无毒。主治胃痹，心腹痛，结热，邪气，头痛，皮间邪热，安五脏，补中。一名苦心
一名志取，一名虎须，一名白参，一名识美，一名文希。生河内及宛朐、般阳续山。二月
八月采根，曝干。（恶防己，反藜芦。）
《本经》原文∶沙参，味苦，微寒。主血积惊气，除寒热，补中益肺气。久服利人。一
名知母。生川谷。
无毒。养肝胆气，安五脏，定志，益精，利九窍，除伏热，肠 ，止渴，醒酒，小便
赤，治恶疮，下部慝，平胃气，令人嗜食，轻身。一名地槐，一名菟槐，一名骄槐，一名
茎，一名虎麻，一名岑茎，一名禄白，一名陵郎。生汝南及田野。三月、八月、十月采根
曝干。（玄参为之使，恶贝母、漏芦、菟丝，反藜芦。）
《本经》原文∶苦参，味苦，寒。主心腹结气，症瘕积聚，黄胆，溺有余沥，逐水，除
痈肿，补中，明目止
味辛，无毒。主治崩中漏血，金疮血内漏，止痛，生肌肉，及 伤、恶血、腰痛，关
节缓急。一名接骨，一名南草，一名槐。生常山。七月、八月采，阴干。（地黄为之使，恶
雷丸。）
《本经》原文∶续断，味苦，微温。主伤寒，补不足，金创痈伤折跌，续筋骨，妇人乳
难。久服益气力。一
味酸，微寒，无毒。主除胸胁淡癖，逐停水，破结实，消胀满、心下急、痞痛、逆气
胁风痛，安胃气、止溏泄，明目。生河内。九月、十月采，阴干。
《本经》原文∶枳实，味苦，寒。主大风在皮肤中，如麻豆苦痒，除寒热结，止利，长
肌肉，利五脏，益气
[Sha Shen (Adenophorae Radix)]
Non-toxic. Primarily treats Wei Bi (stomach qi stagnation), abdominal pain, internal heat accumulation, pathogenic factors, headache, pathogenic heat in the skin, calms the five Zang organs, and tonifies the Middle Jiao. Also known as Ku Xin, Zhi Qu, Hu Xu, Bai Shen, Shi Mei, Wen Xi. Grows in Henei, Wanqu, and Banyang Xushan. Roots are harvested in February and August and sun-dried. (Incompatible with Fang Ji; contrary to Li Lu.)
*Shennong Bencao Jing* original text: Sha Shen, bitter flavor, slightly cold. Treats blood accumulation, palpitations due to qi disorder, eliminates chills and fever, tonifies the Middle, and benefits Lung Qi. Long-term use is beneficial to the person. Also known as Zhi Mu. Grows in river valleys.
[Ku Shen (Sophorae Flavescentis Radix)]
Non-toxic. Nourishes Liver and Gallbladder Qi, calms the five Zang organs, stabilizes the mind, benefits essence, unblocks the nine orifices, removes latent heat, treats intestinal wind bleeding, stops thirst, resolves alcohol toxicity, treats red urine, treats malignant sores, treats hidden diseases of the lower body, harmonizes Stomach Qi, increases appetite, and lightens the body. Also known as Di Huai, Tu Huai, Jiao Huai, Jing, Hu Ma, Cen Jing, Lu Bai, Ling Lang. Grows in Runan and fields. Roots are harvested in March, August, and October and sun-dried. (Xuan Shen acts as its assistant; incompatible with Bei Mu, Lou Lu, Tu Si; contrary to Li Lu.)
*Shennong Bencao Jing* original text: Ku Shen, bitter flavor, cold. Treats heart and abdominal qi knotting, mass accumulations, jaundice, dribbling urination, expels water, removes carbuncles and swellings, tonifies the Middle, brightens the eyes, and stops dysentery.
[Xu Duan (Dipsaci Radix)]
Pungent flavor, non-toxic. Primarily treats uterine bleeding and spotting, internal leakage from traumatic wounds, stops pain, promotes muscle regeneration, and treats injuries, stasis, lower back pain, and joint stiffness. Also known as Jie Gu, Nan Cao, Huai. Grows in Changshan. Harvested in July and August and dried in shade. (Di Huang acts as its assistant; incompatible with Lei Wan.)
*Shennong Bencao Jing* original text: Xu Duan, bitter flavor, slightly warm. Treats Shang Han, tonifies deficiencies, treats traumatic wounds, carbuncles, fractures, and dislocations, reconnects sinews and bones, and treats difficulty in lactation for women. Long-term use boosts Qi and strength.
[Zhi Shi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus)]
Sour flavor, slightly cold, non-toxic. Primarily eliminates mild phlegm-fluid retention in the chest and hypochondrium, expels stagnant fluids, breaks up solid accumulations, reduces distension and fullness, treats epigastric urgency,痞 pain (obstructive pain), rebellious Qi, hypochondriac wind-pain, calms Stomach Qi, stops loose stools, and brightens the eyes. Grows in Henei. Harvested in September and October and dried in shade.
*Shennong Bencao Jing* original text: Zhi Shi, bitter flavor, cold. Treats severe wind pathogens in the skin causing itching like mustard seeds, eliminates heat and cold knots, stops diarrhea, promotes muscle growth, unblocks the five Zang organs, and benefits Qi.