（《纲目》）
【释名】蒿猪（《唐本》）、山猪（《通志》）
时珍曰∶《说文》云∶豪，豕鬣如笔管者。能激毫射人故也。郭璞曰∶吴楚呼为鸾猪。《星
禽》云∶壁水
【集解】颂曰∶豪猪，陕、洛、江东诸山中并有之。髦间有豪如箭，能射人。
时珍曰∶豪猪处处深山中有之，多者成群害稼。状如猪，而项脊有棘鬣，长近尺许，粗
如箸。其状似笄及帽刺，白本而黑端。怒则激去，如矢射人。羌人以其皮为靴。郭璞云∶
猪自为牝牡而孕也。张师正《倦游录》云∶南海有泡鱼，大如斗，身有棘
巽为鱼，坎为豕，岂巽变坎乎？
肉
【气味】甘，大寒，有毒。
颂曰∶不可多食。发风，令人虚羸。
【主治】多膏，利大肠（苏颂）。
肚及屎
【气味】寒，无毒。
【主治】水病，热风，鼓胀。同烧存性，空心温酒服二钱匕。用一具即消（孟诜）。干
烧服之，治黄胆
【发明】诜曰∶此猪多食苦参，故能治热风水胀，而不治冷胀也。
时珍曰∶豪猪本草不载，惟孟氏《食疗本草》 条说之。
（《本经》上品）
【释名】时珍曰∶熊者雄也。熊字篆文象形。俗呼熊为猪熊，罴为人熊、马熊，各因形
似以为别也。《述异记》云∶在陆曰熊，在水曰能（即鲧所化者）。故熊字从能。《续搜神记》
云∶熊居树孔中，东土人击树，呼为“子路”则起，不呼则不动也。又狒狒亦名人熊，见本
条。
【集解】《别录》曰∶熊生雍州山谷。十一月取之。
弘景曰∶今东西诸山县皆有之，自非易得。
颂曰∶今雍、洛、河东及怀庆、卫山中皆有之。形类大豕，而性轻捷，好攀缘，上高木
，见人则颠倒自投于地。冬蛰入穴，春月乃出。其足名蹯，为八珍之一，古人重之，然
之难熟。熊性恶盐，食之即死（出《淮南子》）。
时珍曰∶熊如大豕而竖目，人足黑色。春夏膘肥时，皮浓筋驽，每升木引气，或堕
快，俗呼跌膘，即《庄子》所谓熊经鸟申也。冬月蛰时不食，饥则舐其掌，故其
之熊蹯。其行山中，虽数十里，必有 伏之所，在石岩枯木，山中人谓之熊馆。刘敬叔《异
苑》云∶熊性恶秽物及伤残，捕者置此物于穴，则合穴自死。或为棘刺所伤，出穴爪之，至
骨即毙也。陆佃《埤雅》云∶其胆春近首，夏在腹，秋在左足，冬在右足。熊、罴皆壮毅之
物，属阳，故书以喻不二心之臣，而诗以为男子之祥也。
脂
【释名】熊白。
弘景曰∶脂即熊白，乃背上肪，色白如玉，味甚美，寒月则有，夏月则无。其腹中肪及
身中脂，煎炼过亦可作药，而不中啖。
【修治】 曰∶凡取得，每一斤入生椒十四个，同炼过，器盛收之。
【气味】甘，微寒，无毒。《别录》曰∶微温。
《日华》曰∶凉。其脂燃灯，烟损人眼，令失光明。
【主治】风痹不仁筋急，五脏腹中积聚，寒热羸瘦，头疡白秃，面上
饥，轻身长年（《本经》）。饮食呕吐（《别录》）。治风，补虚损，杀劳虫，酒炼服之（《日
华》）。长发令黑，悦泽人面（苏恭）。
【附方】旧二，新一。
令发长黑∶熊脂、蔓荆子（末）等分和匀，醋调涂之。（《圣惠方》）
发毛黄色∶以熊脂涂发梳散，入床底，伏地一食顷，即出，便尽黑。不过用脂一升效。
（《千金翼》）
白秃头癣∶熊白敷之。（《杨氏产乳》）
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
《别录》曰∶微温。弘景曰∶有痼疾不可食熊肉，令终身不除。鼎曰∶若腹中有积聚寒
热者食之，永不除也。十月勿食之，伤神。
【主治】风痹，筋骨不仁，功与脂同（孙思邈）。补虚羸（孟诜）。
【发明】时珍曰∶按∶刘河间云∶熊肉振羸，兔目明视。因其气有余，以补不足也。
【附方】旧二。
肉一斤切，入豉汁中，和葱、姜、椒、盐作腌腊
半斤，如上法食之。（并《食医心镜》）
掌
【修治】《圣惠方》云∶熊掌难 ，得酒、醋、水三件同煮，熟即大如皮球也。
【主治】食之可御风寒，益气力（《日华》）。
胆 颂曰∶熊胆阴干用。然多伪者，但取一粟许滴水中，一道若线不
时珍曰∶按钱乙云∶熊胆佳者通明。每以米粒点水中，运转如飞者良。余胆亦转，但
缓尔。
周密《齐东野语》云∶熊胆善辟尘。试之以净水一器，尘幕其上，投胆米许，则凝尘豁
然而开也。
【气味】苦，寒，无毒。
权曰∶恶防己、地黄。
【主治】时气热盛，变为黄胆，暑月久痢，疳 心痛疰忤（苏恭）。治诸疳、耳鼻疮、
恶
疮，杀虫
清心，平肝明目去翳，杀蛔、蛲虫（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶熊胆，苦入心，寒胜热，手少阴、厥阴、足阳明经药也。故能凉心平
肝杀虫，为惊痫疰忤、翳障疳痔、虫牙蛔痛之剂焉。
【附方】旧五，新五。
赤目障翳∶熊胆丸，每以胆少许化开，入冰片一二片，铜器点之，绝奇。或泪痒，加生
姜粉些须。（《齐东野语》）
如三日不开，服四物加甘草、天花粉。（《全幼心鉴》）
小儿鼻蚀∶熊胆半分，汤化抹之。（《圣惠方》）
十年痔疮∶熊胆涂之神效，一切方不及也。（《外台》）
肠风痔 ∶熊胆半两，入片脑少许研，和猪胆汁涂之。（《寿域方》）
蛔虫心痛∶熊胆一大豆，和水服之，大效。（《外台》）
小儿惊痫∶方见主治。
风虫牙痛∶熊胆三钱，片脑四分，每以猪胆汁调少许搽之。（《摄生方》）
水弩射人∶熊胆涂之。更以雄黄同用酒磨服，即愈。（《斗门方》）
诸疳羸瘦∶熊胆、使君子末等分研匀，瓷器蒸溶，蒸饼丸麻子大。每米饮下二十丸。（
幼大全》）
脑髓
【主治】诸聋（苏恭）。疗头旋。摩顶，去白秃风屑，生发（《日华》）。
血
【主治】小儿客忤（苏恭）。
骨
【主治】作汤，浴历节风，及小儿客忤（孟诜）。
【附录】罴、 （音颓） 时珍曰∶熊、罴、 ，三
而
色黄白者，罴也；小而色黄赤者， 也。
头长脚高，猛憨多力，能拔树木，
熊。罗愿《
其白如熊白，而理粗味减，功用亦同。
(Compendium of Materia Medica)
[Names] Hao Zhu (from Xin Xiu Ben Cao), Shan Zhu (from Tong Zhi).
Li Shizhen states: The "Shuowen Jiezi" records: "Hao refers to the boar whose bristles are like pen tubes." It can eject its bristles to shoot at people, hence the name Hao Zhu. Guo Pu says: People in Wu and Chu call it Luan Zhu. The "Xing Qin" records: Bishui Xi...
[Collection of Explanations] Su Song says: Hao Zhu is found in the mountains of Shaanxi, Luoyang, Jiangdong, and other places. Between its hairs are stiff spines like arrows that can shoot at people.
Li Shizhen says: Hao Zhu is found in deep mountains everywhere; when numerous, they form groups and damage crops. Their shape resembles a pig, but they have spine-like bristles on the neck and spine, nearly one chi long, as thick as chopsticks. Their appearance resembles hairpins and hat spikes, with white bases and black tips. When angry, they eject them like arrows shooting at people. The Qiang people use their skin to make boots. Guo Pu says: Hao Zhu is hermaphroditic and conceives naturally. Zhang Shizheng's "Juan You Lu" records: There is a Pao Fish in the South Sea, as large as a dou, with spines on its body... The Xun trigram represents fish, and the Kan trigram represents pigs; could Xun transform into Kan?
Meat
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, very cold, toxic.
Su Song says: Do not eat too much. It induces wind diseases and causes emaciation.
[Indications] Rich in fat, promotes bowel movement (Su Song).
Stomach and Feces
[Properties and Flavor] Cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Edema, wind-heat, tympanites. Calcine until charred on the outside but raw inside, take two qianbi with warm wine on an empty stomach. One specimen suffices to eliminate the condition (Meng Shen). Dry-roast and consume to treat jaundice.
[Elucidation] Meng Shen says: This pig eats much Sophora flavescens (Kushen), thus it treats wind-water edema due to heat, but not cold distension.
Li Shizhen says: Hao Zhu is not recorded in the "Shennong Bencao Jing"; only Meng's "Shiliao Bencao" mentions it.
(The "Shennong Bencao Jing", Upper Grade)
[Names] Li Shizhen says: Xiong means male. The seal script character for Xiong is pictographic. Commonly called Zhu Xiong (Pig Bear), Pi is called Ren Xiong (Human Bear) or Ma Xiong (Horse Bear), distinguished by their shapes. The "Shuyou Ji" records: On land it is called Xiong, in water it is called Neng (the incarnation of Gun). Hence the character Xiong contains Neng. The "Xu Soushen Ji" records: Bears live in tree holes; people in the East strike the tree and call out "Zilu" to make it rise; otherwise, it remains still. Also, Baboons are called Ren Xiong, see relevant notes.
[Collection of Explanations] The "Mingyi Bielu" says: Bears inhabit valleys in Yongzhou. Capture them in the eleventh month.
Tao Hongjing says: They are now found in counties of various eastern and western regions, but are not easily obtained.
Su Song says: They are found in Yongzhou, Luoyang, Hedong, Huaiqing, and Wei mountains. Their shape resembles large pigs, but they are agile and fond of climbing high trees. Seeing humans, they hang upside down and jump to the ground. They hibernate in caves in winter and emerge in spring. Their feet are called Fan, one of the Eight Delicacies, highly valued by ancients, yet difficult to cook thoroughly. Bears hate salt; eating it causes death (from "Huainanzi").
Li Shizhen says: Bears resemble large pigs with vertical eyes and black human-like feet. In spring and summer when fat, their skin is thick and tendons weak. When climbing trees to draw qi, or falling rapidly, it is commonly called Die Biao (falling fat), which corresponds to the "Xiong Jing Niao Shen" (Bear hanging and Bird stretching) mentioned in the "Zhuangzi". During winter hibernation, they do not eat; if hungry, they lick their palms, hence their feet are called Xiong Fan. While walking in mountains, even for dozens of li, there must be a hiding place in rocks or dead wood, known as Xiong Guan by locals. Liu Jingshu's "Yi Yuan" records: Bears detest filth and injury. If hunters place such items at the cave entrance, the bear will die within. If injured by thorns, it scratches the wound upon exiting until the bone is exposed, leading to death. Lu Dian's "Pi Ya" records: Bear gallbladder moves near the head in spring, abdomen in summer, left foot in autumn, right foot in winter. Bears and Pi are vigorous creatures belonging to Yang, so books use them to metaphorize loyal ministers, and poems regard them as auspicious signs for men.
Fat
[Names] Xiong Bai.
Tao Hongjing says: Fat refers to Xiong Bai, the back fat, white as jade, very delicious, present in cold months but absent in summer. The abdominal fat and body grease, after refining, can be used medicinally but are not suitable for eating.
[Preparation] Kou Zongshi says: For every jin of obtained bear fat, add fourteen raw Sichuan peppercorns, refine together, and store in vessels.
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, slightly cold, non-toxic. The "Mingyi Bielu" says: Slightly warm.
"Rihua Bencao" says: Cool. Burning its oil produces smoke that damages eyes, causing blindness.
[Indications] Wind-bi numbness, tendon stiffness, visceral accumulation, alternating cold and heat, emaciation, scalp sores with alopecia, facial [conditions], hunger sensation, lightening the body and prolonging life ("Shennong Bencao Jing"). Vomiting after eating ("Mingyi Bielu"). Treating wind, tonifying deficiency, killing labor parasites, taken after wine refinement ("Rihua Bencao"). Promotes hair growth and blackening, beautifies the face (Su Gong).
[Attached Prescriptions] Two old, one new.
Promote hair growth and blackening: Mix equal parts Bear Fat and Vitex fruit (powder), blend with vinegar and apply. ("Taiping Shenghui Fang")
Yellow hair: Apply bear fat to hair comb, scatter, place under bed, lie prone for the time it takes to eat one meal, then exit; hair turns completely black. Using no more than one sheng of fat is effective. ("Qianjin Yifang")
White alopecia tinea capitis: Apply Xiong Bai. ("Yang Shi Chanru")
Meat
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
The "Mingyi Bielu" says: Slightly warm. Tao Hongjing says: Those with chronic diseases should not eat bear meat, as it leads to lifelong incurability. Kou Zongshi says: If one has visceral accumulation with cold and heat, eating it will never cure the condition. Do not eat in the tenth month as it harms the spirit.
[Indications] Wind-bi, insensitivity of bones and tendons, efficacy same as bear fat (Sun Simiao). Tonifies emaciation (Meng Shen).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen says: According to Liu Hejian: Bear meat revitalizes the emaciated, rabbit eyes improve vision. Because its qi is abundant, it supplements insufficiency.
[Attached Prescriptions] Two old.
Cut one jin of meat, soak in soybean paste juice, mix with scallion, ginger, pepper, and salt to make cured meat... Half a jin, eat as above. (Both from "Shiyi Xinjing")
Palm
[Preparation] "Taiping Shenghui Fang" records: Bear palm is hard to cook; boil with wine, vinegar, and water until cooked through, becoming as large as a leather ball.
[Indications] Eating it resists wind-cold and boosts qi and strength ("Rihua Bencao").
Gallbladder Su Song says: Bear gallbladder is used after shade-drying. However, many are fake; test by dropping a grain-sized amount in water; if it forms a continuous thread-like line without dispersing...
Li Shizhen says: According to Qian Yi: The best bear gallbladder is transparent. Drop a rice grain into water; if it spins rapidly like flying, it is good. Others also spin but slowly.
Zhou Mi's "Qidong Yeyu" records: Bear gallbladder repels dust. Test with a vessel of clean water covered with dust;投 a small amount of bear gallbladder, and the condensed dust opens up abruptly.
[Properties and Flavor] Bitter, cold, non-toxic.
Li Xun says: Averse to Stephania tetrandra (Fangji) and Rehmannia glutinosa (Dihuang).
[Indications] Seasonal fevers with intense heat transforming into jaundice, prolonged dysentery in summer, childhood malnutrition heart pain, infectious diseases (Su Gong). Treats various childhood malnutrition, ear/nose sores, malignant sores, kills parasites... Clears heart, calms liver, brightens eyes, removes nebula, kills Ascaris and Enterobius vermicularis (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen says: Bear gallbladder, bitter enters the Heart, cold overcomes heat; it is a herb for the Hand Shaoyin, Jueyin, and Foot Yangming meridians. Thus, it cools the heart, calms the liver, kills parasites, and is a formula for convulsions, infectious diseases, nebula, childhood malnutrition hemorrhoids, toothache, and Ascaris pain.
[Attached Prescriptions] Five old, five new.
Red eyes with nebula: Bear Gallbladder Pill, dissolve a small amount of gallbladder, add one or two pieces of borneol, apply with a copper instrument; extremely effective. If tearing and itching, add a little fresh ginger powder. ("Qidong Yeyu")
If unopened for three days, take Siwu Tang plus Licorice and Trichosanthes root. ("Quanyou Xinjian")
Childhood nasal erosion: Dissolve half a fen of bear gallbladder in decoction and apply. ("Taiping Shenghui Fang")
Ten-year hemorrhoids: Applying bear gallbladder is miraculous, surpassing all other formulas. ("Waitai Miyao")
Intestinal wind hemorrhoids: Grind half a liang of bear gallbladder with a little borneol, mix with pig bile and apply. ("Shouyu Fang")
Ascaris heart pain: Take a soybean-sized amount of bear gallbladder mixed with water; highly effective. ("Waitai Miyao")
Childhood convulsions: See indications section.
Wind-parasitic toothache: Mix three qian of bear gallbladder with four fen of borneol, apply sparingly with pig bile. ("Shesheng Fang")
Water弩 shooting people: Apply bear gallbladder. Also take realgar ground with wine orally; cures immediately. ("Doumen Fang")
Various childhood malnutrition and emaciation: Mix equal parts bear gallbladder and Quisqualis indica (Shijunzi) powder, steam in porcelain until melted, form pills like hemp seeds. Take twenty pills with rice drink. ("Xiao'er Yaozheng Zhijue Daquan")
Brain Marrow
[Indications] Various deafness (Su Gong). Treats dizziness. Rub on crown, removes white alopecia dandruff, promotes hair growth ("Rihua Bencao").
Blood
[Indications] Childhood fright syndrome (Su Gong).
Bone
[Indications] Decoct for bathing in joint bi, and childhood fright syndrome (Meng Shen).
[Appendix] Pi, (pronounced Tui) Li Shizhen says: Among Xiong, Pi, and [Tui]... Those yellow-white in color are Pi; those small and yellow-red are [Tui].
Long head, high legs, fierce and strong, capable of pulling up trees... Bear. Luo Yuan's "Erya Yi"... Its white part is like Xiong Bai, but texture is coarse and taste inferior, yet efficacy is similar.