五种黄病。治时疾。除热。衍义云。仲景治发汗
吐下后。虚烦不得眠。若剧者。必反复颠倒。心中懊 。栀子豉汤治之。虚故不用大黄。有寒毒
故也。栀子虽寒。无毒。治胃中热气。既亡血。亡津液。腑脏无润养。内生虚热。非此物不可去。）
吴茱萸。味辛。温。有小毒。主温中。下气。止痛。咳逆。寒热。除湿。血痹。逐风邪。开腠
理。去痰冷。腹内绞痛。诸冷实不消。中恶心腹痛。（药性论云。治霍乱转筋。胃中冷气。吐泻
腹痛。不可胜忍者。可愈。孟诜云。主心痛下气。除呕逆脏冷。开目者。不堪食。衍义云。须深
汤中浸去苦烈汁。凡六七过始可用。此物下气最速。肠虚人服之愈甚。）
梓白皮。味苦。寒。无毒。主热。去三虫。（别录云。主吐逆胃反。）
黄柏（本经柏木。）味苦。寒。无毒。主五脏肠胃中结热。黄胆。肠痔。止泄利。疗惊气在
皮间。肌肤热。赤起。目热。赤痛。口疮。（衍义云。今用反。）
蜀椒。味辛。温。有毒。主邪气。咳逆。温中。逐骨节皮肤死肌。寒湿痹痛。除六腑寒冷。
伤寒温疟。大风汗不出。心腹留饮。宿食。肠 。下利。泄精。开腠理。通血脉。坚齿发。调关
节。耐寒暑。多食令人乏气。口闭者杀人。（衍义云。须微炒使
出汗。又须去附红黄壳。去壳法。先微炒。乘热入竹筒中。以梗舂之。播取红用。）
秦皮。味苦。寒。无毒。主风寒湿痹。洗洗寒气。除热。目中青 白膜。（药性论云。主明
目。去肝中久热。图经云。浸水便碧色。书纸看之。青色者真。）
梅实。味酸。平。无毒。主下气。除热。烦满。止下利。好唾。口干。（陶隐居云。此亦是今
乌梅也。用当去核微熬。治伤寒烦热。陈藏器云。去痰。主瘴疟。止渴。调中。除冷热利。止吐
逆。日华子云。多啖伤骨。蚀脾胃。令人发热。又云。除劳。治骨蒸。去烦闷。涩肠止利。衍义
云。食梅则津液泄。水生木也。津液泄。故伤齿。肾属水。外为齿故也。）
芫花。味辛苦。温。有小毒。主咳逆。上气。喉鸣。喘。咽肿。消胸中痰水。喜唾。水肿。
久服令人虚。（药性论云。有大毒。能治心腹胀满。去水气。利五脏。寒痰。涕唾如胶者。及一
切毒风。四肢挛急。不能行步。能泻水肿胀满。）
附子。味辛甘。大热。有大毒。主风寒。咳逆。邪气。温中。金疮。破 坚。积聚。血瘕。
寒湿 。拘挛。膝痛。脚疼。冷弱不能行步。腰脊风寒。心腹冷痛。霍乱转筋。下利赤白。坚
肌骨。强阴堕胎。为百药长。（陶隐居云。凡用三建。皆热灰微炮。令拆。勿过焦。惟姜附汤生
用。俗方每用附子。皆须甘草人参生姜相配者。正制其毒故也。衍义云。乌头。乌喙。天雄。附
子。侧子。凡五等。皆一物也。止按大小长短似像而名之。后世补虚寒则须用附子。仍取其端平
而圆大。及半两以上者。其力全不 。风家即多用天雄。亦取其大者。以其尖角多热性。不肯就
下。故取辛散也。此用乌头附子之大略。余三等则量其材而用之。）
白头翁。味苦。温。无毒。主温疟。狂易。寒热。 瘕。积聚。瘿气。逐血。止痛。（苏恭
云。甚疗毒。）
茯苓。味甘平。无毒。主胸胁逆气。忧恚。惊邪。恐悸。心下结痛。口焦。舌干。利小便。
止消渴。大腹。淋漓。膈中痰水。水肿。淋结。开胸腑。调脏气。伐肾邪。（药性论云。忌米醋。）
猪苓。味甘苦。平。无毒。主 疟。解毒。蛊疰不祥。利水道。（药性论云。解伤寒温疫。大热
发汗。主肿胀。腹满。急痛。司马彪云。治渴。衍义云。行水之功多。久服必损肾气。昏人目。）
巴豆。味辛。生温。熟寒。有大毒。主伤寒温疟寒热。破 瘕。结聚坚积。留饮痰癖。大腹
水胀。荡练五脏六腑。开通闭塞。利水谷道。去恶肉烂胎。不利丈夫阴。杀斑蝥毒（药性论云。
忌芦笋。酱豉。冷水。中巴豆毒。黄连汁。大豆汁解之。陶隐居云。最能泻人。陈藏器云。主
癖气。痞满。腹内积聚。冷气。血块。宿食不消。痰饮吐水。）
赤小豆。味甘酸。平。无毒。主下水。排痈肿脓血。寒热。热中。消渴。止泄。利小便。吐
逆卒 下。胀满。（陶隐居云。性逐津液。久服令人枯燥。陈士良云。微寒。疗水气。解小麦热
毒。图经云。甚疗香港脚。）
麻子。味甘。平。无毒。主补中益气。中风汗出。逐水。利小便。破积血。复血脉。（药性
论云。治大肠风热结涩。及热淋。日华子云。逐一切风气。长肌肉。益毛发。去皮肤顽痹。下水
气。及下乳。止消渴。催生。治横逆产。陈士良云。主肺气。润五脏。利大小便。疏风气。不宜
多食。损血脉。滑精气。痿阳气。妇人多食发带疾。）
豉。味苦。寒。无毒。主伤寒头痛。寒热。瘴气。恶毒。烦躁。满闷。虚劳。喘吸。及两脚
疼冷。（药性论云。治时疾热病发汗。）
粳米。味甘苦。平。无毒。主益气。止烦止泄。（陶隐居云。此即人常所食米。但有白赤小
大。异族四五种。同一类也。孟诜云。常食干饭。令人热中。唇口干。不可和苍耳食之。令人卒
心痛。即急烧仓米灰。和蜜浆服之。不尔。即死。不可与马肉同食之。发痼疾。衍义云。白晚米
为第一。早熟米不及也。平和五脏。补益胃气。其功莫逮。然稍生复不益脾。过熟则佳。）
酒。味苦。甘辛。大热。有毒。主行药势。杀百邪恶毒瓦斯。（陶隐居云。大寒凝海。惟酒不
冰。量其性热。独冠群物。药家多有以行其势。人饮之。使体弊神 。是其有毒故也。苏恭云。酒
有数种。惟米酒入药。陈藏器。通血脉。润皮肤。散石气。消忧发怒。宣言畅意。又云。酒后不
得卧黍稷。食猪肉。令人患大风。凡酒忌诸甜物。酒浆照人无影不可饮。酒不可合乳饮之。令人
气结。白酒食牛肉。令人腹内生虫。孟诜云。久饮伤神损寿。）
苦酒。味酸。温。无毒。主消痈肿。散水气。杀邪毒。（醋也。陶隐居云。亦谓之醯。以有
苦味。俗呼苦酒。不可多食。损人肌脏。陈藏器云。破血运。除 块坚积。消食。破结气。日华
子云。杀一切鱼肉菜毒。多食不益男子。损人颜色。论语云。或乞醯焉。是也。）
胶饴。味甘。微温。主补虚乏。止渴。去血。（本草。饴糖。图经。软糖。粳米粟米。大麻
子。白术黄精。枳 子等。并堪作。惟以糯米作者入药。孟诜云。健脾胃气。日华子云。消痰止
嗽。并润五脏。衍义云。多食动脾风。以上五种。本经皆无。或疑五种者。皆人食用之常。不烦
采取。开物之初。不以流品论。尚未收录与。未知然否。）
干姜。味辛。温。主胸满。咳逆。上气。温中。止血。出汗。逐风湿痹。肠 下利。寒冷腹
痛。中恶。霍乱胀满。皮肤间结气。止唾血。生者尤良。主伤寒头痛。鼻塞。止呕吐。久服。去
臭气。通神明。（干者太热。生者微温。皆无毒。唐本。干者久服令人目暗。药性论。干姜主霍
乱不止。治嗽。温中。秦艽为使。陈藏器云。生姜须热即去皮。要冷即留皮。）
葱白。平。可作汤。主伤寒寒热。出汗。中风。面目肿。伤寒骨肉痛。喉痹不通。安胎。归
目。除肝邪气。安中。利五脏。
杀百药毒。（日华子云。治天行时疾。头痛热狂。通大小肠。霍乱转筋。及贲豚气。香港脚。
心腹痛。食疗云。少食则得。可作汤。不得多食。虚人。患气者多食发气。上冲人五脏。闷绝。
为通利关节。出汗故也。切不得与蜜相和食之。促人气。杀人。）
薤。味辛苦。温。无毒。除寒热。去水气。温中。散结。利病患。（陶隐居云。凡用葱薤。
皆去青留白。白冷而青热也。孟洗云。不可与牛肉同食。令人成瘕。食疗云。骨 在咽不去者。煮
食之即下。衍义云。叶如金灯叶。差狭而更光。故古人言薤露者。以其光滑难 之义。千金用治
肺气喘急。亦取其滑泄也。大抵此物叶如韭。根如葱。江南闽浙之间绝少。淮西河南北多有之。）
瓜蒂。味苦。寒。有毒。主大水。身面四肢浮肿。下水杀蛊毒。咳逆上气。及食诸果病胸腹
中。皆吐出之。去鼻中息肉。疗黄胆。（陶隐居云。甜瓜蒂也。用早青者。日华子云。无毒。治脑
塞。热 。眼昏。吐痰。食疗云。瓜有两鼻者杀人。沉水者杀人。食多腹胀。可食盐化成水。病
癖人不可食之。）
石膏。味辛甘。寒。无毒。主中风寒热。心下逆气。惊喘。口干舌焦。不能息。除时气。头
痛身热。三焦大热。解肌发汗。止消渴。烦逆。腹胀。暴气喘息。咽热。（药性论云。能治伤寒
头痛如裂。壮热皮如火燥。出毒汗。主通胃中结。烦闷。心下急。烦躁。和葱煎茶。去头痛。日
华子云。治天行热狂。图经云。止头目昏眩痛。）
赤石脂。味甘酸辛。大温。无毒。主养心气。明目。益精。疗腹痛泄 。下利赤白。（大抵
此物能治大肠寒滑。本经无。别录有。）
禹余粮。味甘。寒平。无毒。主咳逆。寒热烦满。下利赤白。血闭 瘕。大热。疗小腹痛结
烦疼。（药性论云。主治崩中。）
芒硝。味辛苦。大寒。主五脏积聚。久热胃闭。除邪气。破留血。腹中痰实结搏。通经脉。
利大小便及月水。破五淋。推陈致新。生于朴硝。（衍义云。以暖水淋朴硝取汁。再经熬炼减半。
倾入水盆中。经宿遂结芒。有廉 者。故其性和缓。今按本经。止言硝石朴硝。而无芒硝。芒硝
有自别录以后。经中何得用芒硝芒疑朴误。）
滑石。味甘。寒。无毒。主身热泄 。女子乳难。癃闭。利小便。荡胃。积聚寒热。通九窍
六腑津液。去留结。止渴。令人利中。（衍义云。治暴得吐逆。不下食。）
代赭。味苦甘。寒。无毒。主鬼疰。贼风蛊毒。杀精物恶鬼。腹中毒。邪气。除五脏血脉中
热。血痹血瘀。大人小儿惊风入腹。
铅丹。味辛。微寒。主吐逆胃反。惊痫癫疾。除热。生于铅。（陶隐居云。即今熬铅所作黄
丹也。药性论云。主治惊悸。狂走。呕逆。消渴。日华子云。凉。无毒。镇心安神。疗反胃。止
吐血。）
人溺。疗寒热头疼。温气。童男者尤良。（日华子云。疗血闷。热狂。扑损。瘀血。运绝。
及困乏。衍义云。气血虚。无热者。不宜多服。性寒故也。）
妇人 裆。主阴易病。当阴上割取。烧末。服方寸匕。童女 益佳。若女患阳易。即男子
也。阴易病者。人患时行病起后。合阴阳便相着。甚于本病。其候小便赤涩。寒热甚者是。服此
便通利。（按此与经文有同有异。临证者。宜两审。以上二种。本经皆无。别录有。）
白蜜。味甘。平。无毒。主心腹邪气。诸惊痫痉。安五脏。诸不足。益气补中。止痛。解毒。
除众病。和百药。养脾气。除心烦。食饮不下。止肠 。肌中疼痛。口疮。明耳目。色白如膏者
[Zi (Bark of Catalpa Tree)]: Eliminates phlegm-fluid accumulation in the chest and hypochondrium. Drains stagnant water. Breaks down solid accumulations. Relieves distension and fullness. Alleviates urgency, stuffiness, pain in the epigastrium, and rebellious Qi. Treats wind-pain in the hypochondrium. Calms Stomach Qi. Stops loose stools. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Resolves cold damage chest-binding syndrome; used in Xiong Xiong Tang. Governs upper jiao wheezing and cough, internal cold injury to the Kidney, impotence with Qi stagnation; added to formulas for use. *Yan Yi* records: Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) and Zhi Ke (Mature Bitter Orange) are from the same plant. Small fruits have a fierce and rapid nature; large fruits have a mild and slow nature. Thus, Zhang Zhongjing used Zhi Shi in Cheng Qi Tang (Cathartic Decoction) to treat acute cold damage diseases, which is the intent. Both aim to promote unblocking and draining, breaking solid accumulations. In other formulas, if the purpose is merely to guide and disperse Wind-Qi obstruction and can be taken regularly, Zhi Ke is used. The intent is as described.)
Zhu Ye (Bamboo Leaf): Bitter, neutral, very cold, non-toxic. Governs cough and rebellious Qi. Clears irritability, wind-heat, wind-spasm, bi-syndrome of the throat, vomiting. Dan Zhu Ye (Light Bamboo Leaf) is acrid, neutral, very cold. Governs phlegm-heat in the chest, cough and rebellious Qi. Ku Zhu Ye (Bitter Bamboo Leaf) and its juice (Li) treat mouth ulcers, eye pain, brighten the eyes, and benefit the nine orifices. (Tao Hongjing records: There are many types of bamboo; the previous entry refers to a specific bamboo, followed by light and bitter varieties. *Yao Xing Lun* records: Juice of burned light bamboo treats sudden wind-stroke, aphasia. Ri Huazi records: Juice made from bitter bamboo treats wind-stroke aphasia; efficacy is the same as light bamboo. *Shi Liao Ben Cao* records: Light bamboo juice is very cold, governs relapse due to overexertion. Zhu Ru (Bamboo Shavings) governs dysphagia and epistaxis.)
Da Zao (Jujube): Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Governs evil Qi in the heart and abdomen. Calms the middle, nourishes the Spleen. Enters the twelve channels. Harmonizes Stomach Qi. Opens the nine orifices. Supplements deficient Qi and fluids. Addresses bodily insufficiency. Harmonizes hundred herbs. Supplements middle Qi and energy. Removes irritability. Treats hanging pain in the epigastrium and intestinal rumbling. (Raw ones are sweet and acrid. Excessive consumption causes alternating chills and fever; emaciated persons should not eat them.) (Tao Hongjing records: Southern jujubes are of poor quality. Meng Shen records: Those from Qingzhou are best, followed by those from Puzhou; others are unsuitable for medicine. Eating too many raw ones causes abdominal distension. Ri Huazi records: Persons with dental diseases must avoid eating them. *Shi Liao Ben Cao* records: Excessive consumption moves Wind, triggers cold-wind, and causes cough. *Yan Yi* records: First Qingzhou, then Jinzhou; these two grades are suitable for sun-drying for medicinal use, best for benefiting the Spleen and Stomach. Others are only suitable for food.)
Xing Ren (Apricot Seed): Sweet, bitter, warm, cold and purgative, toxic. Governs cough and rebellious Qi, thunderous bi-syndrome of the throat, directs Qi downward, epidemic headache. Releases the muscle layer. Eliminates urgency in the epigastrium. (Can detoxify tin. Chen Cangqi records: Benefits the throat and pharynx, moistens the five viscera, removes phlegm-cough; both raw and cooked can be used. Half-raw half-cooked is fatal. Ri Huazi records: Excessive consumption of the fruit damages the spirit and sinews/bones. There are several types, all hot; especially dangerous for children, often causing sores/carbuncles and upper jiao heat.)
Tao Ren (Peach Seed): Bitter, sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Governs blood stasis, blood closure, zheng-jia masses, evil Qi. Kills small parasites. Stops cough and rebellious Qi. Eliminates hardness in the epigastrium. Removes sudden traumatic blood stasis. Breaks zheng-jia masses. Unblocks menstruation. Relieves pain. (*Yan Yi* records: There are many types of peaches; only those growing wild in mountains are authentic.)
Zhi Zi (Gardenia Fruit): Bitter, cold, non-toxic. Governs evil Qi in the five viscera, Heat Qi in the Stomach, excessive heat in the chest, heart, small and large intestines, and irritability in the heart. Wine-fried Zhi Zi treats epistaxis. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Kills parasite toxins, removes wind-heat toxin, benefits the five stranguries, resolves five types of jaundice, treats epidemic febrile diseases, clears heat. *Yan Yi* records: Zhang Zhongjing treated post-sweating, vomiting, or purging cases where deficiency leads to irritability and insomnia; if severe, tossing and turning and profound cardiac discomfort occur, treated with Zhi Zi Chi Tang (Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction). Because it is deficient, Da Huang (Rhubarb) is not used; because there is cold toxin. Although Zhi Zi is cold, it is non-toxic and treats Stomach Heat Qi. Since blood and body fluids are depleted, and the viscera lack nourishment, generating internal deficiency heat, this herb is indispensable for removal.)
Wu Zhu Yu (Evodia Fruit): Acrid, warm, slightly toxic. Warms the middle, directs Qi downward, relieves pain, stops cough/rebellious Qi, treats chills/fever, drains dampness, treats blood bi, expels Wind pathogen, opens the interstices, removes cold-phlegm, relieves colic, treats various cold-solidities that do not digest, and sudden heart/stomach pain. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Treats cholera with leg cramps, cold Qi in the Stomach, vomiting/diarrhea with unbearable abdominal pain, which can be cured. Meng Shen records: Treats heart pain and directing Qi downward, removes vomiting/rebellious Qi and cold viscera. Not suitable for consumption if eye disease exists. *Yan Yi* records: Must be soaked in deep boiling water multiple times (6-7 times) to remove bitter/acrid juices before use. This herb directs Qi downward most rapidly; those with weak intestines will suffer worsened symptoms.)
Zi Bai Pi (Catalpa Bark): Bitter, cold, non-toxic. Treats heat, removes three parasites. (*Bie Lu* records: Treats vomiting and gastric reversal.)
Huang Bo (Phellodendron Bark): Bitter, cold, non-toxic. Governs accumulated heat in the five viscera and intestines/stomach, jaundice, intestinal hemorrhoids, stops diarrhea/dysentery, treats fright-Qi between skin and muscles, skin heat, redness/swelling, eye heat/redness/pain, mouth ulcers. (*Yan Yi* records: Current usage is reversed.)
Shu Jiao (Sichuan Pepper): Acrid, warm, toxic. Governs evil Qi, cough/rebellious Qi, warms the middle, drives out dead flesh in bones/joints/skin, cold-damp bi-pain, removes cold from the six fu-organs, cold damage/warm-malaria, wind-greatness with no sweating, retained fluid in heart/abdomen, leftover food, intestinal rumbling, diarrhea, seminal emission, opens interstices, unblocks blood vessels, strengthens teeth/hair, regulates joints, resists cold/heat. Excessive consumption causes Qi deficiency; closing the mouth indicates fatality. (*Yan Yi* records: Must be lightly stir-fried until sweat appears, and attached red/yellow shells removed. Shell removal method: Lightly fry, put into a bamboo tube while hot, pound with a stalk, winnow to separate the red shell.)
Qin Pi (Ash Bark): Bitter, cold, non-toxic. Governs wind-cold-damp bi-syndrome, shivering chills, clears heat, treats green-white membrane in the eyes. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Brightens eyes, removes long-term liver heat. *Tu Jing* records: Soaking water turns blue-green; writing on paper shows true green color.)
Mei Shi (Plum Fruit): Sour, neutral, non-toxic. Directs Qi downward, clears heat, removes irritability/fullness, stops diarrhea, excessive salivation, dry mouth. (Tao Hongjing records: This is also the current Wu Mei (Dark Plum). Remove pit and lightly roast when using. Treats cold damage irritability/heat. Chen Cangqi records: Removes phlegm, governs malarial pathogens, stops thirst, harmonizes middle, removes cold/heat diarrhea, stops vomiting/rebellious Qi. Ri Huazi records: Excessive consumption damages bones, erodes Spleen/Stomach, causes fever. Also: Removes labor, treats bone-steaming heat, removes irritability, astringes intestines to stop diarrhea. *Yan Yi* records: Eating plums causes saliva secretion; Water generates Wood. Saliva secretion thus damages teeth. Kidney belongs to Water, externally manifests as teeth.)
Yuan Hua (Genkwa Flower): Acrid, bitter, warm, slightly toxic. Governs cough/rebellious Qi, throat rattle, asthma, throat swelling, eliminates phlegm-water in the chest, excessive salivation, edema. Long-term use causes deficiency. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Highly toxic; treats heart/abdominal fullness, drains fluid, benefits five viscera, cold-phlegm, sticky sputum, and all toxic winds, limb spasms preventing walking, can drain edematous distension.)
Fu Zi (Prepared Aconite Root): Acrid, sweet, very hot, highly toxic. Governs wind-cold, cough/rebellious Qi, evil Qi, warms the middle, treats metal wounds, breaks hardness, accumulations, blood-zheng masses, cold-damp spasms, knee pain, foot pain, cold weakness preventing walking, wind-cold in waist/spine, cold pain in heart/abdomen, cholera with cramps, bloody/non-bloody diarrhea, firms muscle/bone, strengthens Yin, induces abortion, serves as the leader of hundred herbs. (Tao Hongjing records: When using San Jian, lightly roast in hot ashes until cracked, not burnt. Only Jiang Fu Tang uses raw. Common prescriptions always pair Fu Zi with Gan Cao (Licorice), Ren Shen (Ginseng), and Sheng Jiang (Fresh Ginger) to control toxicity. *Yan Yi* records: Wu Tou (Aconite Mother Root), Wu Hui, Tian Xiong, Fu Zi, Ce Zi are one substance, named by size/shape. For deficiency-cold, Fu Zi is used, specifically round/large pieces above half tael for full potency. Wind-patterns use Tian Xiong (large, pointed, hot/nature rising) for acrid dispersal. This covers Wu Tou/Fu Zi usage; other three grades are used according to material. )
Bai Tou Weng (Pulsatilla Root): Bitter, warm, non-toxic. Governs warm-malaria, mania/change, chills/fever, zheng-jia masses, accumulations, goiter, moves blood, relieves pain. (Su Gong records: Excellent for treating toxins.)
Fu Ling (Poria): Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Governs rebellious Qi in chest/hypochondrium, sorrow/anger, fright-evil, fear/palpitations, knotting/pain in epigastrium, dry mouth/tongue, promotes urination, stops polydipsia, abdominal distension, dripping sensation, phlegm-water in diaphragm, edema, strangury/knotting, opens chest cavity, regulates viscera Qi, attacks Kidney evil. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Avoid rice vinegar.)
Zhu Ling (Polyporus): Sweet, bitter, neutral, non-toxic. Governs malaria, detoxifies, gu-zhu misfortune, benefits water pathways. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Resolves cold damage/warm epidemic, high fever/sweating, governs swelling, abdominal fullness, acute pain. Sima Bao records: Treats thirst. *Yan Yi* records: Strong water-moving effect; long-term use damages Kidney Qi and blurs vision.)
Ba Dou (Croton Seed): Acrid, raw-warm, cooked-cold, highly toxic. Governs cold damage/warm-malaria/chills-fever, breaks zheng-jia, solid accumulations, retained fluid/phlegm-pi, abdominal water-distension, cleanses five viscera/six fu-organs, opens blockages, benefits grain/water pathways, removes bad flesh/rots fetus, does not benefit male genitalia, kills Blister Beetle toxin. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Avoid Asparagus, soy sauce/beans, cold water. For Ba Dou poisoning, use Huang Lian (Coptis) juice or Da Dou (Soybean) juice to resolve. Tao Hongjing records: Most potent purgative. Chen Cangqi records: Governs癖 qi,痞满, abdominal accumulations, cold Qi, blood masses, leftover food indigestion, phlegm-fluid vomiting.)
Chi Xiao Dou (Adzuki Bean): Sweet, sour, neutral, non-toxic. Promotes water drainage, discharges pus/blood from carbuncles/swelling, treats chills/fever, heat in center, polydipsia, stops diarrhea, promotes urination, sudden vomiting/downward discharge, distension/fullness. (Tao Hongjing records: Nature drains body fluids; long-term use causes dryness. Chen Shiliang records: Slightly cold, treats water qi, resolves Wheat heat toxin. *Tu Jing* records: Excellent for treating Tinea Pedis.)
Ma Zi (Hemp Seed): Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Supplements middle Qi and energy, treats wind-stroke sweating, drains water, promotes urination, breaks blood stasis, restores blood vessels. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Treats Large Intestine wind-heat constipation and heat-strangury. Ri Huazi records: Drains all wind patterns, grows muscle, benefits hair, removes skin numbness/paralysis, drains water qi, promotes lactation, stops polydipsia, induces labor, treats breech birth. Chen Shiliang records: Governs Lung Qi, moistens five viscera, benefits bowel/bladder, disperses wind pattern. Do not eat excessively; damages blood vessels, slips essence/Qi, flaccid Yang Qi, women eating much develop leukorrhea.)
Chi (Fermented Soybean): Bitter, cold, non-toxic. Governs cold damage headache, chills/fever, malarial pathogens, evil toxins, irritability, fullness, deficiency-labor, wheezing/inhalation, and cold painful legs. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Treats epidemic febrile disease sweating.)
Jing Mi (Rice Grain): Sweet, bitter, neutral, non-toxic. Supplements Qi, stops irritability/diarrhea. (Tao Hongjing records: This is common rice, varying in white/red/small/large, different races but same category. Meng Shen records: Regularly eating dry rice causes heat in center, dry lips/mouth; do not eat with Cang Er (Xanthium); causes sudden heart pain. Immediately burn barn rice ash, mix with honey water to drink, or death ensues. Do not eat with horse meat; triggers chronic disease. *Yan Yi* records: White late-maturing rice is best, early maturing is inferior. Harmonizes five viscera, supplements Stomach Qi, unmatched merit. However, slightly raw does not benefit Spleen; overly cooked is good.)
Jiu (Alcohol): Bitter, sweet, acrid, very hot, toxic. Moves herbal potency, kills hundred evil spirits/toxins. (Tao Hongjing records: Even when seas freeze, wine does not ice. Its heat nature tops all substances. Herbalists use it to move potency. Humans drinking it cause physical deterioration and spirit depletion; this is due to toxicity. Su Gong records: Several types of wine; only Rice Wine enters medicine. Chen Cangqi records: Unblocks blood vessels, moistens skin, dissipates stone qi, removes worry/anger, speaks freely/relaxes mind. Also: Do not lie down after wine eating millet/pork; causes great wind. Wine avoids sweet things. Wine that casts no reflection is undrinkable. Do not mix wine with milk; causes Qi knot. White wine with beef causes abdominal worms. Meng Shen records: Long-term drinking damages spirit and longevity.)
Ku Jiu (Vinegar): Sour, warm, non-toxic. Dissolves carbuncles/swelling, scatters water qi, kills evil toxins. (Vinegar. Tao Hongjing records: Also called Xi. Called Ku Jiu due to bitter taste. Do not eat much; damages muscle/organs. Chen Cangqi records: Breaks blood stasis, removes hard accumulations, aids digestion, breaks stuck Qi. Ri Huazi records: Kills all fish/meat/vegetable toxins; excessive consumption harms men, damages complexion. Analects says: "Or begs for Xi," referring to this.)
Jiao Yi (Malt Sugar): Sweet, slightly warm. Supplements deficiency/fatigue, stops thirst, removes blood. (Ben Cao: Yi Tang. Tu Jing: Soft sugar. Made from Jing Mi, Su Mi, Da Ma Zi, Bai Zhu, Huang Jing, Zhi Gu Zi etc., but only those made from Nuomi (Glutinous Rice) enter medicine. Meng Shen records: Strengthens Spleen/Stomach Qi. Ri Huazi records: Resolves phlegm/stops cough, moistens five viscera. *Yan Yi* records: Excessive consumption moves Spleen Wind. The above five types are not in Ben Jing. Suspect they were common foods not requiring collection at the beginning of compilation, hence not recorded. Uncertain.)
Gan Jiang (Dried Ginger): Acrid, warm. Governs chest fullness, cough/rebellious Qi, warms middle, stops bleeding, induces sweating, drives out wind-damp bi, intestinal rumbling/diarrhea, cold abdominal pain, sudden evil, cholera distension, interstitial Qi knot, stops hemoptysis. Raw is better. Governs cold damage headache, nasal congestion, stops vomiting. Long-term use removes bad odor, connects spirit. (Dried is very hot, raw is slightly warm, both non-toxic. Tang Ben: Long-term dried use dims eyes. Yao Xing Lun: Gan Jiang treats endless cholera, cough, warms middle, Qin Jiao is assistant. Chen Cangqi records: Fresh ginger peel off when hot, keep when cool.)
Cong Bai (Scallion White): Neutral. Can make soup. Governs cold damage chills/fever, sweating, wind-stroke, facial/eye swelling, cold damage bone/muscle pain, throat bi obstruction, calms fetus, returns to eyes, removes Liver evil Qi, calms middle, benefits five viscera, kills hundred drug toxins. (Ri Huazi records: Treats epidemic febrile diseases, headache/manic fever, unblocks bowels/bladder, cholera cramps, Tan-Zen Qi, Tinea Pedis, heart/abdominal pain. *Shi Liao Ben Cao* records: Eat little, can make soup, do not eat much. Deficient persons or Qi patients eating much cause Qi rushing to five viscera, suffocation. Due to unblocking joints and sweating. Absolutely do not mix with honey; accelerates Qi, causes death.)
Xie (Welsh Onion/Rakkyo): Acrid, bitter, warm, non-toxic. Removes chills/fever, drains water qi, warms middle, disperses knots, benefits patients. (Tao Hongjing records: Use Cong/Xie, remove green leave white; white is cold, green is hot. Meng Xi records: Do not eat with beef; causes zheng masses. *Shi Liao Ben Cao* records: Bone stuck in throat, boil and eat to pass. *Yan Yi* records: Leaves like Golden Lantern leaves, narrower and shinier, hence ancient term "Xie Lu" implies smoothness/difficulty to catch. Qian Jin uses for lung asthma/wheezing, taking advantage of slippery draining. Generally, leaves like Leek, roots like Scallion; rare in Jiangnan/Fujian/Zhejiang, common in Huaixi/Henan/North.)
Gua Di (Melon Stem): Bitter, cold, toxic. Governs massive water retention, facial/limb edema, drains water, kills gu toxin, cough/rebellious Qi, and food/fruit pathology in chest/abdomen, inducing vomiting. Removes nasal polyps, treats jaundice. (Tao Hongjing records: Sweet Melon Stem. Use early green ones. Ri Huazi records: Non-toxic, treats brain congestion, heat... eye dimness, expectorates phlegm. *Shi Liao Ben Cao* records: Melons with two noses kill, sinking melons kill, excessive eating causes distension, dissolve salt in water to treat,癖 patients must not eat.)
Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum): Acrid, sweet, cold, non-toxic. Governs wind-cold-heat, rebellious Qi in epigastrium, fright/wheezing, dry mouth/scorched tongue, inability to breathe, removes epidemic qi, headache/body heat, excessive heat in three jiao, releases muscle/sweats, stops polydipsia, irritability/rebellious Qi, abdominal distension, sudden Qi asthma, sore throat. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Treats cold damage headache like splitting, high fever skin如火燥, releases toxic sweat, unblocks Stomach knot, irritability, epigastric urgency,烦躁, brew with Scallion as tea to remove headache. Ri Huazi records: Treats epidemic heat-manic fever. *Tu Jing* records: Stops head/eye dizziness/pain.)
Chi Shi Zhi (Red Halloysite): Sweet, sour, acrid, very warm, non-toxic. Nourishes Heart Qi, brightens eyes, benefits essence, treats abdominal pain/diarrhea, bloody/non-bloody diarrhea. (Generally treats Large Intestine cold-slippage; not in Ben Jing, present in Bie Lu.)
Yu Yi Liang (Limonitum): Sweet, cold-neutral, non-toxic. Governs cough/rebellious Qi, chills/fever/irritability/fullness, bloody/non-bloody diarrhea, blood closure/zhenjia masses, high heat, treats lower abdominal knotting/pain. (*Yao Xing Lun* records: Governs metrorrhagia.)
Mang Xiao (Mirabilite): Acrid, bitter, very cold. Governs five viscera accumulations, long-term heat/Stomach closure, removes evil Qi, breaks lingering blood, phlegm-solid knotting in abdomen, unblocks meridians, benefits bowels/bladder and menstruation, breaks five stranguries, pushes out old/generates new, born from Pu Xiao. (*Yan Yi* records: Drip Pu Xiao with warm water to get juice, boil down to half, pour into water basin, overnight crystals form芒 (sharp edges), hence mild nature. Checking Ben Jing, only Xiao Shi/Pu Xiao mentioned, no Mang Xiao. Mang Xiao appeared after Bie Lu; how could Jing use it? Mang suspected error for Pu.)
Hua Shi (Talcum): Sweet, cold, non-toxic. Governs body heat/diarrhea, female breast difficulty, strangury/closure, promotes urination, cleanses Stomach, resolves accumulations/cold-heat, unblocks nine orifices/six fu fluids, removes lingering knots, stops thirst, benefits middle. (*Yan Yi* records: Treats sudden vomiting/rebellious Qi, inability to eat.)
Dai Zhe (Hematitum): Bitter, sweet, cold, non-toxic. Governs Gui Zhu, thief-wind/gu toxin, kills evil spirits, abdominal poison/evil Qi, removes heat in five viscera/blood vessels, blood bi/stasis, adult/child fright-wind entering abdomen.
Qian Dan (Lead Minium): Acrid, slightly cold. Governs vomiting/gastric reversal, fright/epilepsy, removes heat, born from Lead. (Tao Hongjing records: Yellow Dan made by roasting lead. Yao Xing Lun: Treats palpitations, manic running, vomiting, polydipsia. Ri Huazi records: Cool, non-toxic, calms Heart/spirit, treats reverse stomach, stops hematemesis.)
Ren Niao (Human Urine): Treats chills/fever/headache, warms Qi, boy's urine is best. (Ri Huazi records: Treats blood oppression, heat-manic fever, trauma, blood stasis, fainting, fatigue. *Yan Yi* records: Qi/Blood deficiency without heat should not take much, due to cold nature.)
Fu Ren Dang (Woman's Underwear): Governs Yin Yi disease. Cut from crotch, burn to powder, take one cubic inch. Virgin girl's is better. If woman has Yang Yi, use man's underwear. Yin Yi disease: After epidemic illness, sexual contact transmits pathogen, worse than original disease; symptoms include red/astringent urination, severe chills/fever. Taking this promotes urination. (Note: Similar/different from classic text; clinicians should examine both. These two types not in Ben Jing, present in Bie Lu.)
Bai Mi (White Honey): Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Governs evil Qi in heart/abdomen, all fright/epilepsy/spasm, calms five viscera, addresses all deficiencies, supplements Qi/middle, relieves pain, detoxifies, removes hundred diseases, harmonizes hundred herbs, nourishes Spleen Qi, removes irritability, inability to eat/drink, stops intestinal rumbling, muscle pain, mouth ulcers, brightens ears/eyes, white like paste...