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The *Duanju Fang* (Short Drama Formulas) treats the condition of swallowing hair during eating, causing it to knot at the throat and not come out:
Take hair combed from a comb, burn it into ash, and administer one qianbi (a small measuring spoon for powder). (This is the same as in the *Ge Shi Fang*.)

The *Jiyao Fang* (Essential Formulas) records the method for expelling stones:
Take one sheng (unit of volume) of well-rendered lard, and one dasheng (a large unit of volume) of finely chopped white parts of green onions. Boil them together over low heat until the white parts turn yellow. Strain through raw cloth to remove dregs,
and store in a porcelain vessel with a tight lid. In the morning, take on an empty stomach by holding in the mouth and swallowing. Stop after about three he (a unit of liquid measure). If bowel movement becomes unobstructed after one day's dose, take again the next day, continuing until unobstructed bowel movement is achieved.
Another formula: Take honeycomb exposed to dew, crush it, use one dasheng, boil in three dasheng of water to obtain one dasheng of juice. Divide into three warm doses. Stones resembling sand or powder should be passed in the urine. If not completely expelled, take again the next morning. There are two formulas for expelling stones; others are inferior.
The *Hui Ri Si Fang* (Formulas of Hui Ri Temple) states: For ordinary people taking medicine to expel accumulated matter:
Use three sheng of apium seeds (Kui Zi), four sheng of water, boil to obtain three sheng, and drink.
Another formula: Equal weights of apium seeds (Kui Zi) and niter (Xiao Shi, i.e., mirabilite/puxiao). Grind into powder. Mix with rice water decoction, take one fangcun bi (square-inch spoonful), twice daily. Only eat grains after ten days when the medicinal effect has fully cleared.
Another formula: One sheng each of apium seeds (Kui Zi) and niter (Xiao Shi), three sheng of water, boil to obtain one sheng. Administer three times daily.

The *Taisu Jing* (Classic of Great Simplicity) states: The five grains are the nourishment, the five fruits are the assistance, the five meats are the benefit, and the five vegetables are the support. The commentary notes: The five grains are the mainstay of nourishment;
the five fruits assist the grain's resources; the five meats supplement the grain's resources; the five vegetables augment the grain's resources. The five grains, five meats, five fruits, and five vegetables, when used to satisfy hunger, are called food; when used to treat disease, they are called medicine. These twenty items essentially consult the flavors of the Five Elements and Five Natures, which are the root of the Zang-Fu organs and Qi-Blood.
Nothing fills emptiness or connects Qi better than these. To follow nature and nurture life, one cannot depart from them even for a moment.
Sesame (Huma) The *Bencao* (Materia Medica) states: Flavor sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Mainly treats internal injury with deficiency and emaciation, tonifies the five viscera, benefits Qi and strength, grows flesh, fills marrow and brain, strengthens sinews and bones, stops pain from metal wounds, and treats Shaoyang disease (Shanghan) and warm malaria, as well as deficiency-heat and emaciation after severe vomiting. Long-term use lightens the body, prevents aging, brightens eyes, increases tolerance to hunger, and prolongs life. Made into oil, it is slightly cold, promotes bowel movement, and treats retained placenta. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Among the eight grains, this one is superior. Pure black ones are named Jusheng (Giant Victory), which is the great victory. Stems square are Jusheng; stems round are Huma. Those who practice dietary therapy should steam and sun-dry nine times. Roast, grind, and ingest to fast and achieve longevity. Su Jing's annotation says:
This sesame with octagonal pods is Jusheng; those with quadrangular pods are Huma. Black ones are good; white ones are inferior. Chewing raw and applying to children's head sores and spreading malignant ulcers is highly effective. The *Shiyi* (Supplement) says: Oil is very cold, mainly treating epidemic heat and internal constipation. Take one he hot orally, stopping when diarrhea occurs. Edible oil damages the voice and causes heaviness. Leaves wash hair and promote growth. Cui Yuxi's *Shijing* (Food Classic) says: The method of refining and ingesting requires nine steamings and nine sun-dryings to remove all grease and skin. If not cooked thoroughly, it causes hair loss. (Japanese name as written.)
Soybean (Dadou) The *Bencao* states: Raw soybeans have a sweet flavor and neutral nature. Applied externally for carbuncles and swelling; boiled for juice to kill ghost toxins, stop pain, drive out water distension, clear heat-bi in the stomach damaging the middle, treat strangury, expel blood stasis, dissipate internal cold from organ accumulations, and kill Aconite toxicity. Long-term use causes heaviness. Roasted flour has a sweet flavor, mainly treating stomach heat, reducing swelling, removing bi, digesting grains, and stopping distension. Also stated: Hyacinth bean has a sweet flavor and slightly warm nature, mainly harmonizing the middle and directing Qi downward. Meng Shen says: Neutral, mainly treating cholera with vomiting and reversal. The *Shiyi* says: Roasted soybeans drunk with wine treat wind-bi, flaccidity, locked jaw, and postpartum Qi-blood issues. Roasted food is very hot; boiled food is very cold. Also stated: Cows find it warming; horses find it cooling. Within one substance, uses differ. Meng Shen says: Initially taking soybeans feels like heaviness; after one year, the body becomes light, benefiting Yang functions. Boiling and drinking removes all toxic gases. Crushing raw and mixing with drinks treats all toxins; apply externally. Cui Yu says: Soybeans are slightly cold and non-toxic; boiling for juice treats warm toxin edema effectively, clears five stranguries, promotes bowel movement, and removes accumulations. Steamed or boiled is better than rice. Long-term consumption thickens intestines and causes heaviness. Soybean sprouts that are dried after germination are roasted into powder and eaten; fragrant and delicious, named Huangjuan (Yellow Scroll), bitter-sweet and warm, mainly treating damp-bi and knee pain. (Japanese name Mone.)
Adzuki Bean (Chixiaodou) The *Bencao* states: Mainly promotes urination to drain water, expels pus and blood from carbuncles and swelling. Flavor sour-sweet, neutral-warm, non-toxic. Mainly treats chills and fever, thirst from heat in the middle, stops diarrhea, promotes urination, induces vomiting for sudden [blockage], and reduces distension. The *Shiyi* says: Donkeys eating it have light feet; humans eating it gain weight. The *Yangsheng Yaoji* (Essentials for Health Preservation) says: Bitter-warm, long-term use drains fluids causing dryness. Meng Shen says: Green mung beans are cold, treating thirst from heat in the middle and distension. (Current note: Damaging substance. Japanese name Agaaishizhi.)
White Horn Bean Cui Yu says: Salty, slightly cold, non-toxic. Mainly directs Qi downward, treats Guan-Ge (obstruction syndrome), steamed or boiled, eats to stop hunger and benefit people. Another variety looks similar but has purple-red seeds, good for stopping diarrhea, thickening intestines, and benefiting Qi. (Japanese name Zhilvzuojie.)
Barley (Damai) The *Bencao* states: Salty, warm, slightly cold, non-toxic. Mainly treats thirst, clears heat, benefits Qi and harmonizes the middle (also said to cause excessive heat). It is the leader of the five grains. Su Jing's annotation says: Barley flour calms the stomach, stops thirst, aids digestion, and treats distension. The *Shiyi* says: Making into noodles does not stir wind-Qi, harmonizes the middle and stops diarrhea, making one fat and strong. Meng Shen says: Eating excessively makes legs weak (due to Qi between waist and kidneys). Long-term use is good and suitable. Cui Yu says: Mainly treats water distension; do not eat with white rice as it causes excessive heat. (Japanese name Buzhiyizhi.)
Wheat (Mai) The *Bencao* states: Sweet, slightly cold, eating lightens the body and clears heat. Made into sprouts/flour, it is warm, aids digestion and harmonizes the middle. Cui Yu says: Making into porridge benefits complexion. (Japanese name Jiazhiduo.)
Common Wheat (Xiaomai) The *Bencao* states: Sweet, slightly cold, non-toxic. Mainly clears heat, stops dry thirst, promotes urination, nourishes Liver Qi, stops leakage bleeding, and spitting of blood. Made into flour, it is warm, digests grains and stops diarrhea; made into flour, it is warm, clears heat and stops irritability. The *Shiyi* says: Planted in autumn, ripe in summer, receiving sufficient Qi of the four seasons, naturally possessing both cold and warm properties; flour is hot, bran is cold, which is appropriate. The *Qianjin Fang* (Thousand Gold Formulas) says: Making into flour clears heat and stops irritability; do not eat too much as it causes chronic masses. The *Shanfu Jing* (Chef's Classic) says: Excessive consumption obstructs Qi. (Japanese name Yiyezhi.)
Buckling (Qiaomai) Meng Shen says: Cold, hard to digest, stirs wind-heat, not suitable for excessive consumption. Yu Xuanzi Zhang says: Although buckwheat triggers various diseases, it suppresses cinnabar-stone toxicity, refines turbidity of the five viscera, and continues spirit. Its leaves can be boiled as vegetables, greatly benefiting ears and eyes, and directing Qi downward. Its stems turned to ash wash livestock sores and horse hooves miraculously. (Current note: Damaging substance. Japanese name Zengbomuzhi.)
Green Foxtail Millet (Qingliangmi) The *Bencao* states: Sweet, slightly cold, non-toxic. Mainly treats stomach bi, thirst from heat in the middle, stops diarrhea, promotes urination, benefits Qi and tonifies the middle, lightens the body and prolongs life. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Liang rice is all millet type, distinguished only by the color of the germ. The *Fang Sheng Zhi Shu* says: Liang is sticky millet. Su Jing says: Eating in summer is extremely cool and clear. (Japanese name Anbowanyucheng.)
Yellow Foxtail Millet (Huangliangmi) The *Bencao* states: Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Mainly benefits Qi and harmonizes the middle, stops diarrhea. Su Jing's annotation says: Yellow liang has large ears and long awns, grains are coarser than white liang but yield less, not resistant to drought or flood, smells fragrant and tastes beautiful, surpassing other liangs.
White Foxtail Millet (Bailiangmi) The *Bencao* states: Sweet, slightly cold, non-toxic. Mainly clears heat and benefits Qi. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Eating as millet meal in summer also clears heat. Meng Shen says: For those with stomach deficiency and vomiting of food/water, mix two he of rice juice with one he of ginger juice and take. Yu Xuanzi Zhang says: Clears guest-heat in chest and diaphragm, shifts Qi of the five viscera, and strengthens sinews and bones. (Japanese name Zhilvabo.)
Foxtail Millet (Sumi) The *Bencao* states: Salty, slightly cold, non-toxic. Mainly nourishes Kidney Qi, removes stomach bi and middle heat, benefits Qi. Old ones are bitter, mainly treating stomach heat, thirst, and promoting urination. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Grains are finer than liang rice; aged ones refer to those kept for three or five years, sometimes called Ci rice, made into powder, especially relieving vexation. Su Jing's annotation says: There are many types of millet, all finer than other liangs. Its rice washing water mainly treats cholera, heart vexation from heat and thirst; drinking several sheng brings immediate cure. Smelly washing water is especially good for stopping thirst. Cui Yu says: Commonly eaten, benefits Kidney Qi. Cooked, pounded white into powder, especially relieves vexation. (Japanese name Abonayuruno.)
Sticky Millet (Sumi) The *Bencao* states: Sweet, slightly cold, stops chills and fever, promotes large bowel movement, treats lacquer dermatitis. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Not used correctly in prescriptions, only chewed and applied to sores. Su Jing's annotation says: This grain's function is like rice glutinous millet; now mostly called foxtail glutinous millet as Sumi, and rice glutinous as Nuomi. All brocorn, foxtail, sumi, KT, nuomi are this type of Sumi among the three grains. Ma Wan says: Sumi is warm; eating it is inferior to brocorn, not suitable for imperial offering. (Current note: Damaging substance. Japanese name Abonamochi.)
Red Brocorn (Danshumii) The *Bencao* states: Bitter, slightly warm, non-toxic. Mainly treats coughing upward, cholera, stops diarrhea, clears heat, stops vexation and thirst. Tao Hongjing says: This is red brocorn. Often used in spiritual medicines. Cui Yu says: Eating benefits people. There is also black brocorn, used for brewing wine and sacrifices. Humans drinking it treats soul diseases and prolongs life. (Japanese name Agashimi.)
Setaria Italica / Proso Millet (Jimii) The *Bencao* states: Sweet, non-toxic. Mainly benefits Qi and supplements deficiencies. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Books often mention Shu and Ji. Su Jing's annotation says: The *Lüshi Chunqiu* mentions fine rice from Mount Yang. The Commentary says: Bencao lists Ji but does not record [specifics]; it is [missing character]. Now Chu people call it Ji, Guanzhong calls it Mi, Jizhou calls it KT. The *Guangya* says: KT is [missing character]. The *Erya* says: Ci is Ji. Meng Shen says: Benefits Qi, treats various heats, supplements deficiencies. (Japanese name Shiminamochi.)
Rice (Jingmi) The *Bencao* states: Bitter, neutral, non-toxic. Mainly benefits Qi, stops irritability, stops diarrhea. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: This is the commonly eaten rice today, with slight differences in white/red and size, still the same category. The *Shiyi* says: All rice, if eaten hot, is hot; if cold, is cold; borrowing fire energy, its nature itself is warm and neutral. The *Seven Volumes Food Classic* says: Sweet, slightly cold, stops chills and fever; promotes large bowel movement, treats lacquer dermatitis. Yu Xuanzi Zhang says: Nature is cold, obstructs Qi in all meridians. Causes limbs to be limp, drowsiness, induces wind and moves Qi, not suitable for excessive consumption. Cui Yu says: There is also husked rice, immature grains containing husks called Bi, roasted in water until scorched, pounded into rice, eating it tonifies five viscera, preserves complexion, prevents aging. (Current note: Rice flour, Cui Yu says: Nature is cold. Also called rotten rice. Stops vexation, taken by those practicing dietary therapy and mineral drugs. Alchemical classics say: Rice flour juice resolves heat from cinnabar. Japanese name Uruchicheng.)
Paddy Rice (Daomi) The *Bencao* states: Bitter, mainly warms the middle, causes excessive heat, hard stools. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Paddy rice and Jing rice, in Jiangdong these two are absent, all calling Jing rice Daomi. Su Jing's annotation says: Dao is the general name for rice. Cui Yu says: Daomi and Jingmi share one name. Youwu rice is also called Wumi, in Jiangdong called Mi, nature is cold, good for treating Qi-blood. There is also [missing character] rice, like Wumi. Refers to pounding one hu to get eight dou of rice. (Japanese name Ishinoyoucheng.)
Glutinous Rice (Nuomi) The *Yangsheng Yaoji* says: Sweet-neutral, although edible, not suitable for long-term consumption. The *Shiyi* says: Slightly cold, pregnant women eating mixed meat is not beneficial; long-term use makes the body soft. Feeding kittens and dogs with brocorn and glutinous rice makes their legs crooked and unable to walk, because it relaxes human tendons. (Current note: Damaging substance. Japanese name Mochinoyuno.)
Sprouted Rice (Nie Mi) The *Bencao* states: Bitter, non-toxic, mainly treats cold in the middle, directs Qi downward, clears heat. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: This is rice made into sprouts, not a separate rice name. Grind its rice oil, mix and apply to face, also makes skin radiant. Su Jing's annotation says: Nie means growing without reason, all should be made from things that can grow. Tao claimed rice becomes nie, how can that rice grow further? Cui Yu says: Slightly bitter-cold, non-toxic, directs Qi downward, removes heat, mix with milk to make porridge, benefits complexion and prolongs life. (Japanese name Inuno mo no.)
Malt Sugar (Yitang) The *Bencao* states: Sweet, slightly warm, mainly treats deficiency and fatigue, stops thirst, removes blood stasis. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Now wine uses Qu (starter), sugar uses Nie similarly. It is rice and wheat differing in middle and upper grades; sugar should be smooth and moist, wine smoky and chaotic is inferior. The *Seven Volumes Food Classic* says: Placing malt paste in porridge kills people, details unknown. (Japanese name Ama.)
Alcohol (Jiu) The *Bencao* states: Bitter, very hot, toxic, mainly promotes drug potency, kills evil Qi. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: In great cold freezing the sea, only wine does not ice, showing its hot nature tops all things. Drinking it obscures the body and confuses the spirit, due to its toxicity. Once three men walked in morning fog; one healthy, one sick, one dead. The healthy drank wine. The sick ate porridge. The dead were fasting. This shows wine's power to repel evil surpasses food. The *Shiyi* says: Wine kills hundred evils, removes bad Qi, unblocks blood vessels, thickens intestines, moistens skin, scatters dead Qi. Fools drinking become foolish; wise men drinking become wise; eliminates worry, induces anger, speaks freely, satisfies intent. The *Taisu Jing* says: Fermented drinks, sages use to suit nature, must not abstain, drinking removes disease, soothes spirit, must change nature via toxicity. The *Book of Rites* says: All wine drinking nourishes Yang Qi, hence there is joy. The *Yangsheng Yaoji* says: Wine is the flower of five grains, the ultimate taste. Thus it can benefit people, but also harm them. Regulate dosage and drink to circulate and harmonize hundred vessels, eliminate evil and repel cold. If measured and prolonged, drinking immoderately weakens body Qi and spirit, confusing the mind. No object tests more than wine. Be cautious, do not lose moderation. Cui Yu says: Has great toxicity, promotes drug power, drinking forgets sorrow, valued by food experts. (Japanese name Sakae.)
Vinegar (Zuojiu) The *Bencao* states: Sour, warm, non-toxic. Mainly reduces swelling, disperses water Qi, kills evil toxins. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Vinegar's use penetrates everywhere. The *Shiyi* says: Vinegar breaks blood, stops vertigo, removes hard accumulations. Digests leftover food, kills bad toxins, breaks stagnant Qi, treats sour water phlegm-fluid in the heart, excessive damage to sinews and bones, kills drugs. Meng Shen says: Excessive damage to stomach, eliminates various toxic gases, kills evil toxins, women postpartum blood vertigo holding it heals immediately. (Japanese name Su.)
Soy Sauce/Paste (Jiang) The *Bencao* states: Salty-sour, cold-purgative, mainly clears heat, stops vexation and fullness, kills drugs and fire toxins. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Paste is mostly made from beans, pure wheat is rare, now this should be bean-based. There are also meat paste and fish paste, all called Hai, not entering medicinal use. (Japanese name Hinohoho.)
Salt (Yan) The *Bencao* states: Salty, warm, non-toxic, mainly kills ghost gu, evil injection, toxic gases; lower body sores, Shanghan chills and fever, vomits phlegm in chest, stops sudden heart/abdominal pain, strengthens muscle and bone, excessive damages lungs causing cough. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Among five flavors, only this is indispensable. However, soaking fish/meat keeps it fresh; dipping cloth/silk causes rot; application depends on suitability.
The *Shiyi* says: Among five flavors, salt is primary; within four seas, where is it not found? Cui Yu says: Mainly kills ghost evil toxic gases, its use penetrates everywhere. (Japanese name Shinoho.)