味苦咸，微寒，无毒。主腹中寒热，积聚，女子产乳余疾，补肾气，令人目明。主暴中
风伤寒，身热支满，狂邪忽忽不知人，温疟洒洒，血瘕，下寒血，除胸中气，下水，止烦渴，
散颈下核，痈肿，心腹痛，坚症，定五脏。久服补虚明目，强阴益精。一名重台，一名玄台，
一名鹿肠，一名正马，一名咸，一名端。生河间川谷及冤句，三月四月采根，曝干。
味苦，寒，无毒。主心腹结气，症瘕积聚，黄胆，溺有余沥，逐水，除痈肿，补中明目，
止泪，养肝胆气，安五脏，定志益精，利九窍，除伏热肠 ，止渴，醒酒，小便黄赤，疗恶
疮，下部 疮，平胃气。令人嗜食，轻身。一名水槐，一名苦 ，一名地槐，一名菟槐，一
名桥槐，一名白茎，一名虎麻，一名禄茎，一名禄白，一名陵郎。生汝南山谷及田野，三月
八月十月采根，曝干。
味苦，平，无毒。主风寒湿痹，心腹邪气，利关节，止烦满，平肾胃气。补阴气不足，
失精茎冷，久服轻身，明目不老，令人皮肤光泽，有子。一名鲁果能，一名地椹，一名石能，
一名彭根，一名天豆。生太山川泽石边，五月五日采子，二月八月采皮，阴干。
味苦甘，平，无毒。主劳热邪气，五癃闭不通，利小便水道，止烦下气，通膀胱满，补
五脏，去恶风，益精气。一名石 ，一名石皮。用之去黄毛，毛射人肺，令人咳，不可疗。
生华阴山谷石上，不闻水及人声者良，二月采叶阴干。
(Xuanshen, Scrophulariae Radix) Bitter and salty in flavor, slightly cold in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats alternating cold and heat in the abdomen, accumulations and masses, residual diseases after childbirth in women, tonifies Kidney Qi, and enhances vision. It treats sudden wind-stroke and cold damage with fever and distending fullness in the body, manic delirium with confusion and loss of awareness, warm malaria with shivering, blood jia (abdominal masses), expels cold blood from the lower jiao, removes qi stagnation in the chest, promotes urination, relieves thirst and vexation, dissipates submental nodules, treats carbuncles and swellings, heart and abdominal pain, hard accumulations, and stabilizes the Five Zang organs. Long-term use tonifies deficiency, brightens the eyes, strengthens Yin, and benefits essence. Also known as Chongtai, Xuantai, Luchang, Zhengma, Xian, Duan. Grows in river valleys of Hejian and Yuanju; roots are harvested in March and April and sun-dried.
(Shiwei, Pyrosae Folium) Bitter in flavor, cold in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats knotting qi in the heart and abdomen, zheng jia (symptomatic masses) and accumulations, jaundice, dribbling urine, expels water retention, eliminates carbuncles and swellings, tonifies the middle and brightens the eyes, stops tearing, nourishes Liver and Gallbladder qi, calms the Five Zang organs, stabilizes the mind and benefits essence, unblocks the nine orifices, clears latent heat from the intestines, relieves thirst, resolves alcohol intoxication, treats yellow-red urine, heals malignant sores, sores in the lower region, and harmonizes Stomach qi. It increases appetite and lightens the body. Also known as Shuihuai, Ku [missing character], Dihuai, Tuhuai, Qiaohuai, Baijing, Huma, Lusheng, Lubai, Linglang. Grows in mountain valleys and fields of Ru; roots are harvested in March, August, and October and sun-dried.
(Bitter, flat flavor, non-toxic. Treats wind-cold-damp bi syndrome, evil qi in the heart and abdomen, unblocks joints, relieves vexation and fullness, balances Kidney and Stomach qi. Tonifies insufficient Yin qi, treats spermatorrhea and cold penis, long-term use lightens the body, brightens eyes, prevents aging, makes skin lustrous, and aids fertility. Also known as Luguo neng, Dizhen, Shineng, Penggen, Tiandou. Grows beside rocks in streams and marshes of Tai Mountain; seeds are harvested on the fifth day of the fifth month, bark in February and August, and dried in shade.)
(Bitter and sweet, flat flavor, non-toxic. Treats labor-heat evil qi, five types of long-bi (dysuria) and obstruction, unblocks urinary pathways, relieves vexation and directs qi downward, unblocks bladder fullness, tonifies the Five Zang organs, dispels evil wind, benefits essence and qi. Also known as Shi [missing character], Shipi. When used, remove the yellow hairs; if hairs penetrate the lungs, they cause coughing which is difficult to treat. Grows on rocks in mountain valleys of Huayin; leaves are best harvested in February where no water sound or human voice is heard, and dried in shade.)