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[Ping An]: This section, from "Liver pulse is wiry" to "This is called the five zang pulses," appears in *Suwen* (Basic Questions), Vol. 7, Chapter 23, "Xuanming Wuqi Pian" (Discourse on the Manifestation of the Five Qi), and also in *Jiaying Jing* (The Classic of A-Bio), Vol. 4, Part 1, "Jingmai" (Meridians), Upper Compilation. From "Ping xin mai lai" (A normal heart pulse arrives) to "Shen si" (Kidney death), it appears in *Suwen*, Vol. 5, Chapter 18, "Pingren Qixiang Lun" (Discourse on the Pulse Phenomena of Healthy Persons), and *Jiaying Jing* is the same. From "Qibo said: The heart pulse is firm, long, and pulsating" to "body cold with bi syndrome," it appears in *Suwen*, Vol. 5, Chapter 17, "Maiyao Jingwei Lun" (Discourse on the Essence and Subtleties of Pulses), and also in *Jiaying Jing*, Vol. 4, Part 1, Middle and Lower Compilations. From "Huangdi said: I ask about the slowness and speed of pulses" to "regulate with sweet medicines," it appears in *Lingshu* (Spiritual Pivot), Vol. 1, Chapter 4, "Xieqi Zangfu Bingxing" (Disease Forms of Pathogenic Factors in Zang-Fu Organs), and also in *Jiaying Jing*, Vol. 4, Part 2, "Bingxing Maizhen" (Diagnosis of Disease Forms and Pulses), Lower Compilation. From "Gan man Shen man" (Liver fullness, Kidney fullness) to the end, it appears in *Suwen*, Vol. 13, Chapter 48, "Daqi Lun" (Discourse on Extraordinary Pulses). From "Gan man Shen man" to "Pianku" (Hemiplegia), it also appears in *Jiaying Jing*, Vol. 11, Part 8. From "Xin mai man da" (Heart pulse full and large) to the end, it also appears in *Jiaying Jing*, Vol. 4, Part 1, "Jingmai" (Meridians), Lower Compilation.

The liver pulse is wiry (Xian, resembling a plucked string), the heart pulse is hook-like (Gou, curving like a fishhook), the spleen pulse is intermittent (Dai, pausing regularly), the lung pulse is feathery (Mao, light as feathers), and the kidney pulse is stone-like (Shi, heavy and deep); this is called the five zang pulses. (For the liver, heart, and spleen pulses, there are no other names in the upper and lower parts of *Suwen* and *Jiujuan*. The lung pulse is called Mao, also known as Fu (Floating); the kidney pulse is called Shi, also known as Ying (Managing/Deep); these are the similarities and differences among the five pulses. If classified according to various phenomena, there would be many names.) [Ping An]: In *Suwen*, the four characters "Wu mai ying xiang" (Five pulses correspond to images) appear before "Gan mai," and the character "Zhi" appears after "Wu zang." *Jiaying Jing* lacks the five characters "Shi wei wu zang mai."

A normal heart pulse arrives continuously, like linked pearls, or as if touching glazed jade beads; this is called a normal heart [pulse]. (The heart pulse is the summer pulse. In summer, all things flourish, so its pulse arrives continuously like linked pearls. When pressed by hand, it feels like touching glazed jade beads, considered a harmonious pulse. It is called Gou [hook] because it curves; the pearls link up and down, unlike the straight string, hence the name Gou.) Summer relies on Stomach Qi as its foundation; (The Stomach is the provision for the five zang organs, so the pulses of all seasons rely on Stomach Qi as their foundation.) A diseased heart pulse arrives hurriedly and continuously, slightly curved within; this is called heart disease. (When the diseased heart pulse arrives, the movement is like a person panting continuously, yet under the fingers, it feels slightly curved; this is the pulse of heart disease.) A dying heart pulse arrives, initially curved but finally rigid, like grasping a belt with a hook; this is called heart death. (When the heart pulse arrives, pressing under the fingers reveals initial curvature followed by rigidity, like grasping a belt with a hook, initially curved then straight; this is the pulse of heart death. Ju means straight.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the four characters "Si xin mai lai"; "Qian qu" is written as "Qian gou"; "Yue xin si" is written as "Yue si," same below.

A normal lung pulse arrives lightly and softly, like falling elm seeds; this is called a normal lung [pulse]. Autumn relies on Stomach Qi as its foundation; ("Yan," pronounced Yi-fang-ye fan. "Nie," pronounced Ni fan. "Yan yan nie nie" feels like a hand pressing on fallen elm seeds, which is the feeling under the fingers; this is the normal lung pulse.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* writes "Fei mai lai" instead of "Ping fei mai lai"; "Luo yu jia" is written as "Xun yu ye"; "Yue fei ping" is written as "Yue ping"; lacking the six characters "Qiu yi wei qi wei ben." A diseased lung pulse arrives neither rising nor falling, like tracing chicken feathers; this is called lung disease. (Pressing the feathery pulse feels like rubbing chicken wing feathers in the mind; this is considered the diseased lung pulse.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the four characters "Bing fei mai lai." "Bu xia bu shang" in *Suwen* is written as "Bu shang bu xia," same in *Jiaying Jing.* A dying lung pulse floats like an object, or like wind blowing hair; this is called lung death. (The pulse's movement is like mustard seeds floating on water, or light hairs following the wind; obtaining such a pulse indicates death. The five colors have form and are easy to see with eyes; the five sounds are formless and hard to know with ears; the movements of the five pulses cannot be distinguished by eyes or ears; this is most subtle. One can only use finger sensations as metaphors; understanding lies in spirit, not in logical deduction.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the four characters "Si fei mai lai." *Suwen* lacks the character "Zhi" after "Chui," same in *Jiaying Jing.* In the note "yi pi yu zhi, yi de zai yu shen," the original manuscript has "Yi zhi," Ping An suspects it is a reversal of "Zhi yi," and tentatively corrects it to "Zhi yi," where "Zhi" belongs to the preceding sentence.

A normal liver pulse is soft, weak, and swaying, like holding up the tip of a long pole; this is called a normal liver [pulse]. Spring relies on Stomach Qi as its foundation; ("Jie," pronounced Qi-zhe fan, meaning high lifting. The liver's wiry pulse alone resembles the tuned strings of a qin or se, neither slow nor fast, like the tip of a pole held high, swaying with strength and flexibility; this is normal.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the character "Ping" before "Gan mai." *Suwen* writes "Ruan" instead of "Ru"; "Gan" has the two characters "Mo shao" (tip) after it, same in *Jiaying Jing*; lacking the six characters "Chun yi wei qi wei ben." A diseased liver pulse is full, solid, and slippery, like tracing a long pole; this is called liver disease. (Ying means full and solid. Liver Qi is solid and slippery, like tracing a long pole, lacking Stomach Qi, thus indicating liver disease.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the four characters "Bing gan mai lai." A dying liver pulse is urgent and increasingly stiff, like a newly strung bowstring; this is called liver death. (The true organ pulse of the liver arrives stiff and urgent, like a newly tightened qin or se string, without softness; this indicates no Stomach Qi, hence a sign of death.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the four characters "Si gan mai lai." *Suwen* has the character "Gong" (bow) before "Xian," same in *Jiaying Jing.*

A normal spleen pulse is harmonious and soft with intervals, like a treading chicken; this is called a normal spleen [pulse]. Late Summer relies on Stomach Qi as its foundation. (Pressing the spleen pulse reveals harmony and softness, which is Stomach Qi. The interval in between is Dai [intermittent], like the empty space between a chicken's footprints. The Dai quality in between is good and not usually seen.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Ping" before "Pi mai"; lacks "Pi" after "Yue"; lacks the seven characters "Chang xia yi wei qi wei ben." The character "Lai" is missing in the pulse line in Yuan's edition. A diseased spleen pulse is solid, full, and rapid, like a raising chicken foot; this is called spleen disease. (Solid, full, and rapid, like a chicken gathering its claws when lifting its foot, without emptiness in between, clustering and unpleasant to see, compared to having no Dai quality, thus it is spleen disease.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the four characters "Bing pi mai lai"; lacks "Pi" after "Yue." A dying spleen pulse is hard and pointed like a bird's beak, like a bird's spur, like flowing water, like a leaking roof; this is called spleen death. (Pressing the arriving spleen pulse, it is hard, sharp, clustered, and inseparable, touching the fingers upward like a bird's beak, flowing like water, dripping like a leaking roof on the fingers; this is the sign of dying spleen pulse.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the four characters "Si pi mai lai." "Jian dui" in *Suwen* is written as "Rui jian." For "Niao zhi hui" (bird's beak), *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* write "Wu" (crow) instead of "Niao" (bird); *Qianjin Fang* writes "Ji" (chicken). "Ru wu zhi lou" (like a leaking roof) in *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* appears before "Ru shui zhi liu" (like flowing water).

A normal kidney pulse arrives hurriedly and continuously like uniformity, firm upon pressure; this is called a normal kidney [pulse]. Winter relies on Stomach Qi as its foundation. (Xun means level/flat. Firm and flat under the hand is the shape of the Stone pulse, hence normal. Some versions read "Chuai chuai guo guo.") [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Ping" before "Shen mai." "Ru xun" in *Suwen* is written as "Ru gou," same in *Jiaying Jing.* *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Shen" after "Yue" and lacks the six characters "Dong yi wei qi wei ben." A diseased kidney pulse is like pulling a vine, becoming harder upon pressure; this is called kidney disease. (The diseased kidney pulse, when pressed, feels like pulling a vine, going down along the fingers. Yi jian means consistently hard. This refers to the normal kidney pulse being soft initially and hard later, thus it is kidney disease.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the three characters "Bing shen mai"; lacks "Shen" after "Yue." A dying kidney pulse emerges like a rope being pulled apart, crackling like striking stones; this is called kidney death. (The Kidney's Stone pulse arrives under the fingers like a rope, one end tied, the other end pulling away, like striking stones with a crackling sound; this is the sign of the dying kidney pulse.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks the four characters "Si shen mai lai"; lacks "Shen" after "Yue." The character "Fa" is missing in Yuan's edition.

Qibo said: If the heart pulse is firm, long, and pulsating, one should suffer from tongue retraction and inability to speak; (Chuai means pulsating. Chang means the Cun-kou pulse is one cun long. This indicates the heart pulse is vigorous, firm, and long. The heart meridian connects to the base of the tongue, so when vigorous and firm, it causes tongue retraction and inability to speak.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* lack the three characters "Qi bo yue." "Chuai" in *Suwen* is written as "Bo," same below. *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Dang." If it is pulsating and scattered, Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst) will heal itself. (Pulsating and firm causes tongue retraction; pulsating and scattered causes wasting-thirst. Because there is Stomach Qi, it heals itself, as the Hand-Shaoyin meridian passes through the Kidney, connects to the Lung, and links to the root of the tongue.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* reads "Dang" as "Bing." *Suwen* writes "Xiao Huan" instead of "Xiao Ke"; Xin Zheng Jiao says: *Jiaying Jing* writes "Ke" instead of "Huan."

If the lung pulse is firm, long, and pulsating, one should suffer from spitting blood; (The lung pulse is normally floating and short; now it is firm, long, and pulsating, indicating damage to blood collaterals, thus spitting blood.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Dang." If it is pulsating and scattered, one should suffer from profuse sweating (Guan Han), which does not stop even now. (Due to Lung Qi deficiency, the pulse is pulsating and scattered. Deficiency causes the pores to open sequentially, leading to sweat pouring out, which does not cease.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Dang." *Suwen* writes "Zhi jin" instead of "Zhi ling."

If the liver pulse is firm, long, and pulsating, and the complexion is not green, one should suffer from falls or blows, with blood remaining under the hypochondrium, causing frequent panting; (The liver pulse is wiry; now it is firm, long, and pulsating, and the color does not correspond; this indicates the person suffered a fall or blow, damaging blood under the hypochondrium, causing frequent panting.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Dang." *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* write "Chuan ni" instead of "Shan chuan." If it is pulsating and scattered, and the complexion is lustrous, one should suffer from Yi Yin (Overflowing Drink); Yi Yin patients drink excessively due to thirst, and the fluid easily enters outside the skin, muscles, and intestines/stomach. (Yi, pronounced Yi. If the pulse is pulsating and scattered, and the complexion is lustrous, it is due to excessive drinking from extreme thirst; water overflows outside the intestines/stomach and easily enters the skin and muscles, named Yi Yin disease.) [Ping An]: "Ruo ruo er san qi se ze" in *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* is written as "Qi ruo er san se ze zhe." *Jiaying Jing* writes "Ke ke" instead of "Bao ke," and "Yi" instead of "Yi."

If the stomach pulse is firm, long, and pulsating, and the complexion is red, one should suffer from fractured thigh (Zhe Bi); (The stomach pulse is normally weak; now it is firm, long, and pulsating, and another color comes to overcome it, indicating fractured thigh, as the Foot-Yangming meridian runs through the thigh.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Dang." If it is pulsating and scattered, one should suffer from Food Bi and knee cap pain. (Stomach deficiency fails to digest food and water, causing food accumulation in the stomach, leading to Bi and pain. Also, the meridian runs through the knee, causing knee cap pain. Bin is the bone at the end of the knee.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* lacks "Bin tong"; *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Dang"; "Bin tong" is written as "Tong bi."

If the spleen pulse is firm, long, and pulsating, and the complexion is yellow, one should suffer from shortness of breath; (The spleen pulse is normally weak; now it is firm, long, and pulsating. Although it shows its proper color, due to Yang deficiency, it causes shortness of breath.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Dang." The note "Yang xu" is written as "Yang sheng" in Yuan's edition. If it is pulsating and scattered, and the complexion is not lustrous, one should suffer from swelling of the lower legs, resembling water retention. (The Foot-Taiyin meridian runs along the lower leg; thus, spleen deficiency with non-lustrous complexion causes swelling like water.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Dang."

If the kidney pulse is firm, long, and pulsating, and the complexion is yellow and red, one should suffer from waist injury/pain; (The kidney pulse is deep and stone-like; now it is firm, long, and pulsating. Yellow represents thief evil, and red represents minor evil coming to overcome; thus, waist pain occurs, as the Foot-Shaoyin meridian nourishes the waist.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* has the character "Zhe" after "Chi"; *Jiaying Jing* has "Zhe"; lacks "Dang." If it is pulsating and scattered, one should suffer from insufficient blood, not recovering even now. (Yin excess and Taiyang Qi deficiency cause insufficient blood. Having had it for a long time, it does not recover even now.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Dang"; "Jin" is written as "Ling." Below, *Suwen* has 167 characters starting with "Di yue: Lun de xin mai..." Xin Zheng Jiao says: "This paragraph is in Quan Yuanqi's edition in the 'Tangye' chapter." Based on this, this book lacks this paragraph, consistent with Quan Yuanqi's edition.

Huangdi asked Qibo: Thus, diseases originating in the five zang organs and affecting the colors, how can one distinguish whether they are chronic or acute? (Diseases originating in the five zang organs affect the five colors; how to distinguish between chronic and acute/new onset?) [Ping An]: *Suwen* writes "Di yue" instead of "Huangdi wen yu Qi bo yue"; adds "You" after "Yue"; adds "Mai" after "Shang." *Jiaying Jing* lacks this paragraph.

Qibo replied: How thorough your question is! If the pulse is small and the color is not depleted, it is a new disease; (Pathogen just entered the five pulses, so the pulse is small; blood and Qi are not severely damaged, so the five colors in the region are not depleted; thus, it is known as a new disease.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* writes "Zheng" instead of "Gu," same below. *Jiaying Jing* lacks the eleven characters from "Qi bo" to "Gu qi." If the pulse is not depleted but the color is depleted, it is a chronic disease; (The pulse is the root, the color is the branch. The root suffers pathogen first, then the branch; thus, the pulse root is not depleted, but the color is severely depleted; thus, it is known as a chronic disease.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Gu" and both "Qi" characters. If both the pulse and the five colors are depleted, this is a chronic disease; (The internal five pulses and external five colors are both depleted; thus, the disease has become chronic.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Gu Qi"; lacks "Ci" before "Jiu." If both the pulse and the five colors are not depleted, it is a new disease. (When a person has a disease, if both the five pulses and five colors are not depleted, the disease has not yet affected blood and Qi; thus, it is known as a new disease.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Gu Qi."

If the liver and kidney pulses arrive together, and the complexion is blue-green and red, one should suffer from blunt trauma without visible bleeding, or if bleeding occurs, it is wet like being in water. (Wiry and Stone pulses arrive together, and blue-green and red colors appear; the person suffers internal injury from blows. The injury manifests in color, hence blue-green and red. If beaten and bleeding, the blood is wet as if in water; this is the sign.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* lack "Gu" before "Gan"; "Jian xue er shi" is written as "Yi jian xue shi."

The inner side of the Chi position, flanking both sides, corresponds to the hypochondrium (Ji Xie). (From Guan to Chi Ze is the Chi position. The Ji Xie area should be in the center flanks of Chi, not the outer flanks; Ji Xie disease should manifest here.) The outer part of Chi observes the Kidneys. (Outside the flanks of Chi, observing whether the two Kidneys are diseased should be seen in this area.) The inner part of Chi observes the abdomen. (From the middle of the inner Chi, generally observing the abdomen.) The Fu-up (skin above) observes the chest. ("Fu" should be "Fu" [skin], an ancient interchangeable character, hence written as "Fu." The skin above Chi Nei should observe chest diseases.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* reads: "Fu shang, Zuo wai yi hou Gan, Nei yi hou Ge; You wai yi hou Wei, Nei yi Hou Pi. Shang fu shang, You wai yi hou Fei, Nei yi hou Xiong zhong; Zuo wai yi hou Xin, Nei yi hou Dan zhong." *Jiaying Jing* is the same. Front observes front, back observes back. (At Chi Nei and Fu Qian, observe the front of chest and abdomen; Fu Hou observes the back.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* read "Qian yi hou qian, Hou yi hou hou." Fu Shang corresponds to Di Shang (above the diaphragm); (The skin at Chi Nei and Fu Shang observes above the diaphragm. Another reading says Jing Shang, suspected error.) Di Xia concerns matters of the abdomen. (Below Chi Nei and Fu Shang is the division of Di Xia, i.e., abdominal matters.) [Ping An]: "Fu shang, Di Shang ye, Di Xia zhe, Fu zhong shi ye" in *Suwen* reads: "Shang Jing Shang zhe, Xiong Hou zhong shi ye; Xia Jing Xia zhe, Shao Fu Yao Gu Xi Jing Zu Zhong shi ye." *Jiaying Jing* is the same, except "Zu" is missing after "Jing."

If the texture is coarse and raised, Yin is insufficient, Yang is excessive, causing Re Zhong (Heat in the Middle), located at Fu Zhi Xia. (Coarse and raised skin texture at Chi indicates Yin decline and Yang excess; heat steams the skin, causing roughness, thus Re Zhong.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* writes "Cu Da" instead of "Cu Fa"; lacks "Da" after "Yang"; lacks "Fu Zhi Xia" after "Re Zhong," same in *Jiaying Jing.*

Arriving fast and departing slow indicates Excess above and Deficiency below, causing Jue Dian Ji (Jue-Epilepsy); (Fast arrival indicates Yang excess, thus Excess above. Slow departure indicates Yin deficiency, thus Deficiency below. Excess above and Deficiency below cause epilepsy.) Arriving slow and departing fast indicates Deficiency above and Excess below, causing E Feng (Fear of Wind). (Deficiency above allows wind invasion, thus fear of wind.) If both are Deep, Fine, and Rapid, it is Shao Yin Jue; (Deep and Fine are Yin; thus Deep, Fine, and Rapid indicate Shao Yin Jue Ni.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* have nine characters "Gu Zhong E Feng Zhe Yang Qi Shou Ye" before "You"; add "Mai" before "Ju." Deep, Fine, Rapid, and Scattered indicate Cold and Heat. (Deep and Fine are Yin; Scattered is Yang; thus Cold and Heat disease.) Floating and Scattered indicates Xuan Pu (Vertigo and Collapse). (Xuan, pronounced Xuan-bian fan, eye shaking.) All Floating and Restless pulses belong to Yang, thus Heat; if the right is restless, the disease originates in the left hand. (Restlessness is Yang, thus Heat in Yang. All Yang collateral meridians cross: left connects to right, right connects to left; thus, right restlessness implies the disease originates in the left hand.) [Ping An]: "Er zao" in *Suwen* is "Bu zao"; in *Jiaying Jing* is "Er bu zao." "You zao" in *Suwen* and *Jiaying Jing* is "You zao"; "Zuo" is missing on the hand. All Fine and Deep pulses belong to Yin, thus Bone Pain. (Fine and Deep are both Yin pulses, governing bone pain.) Those that are still are in the feet. (If the pulse is Deep, Fine, and still, the bone pain is in the feet.)

Rapid with intermittent pauses indicates disease in Yang pulses, loose stools, and pus/blood in stool. (Three beats gone is called Rapid; Rapid with one pause per breath indicates Yang pulse deficiency. Thus, rapid with one pause means Yin Excess and Yang Deficiency, causing loose stools and pus/blood in stool.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* lacks "Tang" after "Mai," has "Ye"; *Jiaying Jing* has "Ye," lacks "Tang xie ji bian nong xue" six characters. Note "San dong" is "San Yang" in Yuan's edition.

Palpate all excesses; if Slippery, Yang Qi is excessive; (Yang excess is called excess; Yang excess pulses should be Floating and Slippery; if more Slippery, it is because Yang Qi is too abundant, thus extremely turning Slippery.) [Ping An]: *Jiaying Jing* lacks "Zhu guo zhe qie zhi" five characters; adds "Qi" before "Se." If Slippery, Yin Qi is excessive; (Yin pulses are Deep and Rough; now reversed to Slippery, because Yin excess turns Slippery.) Yang excess causes body heat and no sweat. (Yang abundance reverses to Yin, closing exterior pores, thus no sweat and body heat.) Yin excess causes profuse sweat and body cold. (Yin abundance reverses to Yang, opening exterior pores, thus profuse sweat and body cold.) [Ping An]: *Suwen* has nine characters "Yin yang you yu ze wu han er han" after "Shen han." Push outward, if inward and not outward, there is Heart/Abdominal Accumulation; push inward, if outward and not inward, there is Heat. (Five Zang are Interior, Yin. Six Fu are Exterior, Yang. Acupuncturists wishing to drain Yin and tonify Yang push outward; if interior is hard to drain, it is inward and not outward, thus knowing Heart/Abdominal accumulation. Wishing to drain Yang and tonify Yin pushes inward; if exterior is hard to drain, it is outward and not inward, thus knowing exterior Heat.) [Ping An]: You Re...