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Sheep Horn (Yang Jiao)
Taste: Salty, Bitter. Nature: Warm, Slightly Cold. Toxicity: Non-toxic. Indications: Treats Qingmang (cloudy vision/blindness), brightens the eyes, kills scabies mites, stops cold-type diarrhea, wards off evil spirits, tigers, and wild wolves, stops palpitations due to fright, treats Qi stagnation in all joints, wind-type headache, Gu poison (parasitic disease), hematemesis (vomiting blood), and residual pain after childbirth. Burned to ash, it kills ghosts and charms, and wards off tigers and wild wolves. Long-term consumption calms the mind, benefits Qi, and lightens the body. Habitat: Rivers and valleys of Hexi. Collection: Anytime. Precaution: Do not let it get damp; dampness makes it toxic. Guide drug: Cuscutae Semen (Tusizi).
*Ben Cao Tang Jing* notes: For this sheep horn, the horn of a black male sheep is best; others are not used medicinally. Minister Yuxi et al. according to *Yao Xing Lun*: Lingyang Jiao (Antelope Horn) acts as a guide drug. Treats postpartum lochia retention with irritability; take as ash mixed with wine. Also benefits lightening of the body and treats pediatric convulsions. It is also stated that Qingyang Jiao (Green Sheep Horn) is greatly cold. Ri Huazi says: Gongyang Jiao (Bull Sheep Horn) clears heat, treats mountain miasma and stream toxins; burned to ash it repels snakes.

Sheep Marrow (Yang Sui)
Taste: Sweet. Nature: Warm. Toxicity: Non-toxic. Indications: Treats internal injury in men and women, insufficiency of Yin Qi, unblocks blood vessels, benefits Jing Qi. Take with wine.

Green Sheep Gallbladder (Qingyang Dan)
Indications: Treats Qingmang (cloudy vision/blindness), brightens the eyes.
*Ben Cao Tang Jing* notes: Yang Dan (Sheep Gallbladder) treats Gan accumulation with dampness and epidemic heat sores; take mixed with vinegar for good effect. Minister Yuxi et al. according to *Mu Yi Tong Yong Yao*: Qingyang Dan is neutral. *Yao Xing Lun* states: Qingyang Gan (Green Sheep Liver) brightens the eyes when taken. Dripping gallbladder juice into the eyes treats red obstruction, white membrane, and wind-tearing; it resolves Gu poison.

Sheep Lung (Yang Fei)
Indications: Tonifies the Lung, treats cough.
*Ben Cao Tang Jing* notes: Yang Fei treats thirst and stops frequent urination. Boil and eat with Vigna angularis leaves (Xiaodou Ye) for good effect.

Sheep Heart (Yang Xin)
Indications: Stops sorrow and indignation, treats Diaphragmatic Qi stagnation.
Minister Yuxi et al. according to Ri Huazi: A sheep heart with holes can kill people.

Sheep Kidney (Yang Shen)
Indications: Tonifies Kidney Qi, benefits Essence and Marrow.
*Ben Cao Tang Jing* notes: Yang Shen made into soup with fat is very effective for Lao Li dysentery. Eating one sheng of garlic paste treats Zheng Jia masses. Minister Yuxi et al. according to Ri Huazi: Shen (Kidney) tonifies deficiency, treats deafness, Yin weakness, strengthens Yang, benefits the Stomach, stops urination, and treats deficiency sweating.

Sheep Teeth (Yang Chi)
Indications: Treats pediatric Yang Xian (sheep epilepsy) with alternating cold and heat. Collect on the third day of the third lunar month.

Mutton (Yang Rou)
Taste: Sweet. Nature: Greatly Hot. Toxicity: Non-toxic. Indications: Relaxes the middle, treats residual diseases after lactation, wind-cold with sweating on the head, deficiency-Lao coldness, tonifies the middle and benefits Qi, calms the mind and stops palpitations.
*Ben Cao Tang Jing* notes: Mutton, if eaten after recovery from a febrile disease, causes fever and death. Minister Yuxi et al. according to Meng Shen: Mutton is warm. Treats wind-dizziness, emaciation, pediatric convulsions, husband's Five Exhaustions and Seven Injuries, and visceral Qi deficiency-coldness. Hexi sheep are best; Hedong sheep are also good. Even if driven to the south, their sinews and strength naturally deteriorate, so how can they benefit humans? Du (Tripe) tonifies the Stomach, treats frequent urination; make soup with fatty tripe, eat three to five times for cure. It is also said that people suffering from Tianxing epidemics or malaria should not eat mutton, as it causes fever, heaviness, and death. Ri Huazi says: Mutton treats Brain Wind and Great Wind, opens the appetite, and promotes robustness. Head is cool. Treats bone-steaming fever, brain heat with dizziness, brightens eyes, and treats pediatric convulsions. Fat treats wandering wind and black spots.

Sheep Bone (Yang Gu)
Nature: Hot. Indications: Treats deficiency-Lao, coldness in the middle, emaciation.

Sheep Feces (Yang Shi)
Burned: Treats pediatric diarrhea and dysentery, borborygmus, and convulsions.
Tao Hongjing says: Sheep horn is not much used in prescriptions; the rest are decocted. There are three or four types of sheep: the greenest is best; next is the black sheep; the castrated sheep and hornless sheep from barbarian regions are only suitable for eating. As medicine, they are inferior to those from the capital region. Their milk and marrow are plump and good. Sheep liver should not be eaten with pork, plums, or adzuki beans, as it damages the human heart, especially dangerous for severe patients. *Ben Cao Tang Jing* notes: Yang Shi (Sheep Feces), boiled in water and灌 (irrigated/administered), treats various abdominal diseases in adults and children, Gan dampness, and difficulty in urination/defecation. Burned and smoked into the nose treats Zhong E (sudden evil invasion), stabbing pain in heart and abdomen, smoldering sores, various sores, poisoning, and hemorrhoids. It is particularly good for bone-steaming fever. Sheep liver is cold. Treats Liver wind deficiency-heat, red eyes, darkness, and blindness; eating seven raw lamb livers is miraculous. Sheep head treats wind-dizziness, emaciation, and pediatric convulsions. The bone has the same therapeutic effect. Sheep blood treats women's wind-stroke, blood-deficiency oppression, and postpartum syncope; drinking one sheng raw revives them. Now referring to Chen Cangqi's *Ben Cao*: Sheep milk tonifies deficiency; holding it in a child's mouth treats mouth ulcers; it is unsuitable for medicine due to its gamey smell. Sheep five zang organs tonify the human five zang organs. Liver treats brightening of eyes; slice thinly, dry, powder, mix with Cassiae Semen (Juemingzi) and Polygoni Multiflori Caulis (Liaozi), stir-fry until fragrant, pound and sieve into pills. Take daily to remove blindness/darkness. Skin made into jerky removes wind. Feces burned to ash washed with water for hair makes it grow black; mixed with goose fat applied to head promotes hair growth. Minister Yuxi et al. according to Meng Shen: Sheep wool, boiled in vinegar and wrapped around feet, treats muscle cramps. Horn ash treats Gui Qi (ghost qi) and lower bleeding. Ri Huazi says: Bull sheep feces burned to ash treats ear issues and stings.

*Tu Jing* says: Sheep horn comes from rivers and valleys of Hexi; now found in Hedong, Shaanxi, and prefectures near the capital. This is the green male sheep. Other sheep are unsuitable. Collect anytime. Do not let it get damp; dampness makes it toxic. Sheep teeth, bones, and five zang organs are warm/neutral and treat diseases; only meat is greatly hot. After recovering from an epidemic disease, do not eat it within 100 days, or it will relapse and cause bone-steaming fever. Sheep feces are often used in formulas. Recently, people put sheep feces inside carp bellies, seal in pottery jars, burn to ash, and apply to eyebrows/beard to promote growth and darken color; very effective. Milk treats spider bites where silk grows all over the body; drinking raw cures it. Liu Yuxi's *Chuan Xin Fang* records its efficacy: In the 11th year of Zhenyuan, I visited Official Xi's residence. Official Cui mentioned this. Cui said: He witnessed someone bitten by a spider, belly swollen like pregnancy, silk growing all over, abandoned by family, begging on the road. A monk taught him to drink sheep milk, and soon he recovered.
Stomach treats deficiency and emaciation. Zhang Wenzhong has a prescription for long-term illness with emaciation, lack of muscle growth, fluid accumulation under ribs, inability to eat, and vexatious heat in limbs: Sheep Stomach Decoction: One sheep stomach, one sheng of Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma (Zhu), cut together, boil in two dou of water to obtain nine sheng. Take one sheng per dose, three times a day. Finish in three days, make two more batches to cure. Meat is mostly used in decoctions. Hu Qiang Mutton Soup treats cold-Lao insufficiency, postpartum conditions, and sharp pain in body/abdomen: Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui) 4 liang, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens (Shengjiang) 5 liang, Mutton 1 jin. Boil three ingredients in 12 sheng of water, reduce meat to 7 sheng, remove meat, add other herbs, boil to 3 sheng. Take 7 ge per dose, three times a day, once at night. There is also Big Mutton Soup treating severe postpartum deficiency, heart/abdominal colic, reversal coldness, and scanty breath; commonly used by modern physicians. There is also Green Sheep Fat Pill treating Zhu disease transmission; these are large formulas. Sheep varieties are many; castrated sheep also have brown/black-white colors. Wool is over chi long, also called Ka Sheep; northern people use this sheep as the leader of large flocks. Meng Shen also says: Hexi sheep best, Hedong sheep good; even driven south, sinews/strength damage, cannot benefit humans. However, southern China has several sheep types; only Huainan prefectures have good ones, second only to large sheep. Jiang/Zhe sheep taste bland and induce disease. Min/Guang mountains produce wild sheep, locals call Lingyang (Antelope); skin is thick/hard, does not treat cold-Lao, mountain malaria/dysentery, or women's leukorrhea. However, this sheep eats much Elsholtzia splendens (Shi Xiangru), so intestines/stomach are hot;不宜 (not suitable) for excessive eating. According to *Ben Jing*, Mutton is Sweet. But *Su Wen* says Mutton is Bitter. Two theories differ.
Probably *Ben Jing* refers to taste, while *Su Wen* refers to nature. Sheep nature is hot; heat belongs to Fire, hence paired with Bitter. Wheat, apricot, and Allium tuberosum (Xie) are also hot, paired with Bitter.
The following entry mentions White Horse Penis, Eye, Hoof, White Horse Suspended Hoof, Red Horse Hoof, Tooth, Head Paste, Wool, Heart, Lung, Jerky, Skull, Feces, Urine, and Male Dog Penis, Gallbladder, Heart, Brain, Tooth, Four Hooves, White Dog Blood, Meat, Fecal Bone. *Ben Jing* lists indications for all. Only White Horse Penis, Eye, Suspended Hoof from Yunzhong Pingze are specified; others have no origin recorded. Modern prescriptions often use Ma Tong (Horse Feces) and Dog Gallbladder; others are rarely used, so attached here.
*Dietary Therapy*: Horn treats fright-evil, brightens eyes, wards off ghosts, calms mind, benefits Qi. Burned horn ash treats Ghost Qi and leaking bad blood. Mutton: Pregnant women should not eat much. Head meat is neutral. Treats relaxing middle, sweating deficiency-Lao, calms mind, stops palpitations. Chronic cold patients should not eat much. Treats wind-heat dizziness, epidemic disease, pediatric epilepsy, supplements Stomach deficiency, and husband's Five Exhaustions/Bone Heat. Eat sheep head meat after febrile disease. Tripe treats Stomach deficiency, frequent urination, stops deficiency sweat. Liver is cold. Treats Liver wind deficiency-heat, red dark painful eyes. After febrile disease blindness, slice Green Sheep Liver or Lamb Liver thinly, soak in water, apply; very effective. Swallowing lamb liver is excellent. For blindness: Take 1 jin of Ka Sheep Liver, remove fat/membrane, slice thin, place in clean new clay pot without water, roast over charcoal until fat/juice gone. When very dry, take half sheng Juemingzi, one he Liaozi, stir-fry fragrant, powder, mix with liver, pound to powder. Take with white honey water, one cun-bi after meals, three times a day, increase to three bi, max two batches, eyes become very clear. Taking it for a year is wonderful; see text at night and various objects. Ka Sheep is Gul Sheep. For chronic eye pain/astringency, inability to see, or sensitivity to sunlight/lamp light: Take two white pearls from cooked sheep eye whites, grind on fine stone with jujube juice to size of small sesame seeds, place on eyes, lie supine. Twice day, twice night, max 3-4 times to cure. Sheep Heart tonifies Heart/Lung. From March to May, there are worms like horse tail hairs, 2-3 cun long; must remove, otherwise causes dysentery. Also, skin de-haired and boiled into soup tonifies deficiency-Lao. Cooked into jerky removes all wind, treats deficiency-wind in feet. Sheep Bone is hot. Treats deficiency-Lao; patients with chronic heat should not eat. Marrow taken with wine tonifies blood. Treats women's wind-blood deficiency oppression. Head marrow induces wind. If taken with wine, confuses mind, causing stroke. Sheep Feces darkens hair. Treats retained arrowheads. Feces mixed with goose fat applied to falling hair regrows in three nights. White sheep with black head should not be eaten; causes intestinal abscess. One-horned sheep should not be eaten. Do not eat sheep in June; harms spirit. According to: Southern sheep are not fed salt, eat wild grass/poisonous grass in mountains. Such sheep should not be eaten for 1-2 years, or illness arises due to poisonous grass in south. If southerners eat them, no worry. Northern sheep raised in south for 3 years are still not edible, let alone southern sheep. Land differences account for this. *Sheng Hui Fang*: Treats wind, vexatious heat, confusion, abdominal pain, or sudden fainting. Roast Ka Sheep Horn flakes slightly, pound/sieve to powder. Take one qian-bi with warm wine anytime. Another formula: Treats sudden sulfur-induced Qi oppression. Drink one he of sheep blood; effective. *Wai Tai Mi Yao* Cui Shi treats Shanghan, hand/foot pain wanting to detach. Boil sheep feces juice and irrigate; cures when stopped. Also treats epidemic disease, scrotal/glans heat/swelling. Can also boil Phellodendri Cortex (Huangbai) etc. to wash, removing Shanghan. Another formula: Treats pediatric Gan. Two sheep gallbladders, mix with sour water, irrigate lower part. Pig gallbladder also works. Another formula: Emergency treatment for post-epidemic vomiting/inability to eat. Take sheep liver as food, eat raw/plain, max three times, then stop. Another formula: Treats Qi Ying (Qi goiter). One sheep esophagus, remove fat, suck juice, discard residue, take one per day, suck for seven days, then cured. *Qian Jin Fang*: Treats bedwetting. Fill sheep stomach with water, tie both ends, boil thoroughly, take water immediately; cures. Another formula: Treats red eyes and nebula. Dry sheep eyes, powder, apply to both eyes. Another formula: Treats eye itching/grittiness. Boil Green Sheep Liver in copper vessel, cover with dough, drill two holes like human eyes, look up, smoke eyes, max two times. Another formula: Put white sheep feces in pediatric mouth. Another formula: Treats hair loss. Leach sheep feces ash with water, wash hair, once every three days, max ten times, hair grows on swelling. Another formula: Repel snakes. When snake arrives, burn sheep horn to emit smoke; snake leaves. Another formula: Treats wood splinter stuck in flesh/pain. Burn dry sheep feces to ash, mix with pig fat, apply; splinter exits unnoticed. Another formula: Treats sudden palpitations... [Text fragment] ...heat, cures in four days. Another formula: Treats dim vision, blindness after febrile disease. Apply sheep gallbladder morning/evening. Another... Arrow/gold/needle/copper coin etc., eat more fatty mutton. Fatty meats wrap themselves, must exit. *Wai Tai*... Or itch or blister swelling, if not started immediately, worsens daily killing person. Ka Sheep Horn burned to ash, ground fine, mixed with egg white applied; very wonderful. Another formula: Treats face spots like sparrow egg color. One sheep gallbladder, two sheng wine, boil three boils, wipe application, three times a day, cures. *Jing Yan Hou Fang*: Treats Five Exhaustions Seven Injuries, Yang Qi weakness, weak waist/legs. Sheep Kidney/Cistanche Soup Method: One pair sheep kidney, remove fat/membrane, cut fine. Rou Cong Rong (Cistanche) 1 liang, soak in wine overnight, scrape bark, cut fine. Mix into soup, scallion white, salt, five flavors as usual. Eat on empty stomach. Mei Shi Fang: Treats postpartum residual blood attacking heart, or continuous bleeding, heart oppression/blue face, cold body/near death. Drink one cup of fresh sheep blood; two-three doses, wonderful. Another formula: Dim vision, unable to see at dusk. Slice Green Sheep Liver, eat with light vinegar; boiling is also good. Sun Simiao's Dietary Taboos: Pearls in sheep hoof fascia/tendons cause madness if eaten. One-horned sheep harm people. *Shi Yi Xin Jing*: Treats wind-dizziness/emaciation, pediatric convulsions, husband's Five Exhaustions, weak limbs. One sheep head. Wash properly, steam cooked, slice, season with five flavors. Treats Kidney Lao/Essence depletion. Roasted Sheep Kidney pair, remove fat, cut fine, in soybean juice, season with five flavors/rice as usual. Weak limbs, abdominal pain, cold Qi imbalance. Also, Brain Stroke, spontaneous sweating. Cut 1 jin white mutton, mix as usual, pickle/cure and eat. Also, treat Wind-Fetal Emaciation, Five Exhaustions Seven Injuries, deficiency-palpitations. One white sheep head, cook as food method, boil till cooked, slice in soybean juice, season with five flavors and eat. Also, treat Spleen/Stomach cold Qi, food vomited immediately upon entering. Half jin mutton, remove fat/membrane, cut raw, with garlic paste, five spices, sauce, vinegar, eat on empty stomach. Also, treats Lower Jiao deficiency-cold, frequent urination. Make soup/congee. Also, treats Lower Jiao deficiency-cold, weak legs/knees. Very effective. Also, benefits Kidney Qi, wonderful. Also, treats Kidney organ deficiency-cold, inability to turn waist/spine. One sheep spine bone, tender ones smashed, boiled, mixed with garlic paste, eat on empty stomach. With little wine, wonderful. Also, treats eye heat/red pain, seeing through gauze, unclear vision, should tonify Liver Qi, benefit eyes. One Green Sheep Liver, slice thin, wash/drains dry, eat with five flavors/sauce/vinegar. Also, treats wind-dizziness/emaciation/pediatric convulsions, husband's Five Exhaustions Seven Injuries. One sheep head, treat as food method, boil cooked make sashimi, eat with five spices/sauce/cured meat. *Bing Bu Shou Ji*: Treats无故 (causeless) vomiting acid water continuously, or vomiting 3-5 mouthfuls. After eating: Ten sheep feces pellets, two he good wine, boil to one he, take immediately, cures. If not settled, take again, adjust by age/size; 6-7 years old take five pellets. *Zi Mu Mi Lu*: Treats postpartum cold/heat, extreme heart oppression/bloating hundred diseases. Burn sheep horn to powder, take one cun-bi with wine; if not cured, take again. Yao Hezhong treats pediatric earth-eating soil formula: Wait for market time, buy 1 jin mutton in market, tie with rope, drag on ground home, wash, stir-fry/roast according to seasoning, give to child to eat; if child doesn't eat, boil juice and feed. *Li Ji*: Sheep is cold. Hairy with fine wool, gamey, not edible. King Cheng of Zhou received four-horned sheep. *Dan Fang Jing Yuan*: Sheep fat softens silver/copper; Antelope horn shrinks He (Tin).
*Yan Yi* says: Lingyang Jiao (Antelope Horn) comes from Shaanxi/Hedong, called Ka Sheep, especially fierce/strong, longest/thickest wool, this sheep can enter medicine. If wanting to eat, better to have no-horn white large sheep. Ben Cao omits this, perhaps lost. Also between Tong/Hua, there is Wo Sha Xi Lei (lying sand fine ribs), sheep has horns like sheep but low/small for food, superior among sheep. Zhang Zhongjing treats Han Shan (Cold Hernia) using Sheng Jiang Yang Rou Tang (Ginger Mutton Soup); taking it never fails. Another woman gave birth in cold month, cold Qi entered birth gate, below navel full/distended, hand dare not touch, this is Han Shan. Physician wanted to treat with Di Dang Tang (assuming blood stasis). Taught him: Not correct treatment; can take Zhang Zhongjing Mutton Soup, reduce water slightly, two doses then cured.