味甘，寒，无毒。主瘀血血瘕欲死，下血，止血，利小便，除小虫，去痹，除胸中
止烦渴，逐水，大吐下。《药性论》云∶使。味辛，治疮，止血及鼻衄。一云∶主破血
肌，止渴，利小便，杀三虫，除诸毒肿，疔疮， 痔，金疮内射，身痒瘾疹。垣衣为使
味咸苦甘，平，微寒，无毒。主青盲，目淫肤，赤白膜，眼赤痛泪出，疗唇口青。
性论》云∶臣。利五脏，除肝家热。日华子云∶马蹄决明助肝气，益精水，调末涂消肿
太阳穴治头痛，又贴脑心止鼻洪，作枕胜黑豆，治头风，明目。 实为使。恶∶大麻
味苦，大寒，无毒。主上气，咳嗽，风热，明目。所在有之，有花若灯笼，内有红
根、茎、花、实并入药使。八月采。
味苦甘，平，无毒。主金疮，止血逐痛，出刺，除风痹内寒，止心烦，鼻衄，恶
孔，妇人难产。《药性论》云∶治风毒，通血脉。日华子云∶治发背，游风，风疹，
经不匀。今处处有。
味辛，温，大热，无毒。主胸满咳逆上气，温中，止血，出汗，逐风湿痹，肠 下痢
寒冷腹痛，中恶，霍乱，胀满，风邪诸毒，皮肤间结气，止唾血。生者尤良。一云∶治风
下气，止血，宣诸络脉，微汗。久服令人眼暗。《药性论》云∶臣。味苦辛。治腰肾中疼
冷气，破血，去风，通四肢关节，开五脏六腑，去风毒冷痹，夜多小便，治嗽，主温中
秦艽为使，主霍乱不止，腹痛，消胀满，冷痢，治血闭。病患虚而冷加用之。日华子云
痰下气，治转筋吐泻，腹脏冷，反胃干呕，瘀血，扑损，止鼻洪，解冷热毒，开胃，
Sweet in flavor, cold in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats stasis blood (blood stasis), xuejia (abdominal masses) approaching death, lower bleeding, stops bleeding, promotes urination, eliminates small parasites, removes bi-syndrome (obstruction syndrome), clears chest distress, relieves thirst, expels water retention, induces severe vomiting and diarrhea. *Yaoxing Lun* states: serves as the Envoy herb. Pungent in flavor, treats sores, stops bleeding and epistaxis. Another theory states: primarily treats breaking blood... skin, relieves thirst, promotes urination, kills three types of parasites, eliminates various toxic swellings, ding sores (carbuncles), hemorrhoids, internal penetration of metal wounds, body itching and urticaria. Uses wall moss/mold as the Envoy herb.
Salty, bitter, and sweet in flavor, neutral in nature, slightly cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats Qingmang (blindness or visual impairment), eye lid swelling/secretions, red and white membranes (pterygium/pinguecula), red painful eyes with tearing, treats blue lips. *Yaoxing Lun* states: serves as the Minister herb. Promotes the five Zang organs, clears liver heat. Ri Huazi states: Horse-tail Cassia assists liver Qi, benefits essence and water, powdered application reduces swelling; applied to Taiyang acupoint for headache, pasted on brain/heart area to stop epistaxis, used as a pillow is superior to black beans, treats wind-headache, brightens eyes. The fruit serves as the Envoy herb. Aversion: Hemp.
Bitter in flavor, very cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats rebellious Qi, cough, wind-heat, brightens eyes. Grows everywhere, has flowers resembling lanterns, containing red... Roots, stems, flowers, and fruits are all used medicinally. Harvested in August.
Bitter and sweet in flavor, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats metal wounds, stops bleeding and drives away pain, extracts thorns, removes wind-bi with internal cold, relieves mental restlessness, stops epistaxis, treats difficult labor in women. *Yaoxing Lun* states: treats wind-toxin, unblocks blood vessels. Ri Huazi states: treats back carbuncles, wandering wind, wind-rash, irregular menstruation. Now found everywhere.
Pungent in flavor, warm, very hot, non-toxic. Primarily treats chest fullness, coughing with rebellious Qi, warms the middle, stops bleeding, induces sweating, expels wind-damp bi-syndrome, intestinal... dysentery, cold abdominal pain, sudden evil attack, cholera, distension, wind-pathogen and various toxins, qi knotting in the skin, stops spitting blood. Raw use is particularly effective. Another theory states: treats wind... descends Qi, stops bleeding, unblocks all collaterals, induces slight sweating. Long-term use causes dim vision. *Yaoxing Lun* states: serves as the Minister herb. Bitter and pungent. Treats cold qi pain in waist and kidneys, breaks blood, dispels wind, unblocks four limbs and joints, opens five Zang and six Fu organs, removes wind-toxin and cold-bi, nocturia, treats cough, primarily warms the middle... Qin Jiao (Gentian Root) serves as the Envoy, primarily treats unremitting cholera, abdominal pain, reduces distension, cold dysentery, treats blood closure. Added for patients with deficiency and cold. Ri Huazi states... resolves phlegm and descends Qi, treats muscle spasms with vomiting/diarrhea, cold abdomen/organs, reverse flow and dry heaving, blood stasis, trauma, stops epistaxis, resolves cold/heat toxins, opens appetite,