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The *Suwen* (Basic Questions), chapter "Xuanming Wuqi" (Manifestation of the Five Qi), states: When essence and qi converge in the Heart, it manifests as joy. The chapter "Yinyang Yingxiang Dalun" (Great Treatise on Yin-Yang Correspondences) states: In the Zang organs, it corresponds to the Heart; in the five vocalizations, it corresponds to laughter; in the five emotions, it corresponds to joy. The chapter "Tiaojing Lun" (Discourse on Regulating the Channels) states: The Heart stores the Shen (Spirit); when Shen is in excess, there is incessant laughter. However, pleasure should not be taken to the extreme; if taken to the extreme, disaster will follow. The *Lingshu* (Spiritual Pivot), chapter "Benshen" (Root of the Spirit), states: Excessive joy and pleasure cause the Shen to scatter and fail to remain stored. It further states: If the Lung experiences unbounded joy and pleasure, the Po (Corporeal Soul) will be injured. The *Suwen*, chapter "Tianyuan Zhengji Dalun" (Great Treatise on the Heavenly Origins and Regular Ordinances), states: Where Shaoyin (Lesser Yin) arrives, it manifests as speech and laughter. The chapter "Wuchang Zheng Dalun" (Great Treatise on the Normal Policies of the Five Constants) states: When Fire is in excess, it is called "Hexi" (blazing heat). In the era of Hexi, diseases include laughter and madness. Liu Hejian stated: Laughter is like the sound made when burning is too intense; it is the image of laughter. Generally, joy causes Qi to disperse, causing a great movement of Heart Yang, with all vessels boiling. This is what is meant by "sudden joy injures Yang"; its symptoms include incessant laughter, withered skin and hair, internal disease, and failure of Yang Qi to retain itself. Severe cases may lead to mania. Furthermore, excessive Heart Fire first attacks Lung Metal from above, and conversely overacts on Kidney Water from below, injuring Metal and Water, so the disease inevitably affects the eyes. The classics state: The Heart harmonizes with all vessels. The chapter "Wuzang Shengcheng Lun" (Discourse on the Generation of the Five Zang Organs) states: All vessels belong to the eyes. All the essence and fluids of the five Zang and six Fu organs ascend and pour into the eyes. When Yang is hyperactive and Yin is deficient, inflammatory steaming occurs in the empty orifices, leading to conditions such as pterygium (fleshy growth climbing onto the cornea). Pterygium originating from the inner canthus belongs to excess fire of the Heart. That originating from the outer canthus belongs to deficient fire of the Pericardium. In severe cases, double pterygium develops, eroding the Shen Shui (aqueous humor). This is caused by Heart Fire overacting on the Kidney. Treatment should focus on clearing and tonifying. Clearing prevents Heart Fire from ascending and allows Heart Yang to calm; tonifying stabilizes Heart Qi and prevents consumption of Heart Blood. One may also promote urination through the Small Intestine to drain fire via the water pathways, as the Heart and Small Intestine are exterior-interior pairs. Alternatively, one may cool and resolve the Pericardium, as it serves as the outer shield of the Heart. Since variations are numerous, treatment must be flexible and not rigid.

The *Suwen*, chapter "Wuyun Xing Dalun" (Great Treatise on the Movement of the Five Phases), states: The East generates Wood; Wood generates sour taste; sour taste nourishes the Liver; in the emotions, the Liver corresponds to anger. The chapter "Tiaojing Lun" states: The Liver stores Blood; when Blood is in excess, anger arises. The chapter "Xuanming Wuqi" states: The Gallbladder governs anger, because the Liver and Gallbladder are exterior-interior pairs; although Liver Qi may be strong, it depends on the Gallbladder. The chapter "Tiaojing Lun" states: When blood stagnates upward and Qi stagnates downward, there is mental restlessness and propensity to anger, because Yang is overcome by Yin, and the disease affects the Heart. The *Lingshu*, chapter "Benshen", states: If the Kidney is盛 (excessively full) and anger is unceasing, the Zhi (Willpower) will be injured. The chapter "MiCi Lun" (Discourse on Mysterious Acupuncture) states: Pathogenic factors lodging in the collaterals of the Foot-Shaoyin (Kidney) meridian cause people to become enraged without reason, because anger originates from the Yin and invades the Kidney. Thus, the Liver, Gallbladder, Heart, and Kidney can all cause disorders of anger. It is said that those with abundant Yin tend to be angry; this is also described as "when Yin emerges into Yang, anger arises." The chapter "Wuchang Zheng Dalun" states: When Wood is in excess, it is called "Fasheng" (promoting growth); its disease is anger. The chapter "Qijiao Bian Da Lun" (Great Treatise on Changes at the Intersection of Qi) states: When the annual Wood Qi is excessive, wind patterns prevail, and severe cases involve propensity to anger. It further states: When the annual Earth Qi is insufficient, wind acts excessively, and the people suffer from propensity to anger. Symptoms include suncie (diarrhea with undigested food), bojue (syncope due to rebellious Qi), hematemesis, chest and hypochondriac pain, rebellious Qi failing to descend, panting and thirst, vexation, xiaodan (wasting-thirst disorders), feiqi (mass accumulation), and external development of carbuncles and sores. Moreover, the eyes are the orifice of the Liver and are particularly susceptible to injury. Initially, vision may be dim as if walking in fog or dew; gradually, black spots appear in the visual field. Over time, Shen Guang (spiritual light/vision) fails to be retained, bile does not respond appropriately, leading to internal urgency and external dryness, resulting in diplopia (double vision). All these conditions are misfortunes brought about by anger. Anger invariably arises from internal movement of Qi, but since the movement originates internally, pathogenic factors often take advantage. Treatment should address the specific cause of the movement. For movement due to heat, treat the heat; for movement due to wind, treat the wind; for movement forced upward by jue-ni (rebellious cold/qi reversal), treat the pathogen causing the reversal. For movement due to Yin deficiency, tonify Yin and suppress Yang, restraining and collecting the Qi. For movement due to Yang deficiency with floating Qi, tonify Yang and gather the floating Qi. For movement due to the five emotions (anger, joy, worry, thought, fear), stabilize the Qi of the respective Zang organs to achieve balance. For manifestation due to stagnation, treat the stagnant pathogen by opening and dispersing it. For insufficiency of essence and blood, tonify them; if ineffective, seek the root source to diminish the pathology. For movement due to overacting/underacting relationships among the Five Phases, apply tonification or sedation based on the excess or deficiency of the Qi. For movement due to deficiency of Middle Jiao Qi, tonify Earth (Spleen/Stomach) to stabilize it. For movement due to the inability of clear Qi of the Upper Jiao to govern, tonify the grain Qi of the Middle Jiao and push it upward. For movement due to insufficiency of essence and Qi ascending from the Zang and Fu organs, observe which is deficient and tonify it. The primary approach is always to soothe the Liver and resolve stagnation, while simultaneously nourishing essence and fluids, so that sufficient essence leads to abundant Qi. Abundant Qi ensures completeness of Shen, naturally resulting in clear vision. However, Wood overacts on Earth, and the Stomach bears the brunt; Liver disease affects the Stomach. One must absolutely avoid fatigue to prevent damaging the Spleen. Physicians who fail to investigate may assume eye diseases are solely caused by heat and indiscriminately administer cooling medicines, thereby injuring the Stomach. With both Liver and Stomach injured, the True Yuan (Original Qi) becomes difficult to restore, ultimately leading to lamentations of blindness.