论曰。咳谓无痰而有声。肺气伤而不清也。嗽是无声而有痰。脾湿动而为痰也。咳嗽谓有痰而有声。盖因
伤于肺气。动于脾湿。咳而为嗽也。脾湿者。秋伤于湿。积于脾也。故内经曰。秋伤于湿。冬必咳嗽。大抵素
秋之气宜清。若反动之。气必上冲而为咳。甚则动于脾湿发而为痰焉。是知脾无留湿。虽伤肺气而不为痰也。
有痰寒少而热多。故咳嗽者。非专主于肺而为病。以肺主皮毛。而司于外。故风寒先能伤之也。内经曰。五脏
六腑。皆能令人咳。非独肺也。各以其时主之而受病焉。非其时各传而与之也。所病不等。寒暑燥湿风火六气。
皆令人咳。唯湿病痰饮入胃。留之而不行。止入于肺。则为咳嗽。假令湿在于心经。谓之热痰。湿在肝经。谓
之风痰。湿在肺经。谓之气痰。湿在肾经。谓之寒痰。所治不同。宜随证而治之。若咳而无痰者。以辛甘润其
肺。故咳嗽者。治痰为先。治痰者。下气为上。是以南星半夏胜其痰。而咳嗽自愈。枳壳陈皮利其气。而痰饮
自除。痰而能食者。大承气汤微下之。少利为度。痰而不能食者。浓朴汤治之。夏月嗽而发热者。谓之热痰嗽。
小柴胡四两。加石膏一两。知母半两用之。冬月嗽而发寒热。谓之寒嗽。小青龙加杏仁服之。然此为大例。更
当随证随时加减之。量其虚实。此治法之大体也。
蜜煎生姜汤 蜜煎橘皮汤 烧生姜胡桃
此三者皆治无痰而嗽者。当辛甘润其肺故也。如但用青陈皮药。皆当去白。本草云。陈皮味辛。理上气。
去痰气滞塞。青皮味苦。理下气。二味俱用散三焦之气也。故圣济云。陈皮去痰。
穣不除即生痰。麻黄发汗。节不去而止汗。
治风痰热咳嗽。其脉弦。面青四肢满闷。便溺秘涩。心多躁怒。水煮金花丸。
南星 半夏（各二两生用） 天麻（五钱） 雄黄（二钱） 白面（三两） 寒水石（一两烧存性）
上为细末。滴水为丸。每服五七十丸。至百丸。煎浆水沸。下药煮令浮为度。漉出淡浆水浸。另用生姜汤下。
或通圣加半夏。及局方中川芎丸防风丸。皆可用也。
小黄丸 治热痰咳嗽。脉洪面赤。烦热心痛。唇口干燥。多喜笑。宜小黄丸。
南星（汤洗） 半夏（洗各一两） 黄芩（一两半）
上为细末。生姜汁浸蒸饼为丸。桐子大。每服五十丸。至七十丸。食后姜汤下。及小柴胡汤中加半夏亦可。
白术丸 治痰湿咳嗽。脉缓面黄。肢体沉重。嗜卧不收。腹胀而食不消化。宜白术丸。
南星 半夏（俱汤洗各一两） 白术（一两半）
上为细末。糊为丸。桐子大。每服五七十丸。生姜汤下。及局方中防己丸。亦可用。
玉粉丸 治气痰咳嗽。脉涩面白。上喘气促。洒淅恶寒。愁不乐。宜服之。
南星 半夏（俱洗各一两） 官桂（去皮一两）
上为细末。薄糊为丸。如桐子大。每服五七十丸。生姜汤下食后。及局方中防己丸亦可。玉粉丸加减在后。
心下痞者。加枳实五钱。身热甚者。加黄连五钱。体重者。加茯苓一两。气上逆者。加苦葶苈五钱。气促者。
加人参桔梗各五钱。浮肿者。加郁李仁杏仁各五钱。大便秘者。加大黄五钱。
双玉散 治痰热而喘。痰涌如泉。
寒水石 石膏（各等分）
上为细末。煎人参汤调下三钱。食后服。
治痰千缗汤
半夏（生末一两） 大皂角（去皮子半两 ）
上同于绢袋中盛之。用水三升。生姜七大片。同煎至一半。以手操洗之。取清汁。分作三服。食后。并
服二服效。
防风丸 治痰嗽。胸中气不清利者。枳术丸亦妙。
防风（半两） 枳壳（半两去穣麸炒） 白术（一两）
上细末。烧饼为丸。每服五七十丸。生姜汤下。
天麻丸
天麻（二两） 半夏 南星（各一两） 雄黄（少许）
上以白面二两。滴水为丸。如桐子大。每服五十丸。至百丸。煎淡水令沸。下药煮十余沸漉出。食前生姜
汤下。
利膈丸 主胸中不利。痰嗽喘促。利脾胃壅滞。调藏秘泻。推陈致新。消进饮食。治利膈气之胜药也。
木香（一钱半） 槟榔（一钱半） 人参（三钱） 当归（二钱） 藿香（一钱半） 大黄（酒浸焙一两）
浓朴（姜制三两） 枳实（一两炒） 甘草（三钱炙）
上为细末。滴水和丸。如桐子大。每服三五十丸。食后诸饮皆可下。
款气丸 治久嗽痰喘。肺气浮肿。
青皮（去白） 陈皮（去白） 槟榔 木香 杏仁（去皮尖） 郁李仁（去皮） 茯苓 泽泻 当归
广术（炮） 马兜铃 苦葶苈（以上各三两） 人参 防己（各五钱） 牵牛（取头末一两）
上为细末。生姜汁面糊为丸。如桐子大。每服一二十丸。加至五七十丸。生姜汤下。食后服。
玉粉丸 治痰结咽喉不利。语音不出。
半夏（洗五钱） 草乌（一字炒） 桂（一字）
上同为末。生姜汁浸蒸饼为丸。如鸡头大。每服一丸。至夜含化。多岁不愈者。亦效。
枳壳汤 治久痰胸膈不利者。多上焦发热。
枳壳（麸炒去穣三两） 桔梗（三两） 黄芩（一两半）
上同 。每日早。用二两半。水三盏。煎至二盏。匀作三服。午时一服。申时一服。临卧时一服。三日七
两半药尽。服生半夏汤。
生半夏汤
半夏（不以多少洗七遍切作片子）
上每服。秤三钱。水一盏半。入生姜五大片。同煎至一盏。和滓食后服。一日三二服。服三日毕。再服枳
术丸。尽其痰为度。论曰。先消胸中气。后去膈上痰。再服枳术丸。谓首尾合尽消其气。令痰不复作也。
清镇丸 治热嗽。
小柴胡汤内加人参一倍。青黛（半两）
上为细末。面糊丸。如桐子大。每服五十丸。生姜汤下。
半夏丸 治因伤风而痰作喘逆。兀兀欲吐。恶心欲倒。已吐加槟榔三钱。
半夏（一两汤洗切） 雄黄（研三钱）
上同为末。生姜汁浸。蒸饼为丸。桐子大。每服三十丸。生姜汤下。小儿丸如黍米大。
白术散 治夏暑大热。或醉饮冷。痰湿不止。膈不利。
白术 茯苓 半夏（洗） 黄芩（各等分）
上为粗末。每服五钱。至七钱。水二盏。入生姜十片。煎至一盏去滓。调陈皮末一钱。神曲末一钱。食后服。
法曰。大热大饮。盖酒味热而引饮冷。冷与热凝于胸中。不散而成湿。故痰作矣。甚者宜吐之。吐后服
五苓甘露胜湿去痰之剂。
白术汤 治痰潮上如涌泉。久不可治者。
白术 白茯苓 半夏（等分）
上为末。每服半两。病大者一两。水二盏。生姜七片。煎至一盏。取清调神曲末二钱。顿服之。病甚者。
下玉壶丸一百丸。大效永除根。
天门冬丸 治妇人喘。手足烦热。骨蒸寝汗。口干引饮。面目浮肿。
天门冬（十两去心秤） 麦门冬（去心八两） 生地黄（三斤取汁为膏子）
上二味为末。膏子和丸。如梧子大。每服五十丸。煎逍遥散送。逍遥散中去甘草。加人参。或服王氏博济
方中。人参荆芥散亦可。如面肿不已。经曰。面肿曰风。故宜汗。麻黄桂枝可发其汗。后服柴胡饮子。去大黄。
故论曰。治脏者治其俞。治腑者治其合。浮肿者。治其经。治俞者。治其土也。治合者。亦治其土也。如兵家
围魏救赵之法也。
Commentary states: Cough (Ke, 咳嗽) refers to a condition with sound but no phlegm, indicating that Lung Qi (Lung Qi) is damaged and lacks clarity. Sa (Sa, 嗽) refers to a condition with phlegm but no sound, caused by Spleen dampness stirring up phlegm. Ke-Sa involves both phlegm and sound, generally resulting from damage to Lung Qi combined with the stirring of Spleen dampness, leading to coughing accompanied by sa. The term "Spleen dampness" refers to dampness pathogen contracted in autumn, accumulating in the Spleen. Thus, the *Nei Jing* (Inner Canon) states: "Contracting dampness in autumn leads to cough in winter." Generally, the qi of late autumn should be clear; if disturbed, the qi must rush upward causing cough, and severely, it may stir Spleen dampness to generate phlegm. From this, we know that if there is no retained dampness in the Spleen, even if Lung Qi is damaged, phlegm will not form.
Among conditions with phlegm, cold patterns are few while heat patterns are many. Therefore, cough is not exclusively caused by the Lung. Since the Lung governs the skin and hair and controls the exterior, wind-cold pathogens can injure it first. The *Nei Jing* states: "The five zang organs and six fu organs can all cause cough, not just the Lung." Each organ contracts disease during its governing season, or if not its season, through transmission from other organs. The pathological manifestations vary; the six qi pathogens—cold, heat, dryness, dampness, wind, and fire—all cause cough. Only when dampness generates phlegm-fluids that enter the Stomach, remain stagnant, and then transmit to the Lung does cough occur. If dampness resides in the Heart channel, it is called Heat Phlegm (Re Tan, 热痰); if in the Liver channel, Wind Phlegm (Feng Tan, 风痰); if in the Lung channel, Qi Phlegm (Qi Tan, 气痰); if in the Kidney channel, Cold Phlegm (Han Tan, 寒痰). Treatments differ and should follow the syndrome differentiation. For cough without phlegm, acrid-sweet herbs should be used to moisten the Lung. Thus, treating cough prioritizes resolving phlegm; treating phlegm prioritizes directing qi downward. Therefore, Tian Nan Xing (Arisaema Cum Bile) and Ban Xia (Pinellia Rhizome) eliminate phlegm, curing cough naturally; Zhi Qiao (Bitter Orange Fruit) and Chen Pi (Tangerine Peel) regulate qi, clearing phlegm-fluids spontaneously. If cough occurs with ability to eat, Da Cheng Qi Tang (Major Order the Qi Decoction) is used for mild purgation, stopping when stools are slightly loose. If cough occurs with inability to eat, Nong Po Tang (Magnolia Bark Decoction) is used. Summer cough with fever is called Heat Phlegm Cough (Re Tan Sou, 热痰嗽), treated with Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) four liang, plus Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) one liang and Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma) half a liang. Winter cough with alternating chills and fever is called Cold Cough (Han Sou, 寒嗽), treated with Xiao Qing Long Tang (Minor Blue Dragon Decoction) plus Xing Ren (Prunus Seed). These are general principles; adjustments must be made according to syndrome and season, assessing deficiency and excess. This constitutes the general framework of treatment.
Mi Jian Sheng Jiang Tang (Honey-Boiled Fresh Ginger Decoction), Mi Jian Ju Pi Tang (Honey-Boiled Tangerine Peel Decoction), and Shao Sheng Jiang Hu Tao (Roasted Fresh Ginger with Walnut) all treat cough without phlegm, as acrid-sweet herbs are needed to moisten the Lung. When using Qing Pi (Green Tangerine Peel) and Chen Pi, the white pith should be removed. Materia Medica records: Chen Pi is acrid and regulates upper jiao qi, removing phlegm stagnation; Qing Pi is bitter and regulates lower jiao qi. Both disperse qi in the three jiaos. Thus, *Sheng Ji Zong Lu* states: Chen Pi removes phlegm; leaving the pith generates phlegm; Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) induces sweating; leaving the nodes stops sweating.
To treat Wind Phlegm Heat Cough, characterized by wiry pulse, greenish complexion, fullness and oppression in limbs, constipation and dysuria, and irritability, use Shui Zhu Jin Hua Wan (Water-Boiled Golden Flower Pill).
Ingredients: Tian Nan Xing (Arisaema Cum Bile), Ban Xia (Pinellia Rhizoma) (each two liang, raw), Tian Ma (Gastrodiae Rhizoma) (five qian), Xiong Huang (Realgar) (two qian), Bai Mian (White Flour) (three liang), Han Shui Shi (Calcitrum) (one liang, calcined).
Grind into fine powder, add water dropwise to make pills. Take 50-70 pills, up to 100 pills. Boil Jiang Shui (fermented grain water), add pills, boil until they float. Remove, soak in light Jiang Shui, and take separately with Fresh Ginger Decoction. Tong Sheng San (Universal Benefit Powder) with added Ban Xia, or Ju Fang's Chuan Xiong Wan (Chuanxiong Pill) and Fang Feng Wan (Saposhnikovia Pill) are also applicable.
Xiao Huang Wan (Little Yellow Pill) treats Heat Phlegm Cough, characterized by surging pulse, red face, vexation and heart pain, dry lips and mouth, and excessive laughter.
Ingredients: Tian Nan Xing (washed in decoction), Ban Xia (washed, each one liang), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix) (one and a half liang).
Grind into fine powder, soak steamed bread in Fresh Ginger Juice to make pills, size of Sophora seeds. Take 50-70 pills after meals with Ginger Decoction. Adding Ban Xia to Xiao Chai Hu Tang is also effective.
Bai Zhu Wan (Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill) treats Phlegm-Dampness Cough, characterized by moderate pulse, yellow face, heavy limbs, lethargy, abdominal distension, and indigestion.
Ingredients: Tian Nan Xing, Ban Xia (both washed in decoction, each one liang), Bai Zhu (Atractodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) (one and a half liang).
Grind into fine powder, use starch paste to make pills, size of Sophora seeds. Take 50-70 pills with Ginger Decoction. Ju Fang's Fang Ji Wan (Stephania Pill) is also usable.
Yu Fen Wan (Jade Powder Pill) treats Qi Phlegm Cough, characterized by choppy pulse, pale face, shortness of breath, aversion to cold, and sorrowfulness.
Ingredients: Tian Nan Xing, Ban Xia (both washed, each one liang), Guan Gui (Cinnamomi Cortex) (peeled, one liang).
Grind into fine powder, use thin starch paste to make pills, size of Sophora seeds. Take 50-70 pills after meals with Ginger Decoction. Ju Fang's Fang Ji Wan is also usable. Modifications for Yu Fen Wan follow: For epigastric fullness, add Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange Fruit) five qian; for high fever, add Huang Lian (Coptidis Rhizoma) five qian; for heaviness, add Fu Ling (Poria) one liang; for rebellious qi, add Ku Ting Li (Descurainiae Semen) five qian; for shortness of breath, add Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix) and Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix) each five qian; for edema, add Yu Li Ren (Prunus Seed) and Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) each five qian; for constipation, add Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) five qian.
Shuang Yu San (Double Jade Powder) treats Phlegm-Heat with wheezing and profuse phlegm.
Ingredients: Han Shui Shi, Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) (equal parts).
Grind into fine powder, mix with Ginseng Decoction, take three qian after meals.
Zhi Tan Qian Min Tang (Phlegm-Resolving Thousand Strings Decoction)
Ingredients: Ban Xia (raw powder, one liang), Da Zao Jiao (Gleditsiae Fructus) (de-seeded, half liang).
Place in a silk bag, add three sheng of water and seven slices of Fresh Ginger. Boil to half volume, squeeze the bag to extract clear juice. Divide into three doses, taken after meals. Two doses are usually effective.
Fang Feng Wan (Saposhnikovia Pill) treats Phlegm-Cough with unclear chest qi; Zhi Zhu Wan (Atractylodes and Immature Bitter Orange Pill) is also excellent.
Ingredients: Fang Feng (Saposhnikoviae Radix) (half liang), Zhi Qiao (Bitter Orange Fruit) (half liang, bran-fried, pith removed), Bai Zhu (Atractodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) (one liang).
Grind into fine powder, use roasted biscuit to make pills. Take 50-70 pills with Ginger Decoction.
Tian Ma Pill
Ingredients: Tian Ma (Gastrodiae Rhizoma) (two liang), Ban Xia, Tian Nan Xing (each one liang), Xiong Huang (Realgar) (small amount).
Use two liang of white flour, add water dropwise to make pills, size of Sophora seeds. Take 50-100 pills. Boil plain water, add pills, boil ten times, remove, and take before meals with Ginger Decoction.
Li Ge Wan (Diaphragm-Opening Pill) mainly treats chest obstruction, phlegm-cough with wheezing, benefits spleen-stomach stagnation, regulates bowel/bladder, eliminates old and generates new, promotes appetite, and is a superior medicine for regulating diaphragmatic qi.
Ingredients: Mu Xiang (Aucklandiae Radix) (one and a half qian), Bing Lang (Arecae Semen) (one and a half qian), Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix) (three qian), Dang Gui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix) (two qian), Huo Xiang (Agastaches Herba) (one and a half qian), Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) (wine-soaked, baked, one liang), Nong Po (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex) (ginger-processed, three liang), Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange Fruit) (one liang, fried), Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) (three qian, honey-fried).
Grind into fine powder, add water dropwise to make pills, size of Sophora seeds. Take 30-50 pills after meals with any beverage.
Kuan Qi Wan (Qi-Relaxing Pill) treats chronic cough with phlegm-wheezing and Lung qi edema.
Ingredients: Qing Pi (Green Tangerine Peel, pith removed), Chen Pi (Tangerine Peel, pith removed), Bing Lang, Mu Xiang, Xing Ren (Prunus Seed, peeled), Yu Li Ren (Prunus Seed, peeled), Fu Ling, Ze Xie (Alismatis Rhizoma), Dang Gui, E Zhu (Curcumae Rhizoma, processed), Ma Dou Ling (Aristolochiae Fructus), Ku Ting Li (Descurainiae Semen) (each three liang above), Ren Shen, Fang Ji (Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix) (each five qian), Qian Niu (Pharbitidis Semen, head powder only, one liang).
Grind into fine powder, use Fresh Ginger Juice and wheat paste to make pills, size of Sophora seeds. Take 10-20 pills, increasing to 50-70 pills, with Ginger Decoction after meals.
Yu Fen Wan (Jade Powder Pill) treats phlegm knotting in throat causing obstruction and voice loss.
Ingredients: Ban Xia (washed, five qian), Cao Wu (Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix) (one character, fried), Gui (Cinnamon Twig) (one character).
Grind together into powder, soak steamed bread in Fresh Ginger Juice to make pills, size of cockle. Take one pill at night, dissolving in mouth. Effective even for chronic cases lasting years.
Zhi Qiao Tang (Bitter Orange Decoction) treats chronic phlegm causing chest/diaphragm obstruction, often with upper jiao heat.
Ingredients: Zhi Qiao (bran-fried, pith removed, three liang), Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix) (three liang), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix) (one and a half liang).
Decoct together. In the morning, use two and a half liang, three cups of water, boil to two cups. Divide into three doses: noon, late afternoon, and bedtime. After finishing seven and a half liang over three days, take Sheng Ban Xia Tang (Raw Pinellia Decoction).
Sheng Ban Xia Tang (Raw Pinellia Decoction)
Ingredients: Ban Xia (as needed, washed seven times, sliced).
Take three qian per dose, one and a half cups of water, five large slices of Fresh Ginger. Boil to one cup, take with dregs after meals. Take 2-3 times daily for three days. Then take Zhi Zhu Wan until phlegm is exhausted. Commentary: First resolve chest qi, then remove diaphragm phlegm, then take Zhi Zhu Wan. This ensures complete resolution of qi, preventing phlegm recurrence.
Qing Zhen Wan (Clearing and Settling Pill) treats Heat Cough.
Ingredients: Add double Ren Shen to Xiao Chai Hu Tang, Qing Dai (Indigo Naturalis) (half liang).
Grind into fine powder, use wheat paste to make pills, size of Sophora seeds. Take 50 pills with Ginger Decoction.
Ban Xia Pill (Pinellia Pill) treats wind-injury causing phlegm-wheezing, dizziness, nausea, and urge to vomit. If vomiting has occurred, add Bing Lang three qian.
Ingredients: Ban Xia (one liang, washed in decoction, sliced), Xiong Huang (Realgar) (ground, three qian).
Grind together, soak in Fresh Ginger Juice, use steamed bread to make pills, size of Sophora seeds. Take 30 pills with Ginger Decoction. For children, make pills size of millet seeds.
Bai Zhu San (Atractylodes Powder) treats summer heat, drinking cold after drunkenness, persistent phlegm-dampness, and diaphragm obstruction.
Ingredients: Bai Zhu, Fu Ling, Ban Xia (washed), Huang Qin (equal parts).
Grind into coarse powder. Take 5-7 qian per dose, two cups of water, ten slices of Fresh Ginger. Boil to one cup, strain, mix with one qian Chen Pi powder and one qian Shen Qu (Medicated Leaven) powder. Take after meals.
Method: Great heat and great drinking. Wine is hot and induces drinking cold. Cold and heat congeal in the chest, forming dampness and phlegm. Severe cases require emesis. After emesis, take Wu Ling Gan Lu San (Five-Ling Sweet Dew Powder) or similar dampness-resolving formulas.
Bai Zhu Tang (Atractylodes Decoction) treats phlegm rushing upward like a spring, chronic and refractory.
Ingredients: Bai Zhu, Bai Fu Ling, Ban Xia (equal parts).
Grind into powder. Take half liang per dose (one liang for severe cases), two cups of water, seven slices of Fresh Ginger. Boil to one cup, take clear liquid mixed with two qian Shen Qu powder in one dose. For severe cases, take 100 pills of Yu Hu Wan (Jade Pot Pill) afterwards for permanent cure.
Tian Men Dong Wan (Asparagi Pill) treats women's asthma, vexation-heat in hands/feet, bone-steaming night sweats, dry mouth with thirst, and facial edema.
Ingredients: Tian Men Dong (Asparagi Radix) (ten liang, heart removed), Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix) (eight liang, heart removed), Sheng Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix Recens) (three jin, juice reduced to paste).
Grind first two ingredients into powder, mix with paste to make pills, size of Sophora seeds. Take 50 pills with Xiao Yao San (Free and Easy Wanderer Powder) decoction. Remove Gan Cao from Xiao Yao San, add Ren Shen. Alternatively, take Wang Shi Bo Ji Fang's Ren Shen Jing Jie San (Ginseng and Schizonepeta Powder). If facial edema persists, *Nei Jing* states: "Facial edema is wind," so induce sweating with Ma Huang and Gui Zhi (Cinnamon Twig), then take Chai Hu Yin Zi (Bupleurum Drink). Commentary: Treating zang organs uses Shu points; treating fu organs uses He-Sea points; treating edema uses Jing-River points. Treating Shu points treats Earth (Spleen); treating He-Sea points also treats Earth. This is like the military strategy of besieging Wei to rescue Zhao.