味甘，平。主心腹结气，伤中、伤饱，胃络脉绝，羸瘦短气。久服，轻身、不老、不饥。
生川谷及堤阪。
《吴普》曰∶一名马韭，一名舋冬，一名忍冬，一名忍陵，一名不死药，一名仆垒，一
名随脂（《太平御览》引云∶一名羊韭，秦，一名马韭，一名禹韭，韭；越，一名羊齐，一
名麦韭，一名禹韭，一名舋韭，一名禹余粮），神农、岐伯∶甘，平；黄帝、桐君、雷公∶
甘，无毒；李氏∶甘，小温；扁鹊∶无毒。生山谷肥地。叶如韭，肥泽丛生。采无时，实青
黄。
《名医》曰∶秦，名羊韭；齐，名麦韭；楚，名马韭；越，名羊蓍，一名禹葭，一名禹
余粮，叶如韭，冬夏长生，生函谷肥土、石间久废处。二月、三月、八月、十月采，阴干。
案∶《说文》云∶ ， 冬草。《中山经》云∶青要之山，是多仆累，据《吴普》说，即
麦门冬也。忍、 ，垒、累，音同，陶弘景云∶实如青珠，根似 麦，故谓麦门冬。
味苦，平。主风寒所击，金疮，止痛，贲豚，痫痉，女子疝瘕。久服，轻身、耐
老。一名羌活，一名羌青，一名扩羌使者。生川谷。
《吴普》曰∶独活，一名胡王使者，神农、黄帝∶苦，无毒。八月采。此药有风花不
动，无风独摇（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名胡王使者，一名独摇者。此草，得风不摇，无风自动。生雍州，或陇
西南安。二月、八月采根，曝干。
案∶《列仙传》云∶山图服羌活、独活，则似二名。护羌、胡王，皆羌字缓声，犹专诸
为专设诸，庚公差为瘐公之斯，非有义也。
Sweet, neutral. Primarily treats qi stagnation in the chest and abdomen, internal injury, damage from overeating, severance of the stomach collateral vessels (blockage of qi and blood in the stomach meridians), emaciation, and shortness of breath. Long-term use makes the body light, prevents aging, and reduces hunger.
Grows in river valleys and on embankments and hillsides.
Wu Pu states: Also known as Ma Jiu (Horse Leek), Xin Dong, Ren Dong (Winterberry/Honeysuckle - *Note: distinct from Honeysuckle herb*), Ren Ling, Bu Si Yao (Immortality Medicine), Pu Lei, Sui Zhi. (Taiping Yulan quotes: In Qin, also known as Yang Jiu (Sheep Leek) or Ma Jiu or Yu Jiu; in Yue, also known as Yang Qi, Mai Jiu (Wheat Leek), Yu Jiu, Xin Jiu, Yu Yu Liang). Shen Nong and Qi Bo state: Sweet, neutral; Huang Di, Tong Jun, and Lei Gong state: Sweet, non-toxic; Li Shi states: Sweet, slightly warm; Bian Que states: Non-toxic. Grows in fertile areas of mountains and valleys. Leaves resemble leeks, thick, lustrous, and growing in clumps. Can be harvested at any time; fruits are greenish-yellow.
Ming Yi Bie Lu states: In Qin, it is called Yang Jiu; in Qi, it is called Mai Jiu; in Chu, it is called Ma Jiu; in Yue, it is called Yang Shi, also known as Yu Jia or Yu Yu Liang. Leaves resemble leeks, evergreen in winter and summer, growing in fertile soil or among stones in abandoned places near Hangu Pass. Harvested in February, March, August, and October, dried in the shade.
Commentary: Shuo Wen says: [Character for Maidong] is a winter grass. Zhong Shan Jing says: Qingyao Mountain has much Pu Lei. According to Wu Pu's description, this refers to Maidong. Ren, Xin, Lei, and Lei share similar pronunciations. Tao Hongjing states: The fruits resemble green pearls, and the roots resemble wheat grains, hence the name Maidong (Wheat Winter).
Bitter, neutral. Primarily treats injuries caused by wind-cold, traumatic wounds from metal weapons, alleviates pain, Ben Tun (Rushing Pig syndrome/abdominal gas rising upwards), epilepsy and spasms, and women's hernia and masses. Long-term use makes the body light and enhances longevity. Also known as Qiang Huo, Qiang Qing, Kuo Qiang Shi Zhe. Grows in river valleys.
Wu Pu states: Du Huo is also known as Hu Wang Shi Zhe (Envoy of the King of Hu). Shen Nong and Huang Di state: Bitter, non-toxic. Harvested in August. This herb does not move when there is wind but sways alone when there is no wind (cited from Taiping Yulan).
Ming Yi Bie Lu states: Also known as Hu Wang Shi Zhe or Du Yao Zhe (Swaying Alone). This plant does not sway when exposed to wind but moves automatically when there is no wind. Grows in Yongzhou, or Longnan An. Roots are harvested in February and August and sun-dried.
Commentary: Lie Xian Zhuan states: Shan Tu consumed Qiang Huo and Du Huo, suggesting these two names may refer to the same entity. Hu Qiang and Hu Wang are both slow pronunciations of the character "Qiang," similar to how Zhuan Zhu was referred to as Zhuan She Zhu, or Geng Cha Gong as Yu Gong Zhi Si, without specific semantic distinction.