味苦，寒，无毒。主心腹邪气，五疸，补中益气，利九窍，通水道。疗腹肿胀满痛，以
合
名紫丹，一名紫 。生砀山山谷及楚地。三月采根，阴干。
今出襄阳，多从南阳、新野来，彼人种之，即是今漆紫者，方药家都不复用。《博物志》
云
国以漆色殊黑。比年东山亦种，色小浅于北者。
〔谨案〕紫草，
一名藐，苗似兰香，茎赤节青，
花紫白色，而实白。
味苦、辛，温，无毒。主咳逆上气，胸中寒热结气，去蛊毒、痿蹶，安五脏。疗咳唾脓
血，止喘悸，五劳体虚，补
不足，小儿惊痫。一名紫茜，一名青菀。生房陵山谷及真定、邯郸。二月、三月采根，阴干。
款冬为之使，恶天雄、瞿麦、雷丸、远志、 本，畏茵陈蒿。近道处处有，生布地，花
亦
有白者名白菀，不复用。
〔谨案〕白菀，即女菀也，疗体与紫菀同，无紫菀时，亦用白菀。
陶云不复用，或者未悉。
味苦、咸，寒，无毒。主头风，黄胆，咳逆，淋沥，女子阴中肿痛，湿痹死肌，不可屈
伸起止行步。疗四肢不安，
时行腹中大热、饮水、欲走、大呼、小儿惊痫，妇人产后余痛。生
五月采根，阴干。
恶桑螵蛸、桔梗、茯苓、萆 。 近道处处有，以蜀中者为良。俗呼为白羊藓，气息正
似羊膻，或名白膻。
〔谨
案〕此药叶似茱萸，苗高尺余，根皮白而心实，花紫白色。根宜二月采，若四月、五月采，
便虚恶也。
[Arnebiae Radix seu Lithospermi Radix] (Zicao)
Bitter, cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats evil qi in the heart and abdomen, five types of jaundice (Wu Dan), tonifies the middle jiao and benefits qi, unblocks the nine orifices, and promotes water passages. Treats abdominal swelling, distension, and pain. Also known as Zidan, or Zi . Grows in the valleys of Dangshan and the Chu region. Roots are harvested in the third lunar month and dried in the shade.
Currently produced in Xiangyang, mostly coming from Nanyang and Xinye, where locals cultivate it; this is the current Lacquer Purple (Qizhi), which physicians no longer use in prescriptions. *Bowuzhi* states: The state uses lacquer color which is particularly black. In recent years, Dongshan also cultivates it, with a color slightly lighter than that from the north.
[Note by the Compiler] Arnebiae Radix seu Lithospermi Radix, also known as Miao, has seedlings resembling Lanxiang, stems red with green nodes, flowers purple-white, and fruits white.
[Asteris Radix] (Ziwan)
Bitter, acrid, warm, non-toxic. Primarily treats cough with rebellious qi, cold-heat knotted qi in the chest, removes gu poison and flaccidity (Weijue), and calms the five zang organs. Treats coughing up pus and blood, stops wheezing and palpitations, addresses the five labors and physical deficiency, tonifies insufficiency, and treats infantile convulsions. Also known as Ziqian or Qingwan. Grows in the valleys of Fangling and in Zhending and Handan. Roots are harvested in the second and third lunar months and dried in the shade.
Adenophorae Radix (Kuaodong) serves as its guiding herb. It is incompatible with Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata (Tianxiong), Dianthi Herba (Qumai), Polyporus (Leiwuan), Polygalae Radix (Yuanzhi), and Ligustici Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Ben), and fears Artemisiae Scopariae Herba (Yinchenhao). It is found everywhere in nearby regions, growing flat on the ground. Flowers may also be white, called Baiwan, which are no longer used.
[Note by the Compiler] Baiwan is equivalent to Nüwan. Its therapeutic effects are the same as Ziwan; when Ziwan is unavailable, Baiwan may also be used.
Tao Hongjing stated it is no longer used, perhaps due to incomplete understanding.
[Dinamidis Cortex] (Baixianpi)
Bitter, salty, cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats wind affecting the head, jaundice, cough with rebellious qi, dribbling dysuria, swelling and pain in the female genitalia, damp bi syndrome with necrotic muscle, inability to flex, extend, rise, sit, walk, or step. Treats restlessness of the four limbs, epidemic diseases with intense heat in the abdomen, thirst for drinking, desire to run, loud shouting, infantile convulsions, and residual pain after childbirth in women. Grows in , roots are harvested in the fifth lunar month and dried in the shade.
Incompatible with Oocathari Ovis Ova (Sangpiaoxiao), Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng), Poria (Fuling), and Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma (Bixie). It is found everywhere in nearby regions, with those from Shu being superior. Commonly called Yangbaixian, having an odor resembling mutton fat, or alternatively named Baishan.
[Note by the Compiler] This herb's leaves resemble Corni Fructus (Zhuyu), seedlings grow over a chi high, root bark is white with solid pith, and flowers are purple-white. Roots should be harvested in the second lunar month; if harvested in the fourth or fifth lunar months, they become inferior and poor quality.