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[Names] Lingyang (common name), Yang (pronounced "qian").
Li Shizhen states: According to Wang Anshi's *Zishuo* (Explanation of Characters): Deer are gregarious, with horns curving outward for self-defense; whereas the ling lives alone, hanging its horns on trees to avoid danger, which can be considered spiritual. Hence, the character "ling" is derived from "lu" (deer) and the abbreviated form of "ling" (spirit). Later people wrote it as "ling". Xu Shen in *Shuowen Jiezi* says: "Yang is a wild goat, large with fine horns." The *Classic of Mountains and Seas* writes it as "Yang", stating: "Resembles a sheep but with a horse-like tail." Fei Xin noted that at the end of the tail, nine fleshy lobes hang down, called the Nine-Tailed Sheep.

[Collected Explanations] The *Bielu* (Record of Famous Physicians) states: Antelope horn originates from the streams and valleys of Shicheng and Mount Huayin. It can be harvested at any time.
Tao Hongjing states: Currently found in the mountains inhabited by the Man people in Jianping, Yidu, and other regions, as well as in the Western Regions. Most have two horns; those with a single horn are superior. The horns have many nodes, tightly encircling. There are also wild goat horns that are extremely long, with nodes only on one side, which are sparse and coarse, and not suitable for medicinal use. This is the "Yang" named in the *Erya*, which the Qiang and Yi peoples regard as antelope, capable of climbing steep cliffs.
Su Gong states: Antelopes are abundant in Nanshan, Shangzhou, and Xichuan areas. Currently produced in Liangzhou, and tribute is sent from Zhenzhou and Yangzhou. Its horns are as thin as a human finger, about four or five cun long.
Chen Cangqi states: Wild goats, mountain donkeys, and antelopes are similar, but the antelope is spiritual. At night, to guard against danger, it hangs its horns on trees so they do not touch the ground. Only those with deep, sharp, tight curves in the middle of the horn, showing hanging marks, are genuine. Those without such marks are not genuine. Genuine horns produce a buzzing sound when held to the ear, which indicates quality. Tao's statement that there is only one horn is incorrect.
Su Song states: They are now found in the mountains of Qin, Long, Long, Shu, Jin, and Shangzhou prefectures, where the Rong people hunt them for trade. Their shape resembles a sheep, is bluish-green, and large. Their horns are one or two chi long, with nodes resembling finger grip marks, and are very hard and strong. Guo Pu's annotation of the *Erya* says: "Resembles a sheep but larger, with fine, round, sharp horns, fond of..." This is largely similar to the "Yang" in the *Erya*, the wild goat in Tao's annotation, and the mountain donkey in Su's annotation. People nowadays use them interchangeably as antelope. Why is it that true antelope horns, with fine horns four or five cun long like a human finger with many tight nodes, are mostly unused by the world? Additionally, in the mountains of Fujian and Guangdong, a type of wild sheep is produced, which locals also call antelope. Chen stated that those producing a sound when held to the ear are good. However, horns of cattle and sheep, if killed, all produce sound when held to the ear, not just antelope horns. If the animal dies naturally, there is no sound.
Kou Zongshi states: All horns produce a buzzing sound when held to the ear, but the theory of having hanging marks is more comprehensive. However, there are forged ones, so one should examine carefully.
Li Shizhen states: The antelope resembles a sheep but has coarse bluish-green hair and short, small horns; the "Yang" resembles the sheep of Wu, with long, large horns; the mountain donkey has a donkey-like body and antelope-like horns, but slightly larger and with sparse nodes. Tao claimed antelopes have one horn, which Chen refuted. Consulting the *Huanyuzhi*, it states: Antelopes are produced in Anshi Mountain, with a single horn that is extremely hard and can shatter diamond. Thus, antelopes indeed have single-horned varieties.
Diamonds originate in the Western Regions, resembling purple quartz, indestructible by fire, and cannot be broken by objects; only striking them with an antelope horn causes them to naturally crack like ice. Also, tapir bones are used to fake Buddha teeth, which cannot be broken; striking them with this horn shatters them, indicating mutual aversion. Antelope skin is used by Westerners to make seat cushions.

[Processing] Li Shizhen states: When used, there are divine sheep horns that are very long, with twenty-four nodes, containing a natural wooden core inside. This horn possesses divine power, equivalent to a thousand oxen. When using it, do not use it singly; keep the original pair, bind it with rope, file it finely with an iron file, wrap it densely in layers, keep it away from wind, take it out as needed, pound and sieve it to extreme fineness, grind it ten thousand times before adding to medicine, to avoid scraping the intestines.

[Flavor and Nature] Salty, cold, non-toxic. The *Bielu* states: Bitter, slightly cold.
Zhen Quan states: Sweet, warm. Can shrink silver.

[Indications] Improves vision, benefits Qi and raises Yin, removes bad blood flowing downward, wards off gu poison and evil spirits/inauspiciousness, prevents nightmares (*Benjing*). Removes pathogenic factors, fright dreams, mania and absurdity, treats cold-heat of shanghan and seasonal fevers, heat in the skin, toxic warmth lodged between bones, and food dysphagia. Long-term use strengthens sinews and bones, lightens the body, raises Yin, benefits Qi, benefits men, and treats heat-toxin dysentery. Disperses postpartum bad blood rushing causing heart vexation, taken as powder mixed with wine after burning. Treats pediatric convulsions, mountain miasma, and dysphagia (*Yaoxing*). Treats palpitations and vexation, evil qi in the chest and heart, scrofula, malignant sores, and stream toxins (Chen Cangqi). Calms the liver, relaxes sinews, settles wind, anchors the soul, disperses blood, directs qi downward, wards off evil, detoxifies, and treats eclampsia and spasmodic diseases (Li Shizhen).

[Elucidation] Li Shizhen states: Sheep are Fire animals, while the antelope belongs to Wood; thus, its horn enters the Jueyin Liver meridian very quickly, following the principle of same-Qi attraction. The Liver governs Wood and opens into the eyes; when diseased, vision becomes dim and obscured, and the antelope horn can calm it. The Liver governs Wind and corresponds to sinews in the body; when diseased, pediatric convulsions, female eclampsia, adult stroke with spasms, and tendon cramping/joint pain occur, and the antelope horn can relax them. The Hun (Ethereal Soul) is the spirit of the Liver; when diseased, there is fright and restlessness, mania, and sudden death during sleep, and the antelope horn can anchor it. Blood is stored by the Liver; when diseased, stasis flows downward, causing hernia pain, toxic dysentery, swelling, and postpartum blood issues, and the antelope horn can disperse it. Ministerial Fire resides in the Liver and Gallbladder, manifesting as anger in emotions; when diseased, there is vexation, rebellious Qi, dysphagia, cold-heat, and latent heat in shanghan, and the antelope horn can descend it. The nature of the antelope is spiritual, and the essence of sinews and bones resides in the horn; thus, it can also ward off evil, resolve various toxins, shatter Buddha teeth, and smoke can drive away snakes and insects. The *Benjing* and *Bielu* highlight its efficacy greatly, yet modern commoners rarely promote it, what a pity!

[Attached Formulas] Seven old formulas, four new formulas.
Dysphagia: Powder the antelope horn scrapings, take one fangcun bi with drink, and rub the affected area with the horn (*Waitai*).
Chest and hypochondriac pain/fullness: Burn the antelope horn to ash, take one fangcun bi with water (*Zimu Milu*).
Abdominal pain with heat/fullness: Same formula as above.
Miscarriage with abdominal pain and retained blood: Take three qian of antelope horn ash, administered with Doulin wine (*Puji*).
Postpartum vexation, sweating, and confusion: *Qianjin Fang*: Burn antelope horn to powder, take one fangcun bi with east-flowing water. Repeat if not cured. Another method: Add equal parts of Shaoyao and Zhishi (stir-fried), powder, take with decoction.
Rebellious Qi and vexation: Burn antelope horn to powder, take one fangcun bi with water (*Zhouhou Fang*).
Labor induction: One piece of antelope horn, scrape the tip to powder, take one fangcun bi with wine (*Chanbao*).
Pediatric diarrhea: Burn the bone marrow of the antelope horn to powder, take one fangcun bi with drink (*Milu*).
Generalized erysipelas: Burn antelope horn to ash, mix with egg white, apply externally, miraculous effect (*Waitai*).
Red patches like sores, itching, potentially fatal: Grind antelope horn with water, rub hundreds of times (*Zhouhou Fang*).
Mountain miasma: Take one qian of antelope horn powder with water (*Jijian Fang*).
Meat
[Flavor and Nature] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
[Indications] Malignant sores (Chen Cangqi). Stir-fry with five flavors, add to wine, drink overnight to treat stiff sinews and bones, stroke. Northerners eat it often; Southerners eat it to avoid snake and insect bites (Meng Shen).
Lung
[Flavor and Nature] Same as meat.
[Indications] Edema and distension, difficult urination (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen states: Antelope lung is not recorded in Bencao. *Qianjin Yifang* records Imperial Physician Shan Lian using it in Langdang Wan to treat Wei Siye's edema, likely to guide medicine into the Lung to open the upper source of urine. The formula uses one whole antelope lung, briefly blanched in boiling water, dried and powdered. One sheng of Langdang seeds, soaked in three-year-old vinegar for one shichen, steamed until soft, pounded and mixed with the lung powder, formed into pills the size of paulownia seeds. Take four pills each time with Ophiopogon decoction after meals; the sign of efficacy is dry mouth and delirium. After a few days, profuse urination occurs, and the patient recovers. If antelope is unavailable, green sheep lung can substitute.
Gallbladder
[Flavor and Nature] Bitter, cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Facial melasma, colored like sparrow eggs. Boil with two sheng of wine for three boils, apply four or five times for good results (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Formula] New one.
Facial melasma: One antelope gallbladder and one cow gallbladder, boil with two sheng of vinegar for three boils, apply frequently.
Nose
[Indications] Roast and powder, treat Five Corpses and Dunshi pathogenic factors (Li Shizhen. Used in *Waitai* formulas).
[Appendix] Mountain Donkey Su Gong states: See above.
Li Shizhen states: *Nan Shi* records: Hualand produces wild donkeys with horns. *Guangzhi* records: Donkey-sheep resemble donkeys. *Classic of Mountains and Seas* records: Many Lu are found on Mount Xuanweng, Mount Nüji, Jing Mountain, and Lun Mountain in Jinyang. Guo Pu annotates: Lu is the same as [character], resembles a donkey with cloven hooves, horse tail, and horns like an antelope, also known as mountain donkey. Common people also use its horn to substitute for antelope. Furthermore, *Beishanjing* records: On Mount Taihang, there is a beast resembling an antelope with four horns, a horse tail, claws, skilled at spinning, calling its own name. This is also a type of mountain donkey.