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The *Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun* (Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases) states: The manifestation of *ju* (carbuncle/ulcer) involves small dark spots appearing on the skin and flesh. Small ones are like millet seeds or beans, large ones like plums or peaches; they may be red or black, sometimes greenish or whitish, with solid nodules, causing severe pain that resonates in the heart. They may appear anywhere on the body; when occurring on the fingers, resembling *daizhi* (paronychia), people who cannot distinguish them call it *daizhi*. If not treated urgently, the toxin travels up along the meridians, entering the zang organs leads to death. People in the South, upon contracting this disease, often amputate the finger, fearing the toxic qi will attack the zang organs upward.

It also states: Sudden stabbing pain at the tips of all ten fingers, unbearable as if penetrating the heart, looking towards the light reveals a glaring yellow-red hue, or a dull blue-black color; this is *ju*. Directly amputating the distal phalanx results in survival for one out of ten cases.

It further states: When wind-rash (*fengzhen*) causes unbearable pain, it is *dan* (jaundice/toxic heat). *Ju*, originating from the back-shu points of the five zang organs, with corresponding joints becoming connected and perforated, is classified as *ju*. All such *ju* are fatal. Additionally, foul heat between the teeth with unceasing bleeding indicates *ju*, leading to death within seven days. If treatment fails to heal, cover the blood with ash; otherwise, it may infect others.

It also states: All such *ju* are generally fatal; only alleviating pain offers benefit, with only one in ten surviving. This arises because cold-toxic qi lodges in the meridians, causing qi and blood stagnation and obstruction, generating pathology through toxic transformation.

The *Duan Ju Fang* (Short Formulas) states: In *biao ju* (acute carbuncle), a nodule suddenly appears in the flesh like a bean. Small ones are like rice grains or millet, severe cases like plums or peaches. Colors vary: red, black, green, or white. The dark, solid nodule has a root but does not edematize. Pain resonates in the heart, with roots extending deeply into the muscle. If left untreated for long, swelling spreads in all directions. The sore becomes dark purple-black, capable of rotting bones and tendons. Toxin disperses, traveling via meridians into the viscera, causing death. Southerners call it [character missing], cutting away affected fleshy areas immediately upon infection. They also heat iron until red-hot to cauterize the lesion until charred like charcoal, or moxa the dark sores for over one hundred moxa cones, which is optimal. Crushed leaves of *Sanguisorba officinalis* (Di Yu) are applied thinly around the perimeter to prevent spread. Drinking juice from *Abelmoschus manihot* (Kui Gen), indigo (*Lan Qing*), rhinoceros horn (*Xi Jiao*), *Cimicifuga* (Sheng Ma), bamboo sap (*Zhu Li*), or *Huang Long Tang* can only reduce heat. Internal and external treatments follow those for *dandu* (erysipelas/toxic heat rash).

When *biao ju* affects the fingertips, it begins as a dark *ju*, then swells, turns red, black, and dark, with pain piercing the heart; this is *daizhi*. *Daizhi* initially presents with swelling, warmth, and pain, without dark discoloration. (This aligns with the *Qian Jin Fang*).

The *Qian Jin Fang* (Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold) states: A secret formula for *luo ju* (scrofula-like ulcer) unknown to the world, the Divine and Excellent Unparalleled Formula:

Ye Gan (Radix Bupleuri, 2 liang) Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae, 2 liang) Da Huang (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, 10 fen) She Xiang (Moschus, 2 fen) Gan Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, 2 liang) Zhi Shi (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, 2 liang) Xi Jiao (Cornu Rhinocerotis, 6 fen) Qian Hu (Radix Peucedani, 3 fen)

Eight ingredients, decocted in nine sheng of water to yield three sheng. Divide into doses. Stop when healed; dosage limits do not apply.

Formula for *biao ju* on hands, feet, shoulders, and back, presenting as clustered white bumps like rice grains, exuding fluid when scraped, recurring after healing:

Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae, 6 fen) Kuan Dong Hua (Flos Farfarae, 2 fen) Sheng Ma (Rhizoma Cimicifugae, 4 fen) Chi Xiao Dou (Semina Phaseoli Angularis, 1 fen) Fu Zi (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, 1 fen) Ku Shen (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis, 1 fen)

Six ingredients, sifted into fine powder. Take half a qian bi (coin-sized measure) with wine, gradually increasing to one qian, three times daily.

Another formula: Roast Brassicaceae seeds (Wu Jing Zi), crush thoroughly when cooked, wrap in cloth, and rub continuously over the area.

Another formula: Roast hemp seeds (Ma Zi), grind into powder, and apply topically, five times daily.

Another formula: Use a three-cun long crucian carp, hair clumps the size of an egg, and two sheng of lard. Decoct and apply topically.

The *Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun* states: When *ju* erupts at various joints and back-shu points of fu and zang organs, onset is sudden and acute. Chronic *ju* appears in non-weight-bearing areas of the body; thus, persisting for years, incomplete drainage of pus leads to insect generation within the sore, transforming into *gan* (necrosis/gangrene).

The *Fan Wang Fang* provides a formula for chronic *ju* refractory to other physicians:

Pour boiling malt sugar (Yi) into the wound. Three applications result in cure. (Consistent with *Ge Shi Fang*).

Formula for chronic *ju* and malignant ulcers persisting for years without healing:

Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis, 2 fen) Chi Xiao Dou (Semina Phaseoli Angularis, 2 fen) Fu Zi (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, 0.5 fen, processed)

Three ingredients, each pounded into powder/mash. Mix the herbs. If the ulcer exudes fluid, apply the powder directly. If dry, mix the powder with pork fat, boil once in a copper vessel over fire, then apply.

The *Lu Yan Fang* provides formulas for *gan ju*:

Heat iron until red-hot and cauterize the lesion.

Another formula: Leeches (Shi Yi) are especially good.

Another formula: Drink Kui Gen juice.

Another formula: Drink Lan Qing juice.

Another formula: Drink Xi Jiao juice.

Another formula: Drink Huang Long Tang.

The *Long Men Fang* provides a formula for *biao ju* with bone-penetrating pain:

Take dog feces, burn it before the threshold/root of the door into ash, and apply topically. Do not let the patient know during burning. Verified efficacy.