《病源论》云∶阴气积于内，复为寒气所加，故使荣（营）卫不调、血气虚弱，故风冷
入其腹
或冷气
《八十一难》云∶五脏谓之疝，六腑谓之瘕。
又曰∶男病谓之疝，女病谓之瘕。
《葛氏方》治卒得诸疝，少腹及阴中相引，痛如绞，白汗出欲死方∶
捣沙参（一名白参），下筛，以酒服方寸匕，立愈。
又方∶椒二合，干姜四两，水四升，煮取二升，去滓，纳饴一斤，又煎取半升，分再服。
又方∶可服诸利丸下之，作走马汤亦佳。
又方∶灸心鸠尾下一寸，名巨阙，及左右各一寸，并百壮。
《极要方》疗积年腹内宿结疝冷气及诸症瘕方∶
香美烂豉心（一升，曝干微熬，令气香即止） 小芥子（一升，唯去石，微熬令色黄）
上，为蜜丸，空腹酒服二十五丸，加至三十五丸，日二服，初服半剂，已来腹中觉绞痛，
勿怪
《新录方》治诸疝方∶
桃白皮（一升）
以水三升，煮取一升，顿服之。
又方∶酒服蒲黄二方寸匕，日二。
又方∶捣桃仁八十枚，去皮研如泥，酒下。
又方∶捣大蒜为泥，酒服如枣二枚，日三。
《范汪方》治心疝灸法∶两足大指甲本甲肉之际、甲内各半炷，随年壮
又方∶灸足心及足大指甲后横理节上及大指歧间白黑肉际，百壮则止。
The *Zhubing Yuanhou Lun* (Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Symptoms of All Diseases) states: When Yin Qi accumulates internally and is further subjected to cold pathogenic factors, it causes disharmony between Ying (Nutritive) and Wei (Defensive) Qi, as well as deficiency of Blood and Qi. Consequently, wind-cold enters the abdomen.
The *Nan Jing* (Classic of Difficult Issues, also known as *Ba Shi Yi Nan*) states: Sanctions occurring in the Zang organs are called "Shan" (Hernia), while those occurring in the Fu organs are called "Jia" (Mass).
It further states: This condition in males is called "Shan," while in females it is called "Jia."
The *Ge Shi Fang* provides a prescription for sudden onset of various Shan conditions, characterized by mutual pulling pain in the lower abdomen and genitalia, pain like twisting or wringing, profuse cold sweating, and extreme suffering approaching death:
Crush *Adenophorae Radix* (Shashen, also known as Baishen), sift it, and administer one Cunbi (a square-inch measure) with wine; recovery is immediate.
Another prescription: *Zanthoxyli Fructus* (Huajiao, Sichuan Pepper) 2 He, *Zingiberis Rhizoma* (Ganjiang, Dried Ginger) 4 Liang, add 4 Sheng of water, decoct to obtain 2 Sheng of liquid, remove the dregs, add 1 Jin of *Malt Saccharum* (Yitang, Maltose), and decoct again to obtain half a Sheng. Divide into two doses.
Yet another prescription: One may take various purgative pills to induce evacuation; preparing *Zouma Tang* (Running Horse Decoction) is also effective.
Yet another prescription: Moxibustion at Juque (CV14), located one cun below Xinjiewei (CV15), and one cun to the left and right of this point. Apply 100 moxa cones (Zhuang) to each point.
The *Ji Yao Fang* provides a treatment for chronic accumulation of cold Qi in the abdomen due to long-standing Shan and various Zheng-Jia masses:
Aromatic fermented soybeans (*Douchi*, specifically the heart/core), 1 Sheng, dried in the sun and lightly roasted until fragrant; mustard seeds (*Jiezi*), 1 Sheng, stones removed and lightly roasted until yellow.
Grind the above ingredients and form honey pills. Take 25 pills with wine on an empty stomach, increasing gradually to 35 pills. Take twice daily. Upon initial administration, if abdominal cramping pain is felt, do not be alarmed.
The *Xin Lu Fang* provides prescriptions for various Shan conditions:
*Pruni Persicae Cortex* (Taobaipi, Peach Bark), 1 Sheng.
Decoct in 3 Sheng of water to obtain 1 Sheng of liquid; take in one dose.
Another prescription: Administer *Pollen Typhae* (Puhuang, Cattail Pollen) one Cunbi with wine, twice daily.
Another prescription: Crush 80 *Semen Persicae* (Taoren, Peach Seed), remove the skin, grind into a paste, and take with wine.
Another prescription: Crush garlic into a paste, take with wine, dosage equivalent to two jujube-sized portions, three times daily.
The *Fan Wang Fang* provides moxibustion methods for treating Xin Shan (Heart Hernia): At the junction of the nail and flesh on the big toenails of both feet, and inside the nail bed, apply half a moxa cone per site, with the number of cones corresponding to the patient's age (Sui Nian Zhuang).
Another prescription: Moxibustion at Yongquan (KI1, sole of the foot), behind the nail of the big toe at the transverse crease joint, and at the boundary of black and white flesh between the split toes. Stop after 100 Zhuang.