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Bitter in flavor, neutral in nature, slightly toxic. Primarily treats convulsions, epilepsy, and alternating cold and heat syndromes; mania caused by excessive heat; expels evil spirits and malevolent influences; cures various pediatric diseases, all types of epilepsy, and inability to open the mouth due to heat; also treats adult manic epilepsy and can induce abortion. Long-term use lightens the body, increases vitality/strength, and enhances memory, preventing forgetfulness. It is produced in the flatlands of Jinzhou, originating from within the cow. After obtaining it, it should be dried in the shade for one hundred days; when used, it must be dry, avoiding exposure to sunlight or moonlight. *Ren Shen* (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) acts as its guiding herb (Shi). When combined with *Mu Dan Pi* (Moutan Cortex) and *Chang Pu* (Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma), it benefits the ears and eyes. It is incompatible with *Gu Long* (Os Draconis), *Di Huang* (Rehmanniae Radix), *Long Dan Cao* (Gentianae Radix), and *Fei Lian* (Blatta Orientalis), and fears *Niu Xi* (Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix). Ancient texts mention that divine cows roaring and bellowing during their movement could have substances expelled onto water held in a basin beneath their horns, which would then fall into the water. Nowadays, people mostly obtain it directly from the gallbladder. It is mainly produced in Liangzhou and Yizhou. A single piece is as large as overlapping chicken egg yolks; among medicinal materials, none is more precious than this. The price starts at two or three qian for a small piece, while high-quality pieces cost five to ten thousand qian. Common people often forge it, making it very similar; only those that do not dissolve when scraped with fingernails or licked with the tongue are genuine.

[Editor's Note] Niu Huang (Calculus Bovis) is currently produced in Laizhou, Mizhou, Zizhou, Qingzhou, [Missing Character] Zhou, and Rongzhou. Cows possessing Calculus Bovis tend to roar and bellow frequently; it is obtained by patting the animal, referred to as "Sheng Huang" (Raw Calculus Bovis), which is of the best quality. There is "Man Huang" (Slow Calculus Bovis), which resembles the paste-like yolk of a chicken egg, located between the liver and gallbladder; and "Yuan Huang" (Round Calculus Bovis), which forms lumps of varying sizes, also located within the liver and gallbladder. It is mostly produced in castrated bulls; there are no reports of Wu cattle (cattle from the Wu region) having Calculus Bovis.

Pungent in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. Primarily repels malignant qi, kills spirit entities, treats warm malaria, gu poisoning, epilepsy, removes three types of parasites, cures various ominous evil spirits and qi, sudden abdominal pain and distension due to evil invasion, stagnation and fullness, wind toxicity, difficult labor in women, induces abortion, removes facial macules, and corneal opacities in the eyes. Long-term use eliminates evil influences, prevents nightmares and restless sleep, and facilitates communion with immortals. It is produced in the valleys of Zhongtai and in the mountains of Yizhou and Yongzhou. It should be harvested around the Spring Equinox; fresh material is superior.

The musk deer resembles a roe deer, constantly feeds on cypress leaves, and also eats snakes. Musk obtained in May often contains snake skin and bones; thus, She Xiang (Moschus) treats snake venom. Currently, wrapping Moschus in shed snake skin enhances its fragrance, demonstrating a synergistic relationship (Xiang Shi). The fragrance resides in the skin anterior to the penis of the male deer, wrapped in a separate membrane. Muschus produced in the regions of Suichun, Yiyang, and Jinyi among the Man tribes is of inferior grade. The shape of the current production resembles millet grains. Some claim it is an egg, which is incorrect. The fragrance is often adulterated by local people, though still better than some sources from Yizhou. Yizhou muschus tends to be flat; its blood membranes are also mixed with other substances. Generally, there are fine and coarse qualities. When broken, if the center ("Dang Men") bubbles up and remains so for a long time, it is good. Nowadays, only live collection is permitted; observing it oneself ensures authenticity. Producers claim it is formed from condensed essence and urine, which is entirely false. In summer, the deer eats many snakes and insects; by winter, the fragrance is fully developed. In spring, suffering from acute pain, the deer uses its hooves to dislodge it, placing it in feces or urine, always in specific locations. Humans occasionally find it, sometimes accumulating up to one dou and five sheng. Using this method is superior to killing the deer. Carrying Moschus not only provides fragrance but also repels malignancy. Placing one genuine particle under the pillow wards off nightmares and corpse-transmission ghostly qi.