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Warm-dampness and wind-toxicity ascend from the feet, causing flaccidity and weakness of the four limbs, with soreness and bi-syndrome (painful obstruction), and in severe cases, attacking upwards; this condition is named Hongxiangjiao (Foot Qi disease). When body fluids are obstructed by wind-dampness, they become stagnant and astringent, accumulating into water. Internally, it infiltrates the zang-fu organs; externally, it overflows into the skin, causing the couli (skin pores and texture) to become swollen and dense. The accumulation of water qi does not dissipate...

Lin syndrome (a syndrome characterized by frequent, urgent, and painful urination) results from Kidney deficiency combined with Bladder heat. The Bladder and Kidney are exterior-interiorly related and both govern water metabolism. Fluids flowing through the Bao (uterus/lower jiao area) form urine. When the zang-fu organs are disharmonious and attacked by pathogenic factors, Kidney deficiency leads to frequent urination, while Bladder heat leads to difficult and astringent urination. Its manifestations include: pain, astringency, frequency, and incomplete dribbling of urine during urination; hence it is called Lin syndrome.

When stones are passed during Lin syndrome, it is called Shi Lin (Stone Lin). The Kidney governs water; when water condenses, it transforms into stones, so the Kidney harbors sand and stones. If the Kidney is attacked by heat, Lin syndrome forms; if the Kidney is deficient, it cannot control stone formation, thus stones are passed during Lin syndrome. Stones may be fine like hemp seeds or beans, or large and knotted like soap pod kernels. Upon onset, it causes blockage, severe pain, and syncope due to obstruction...

Bao Zhuan (Displacement of the Uterus/Bladder) is caused by heat forcing upon the Bao, or by holding urine, both of which cause water qi to press back against the Bao, leading to torsion and inability to expand. External water should enter but cannot, and internal urine should exit but cannot, resulting in internal and external stagnation and distension; hence it is called Bao Zhuan. Its manifestations include: acute pain in the lower abdomen and inability to urinate, which in severe cases can lead to death. Zhang Zhongjing stated: "Women who were originally obese and felt fullness throughout the body when lifting their heads, but now are emaciated and feel emptiness when lifting their heads, suffer from torsion of the Bao ligaments, which also causes Bao Zhuan."

The Kidney and Bladder are exterior-interiorly related and both govern water. Water flows through the Small Intestine and enters the Bao to form urine. If heat combats the viscera, heat qi accumulates, making water flow astringent, thus causing dysuria.

Water flows through the Small Intestine and enters the Bao to form urine. The Kidney and Bladder both govern water. These two meridians correspond to the zang-fu organs; if excessive internal heat arises, heat qi enters the Small Intestine and the Bao. Heat within the Bao causes urinary retention, leading to lower abdominal distension and panting.

Disharmony among the San Jiao (Triple Burner) and Five Zang organs causes cold and heat qi to knot in the intestines and stomach. Body fluids become exhausted and dry, causing the Large Intestine to become congested and astringent, thus leading to constipation. Zhang Zhongjing stated: "Women with excessive menstrual bleeding who lose body fluids will also experience difficulty in defecation."