痼冷积热，本是病因，不必有一病，然亦不必无一病。是以《巢源》有冷热病诸候，而《千金》创立此一门，
遂为后学所取则。唯丹溪于《局方》颇有辨诘，其说陂而难通，今所不从。若火病则创见运气篇，而金元诸家务
表章之，然是古经所不言，要不过亢阳煽摇之谓，故略拈其说而已。
脉候 沉细滑疾者热，迟紧为寒（又云洪数滑疾为热，涩迟沉细为寒）。脉盛滑紧者，病在外热；脉
小实而紧者，病在内冷。脉浮滑，其人外热，风走刺，有饮，难治。脉沉而紧，上焦有热，下寒得冷即便下∶
脉沉而细，下焦有寒，小便数，时苦绞痛，下利重。脉浮紧且滑直者，外热内冷，不得大小便。脉洪大紧急，病
速进在外，苦头发热痈肿；脉细小紧急，病速进在中，寒为疝瘕积聚，腹中刺痛。（《脉经》）（《巢源》有说，见后。）
脉大，寒热在中。迟而缓者，有寒。微而紧者，有寒。沉而迟，腹脏有冷病。微弱者，有寒，少气。实紧，
胃中有寒，苦不能食，时时利者，难治（一作时时呕，稽留难治）。滑数，心下结，热盛。滑疾，胃中有热。
（同上）
诊其脉候数在上，则阳中之阳也；数在下，则阴中之阳也。迟在上，则阳中之阴也；迟在下，则阴中之阴也。
数在中，则中热；迟在中，则中寒。（《中藏》）
源候总说 夫以脏腑禀赋不同，亦有将理失宜，遂致偏冷偏热，故方论中有痼冷积热之说。痼冷者，中
寒也，多因真气既微，胃气不实，复啖生冷冰雪之属，致肠胃虚寒，阴既停凝，阳不能正，大便洞泄，小便频并，
鼻多清涕，呕吐涎沫，水谷不化，洒洒淅淅，皆阳虚阴盛之所为也。积热者，脏腑燥也，多因精血既衰，三焦烦
壅，复饵丹石酒炙之属，致肠胃蕴毒，阳既炽盛，阴不能制，大便秘涩，小便赤淋，口苦咽干，涎稠眵泪，饮食
无度，辉辉 ，皆阴虚阳盛之所为也。治各有方。（《三因》）
一阴一阳之谓道，偏阴偏阳之谓疾。夫一人身，不外乎阴阳气血，相与流通焉耳。如阴阳得其平，则疾不生，
阴阳偏胜，则为痼冷积热之患也。所谓痼冷者，阴毒沉痼而不解也。积热者，阳毒蕴积而不散也。故阴偏胜则偏
而为痼冷，阳偏胜则偏而为积热。古贤云∶偏胜则有偏害，偏害则致偏绝，不可不察也。（《济生》）
积热者，热毒蕴积于其内也。夫人固有体气素实，一时感触热毒之气，故郁积脏腑之间，或在心肺之内，令
人口苦咽干，涎唾稠粘，眼涩多泪，口舌生疮，大小便秘结。又有阴
盛血衰，三焦已燥，服饵酒炙之物，并丹石之药，愈助其热，结滞于内，亦能令人变生诸证。治之须详其脉证，
若在心膈者清之，结于脏腑者荡涤之，更量人气体虚实轻重用药。（《大成》）
夫痼冷者，痼为年久长固者也，冷为寒极至甚者也。沉寒痼冷之证，乃真阳耗散，脾胃虚弱，失于调理，以
致胃寒，食啖冷物粘腻难化生硬之类，经年累月，久积而成痼冷，脾肾渐被其伤，因而渍积脏腑，以成痼疾矣。
但有寒冷等辈触犯，速然而作，以致手足厥逆，畏冷憎寒，饮食不化，或呕吐涎沫，或大便洞泄，米谷不消，或
小便频数，或肚腹绞痛，或逢寒咳嗽，或癫疝大作，是其证也。（《奇效》）
病由邪气 夫患热者，皆由血气有虚实，邪在脾胃，阳气有余，阴气不足，则风邪不得宣散，因而生热，
热搏于腑脏，故为病热也。诊其脉，关上浮而数，胃中有热。滑而疾者，亦为有热。弱者无胃气，是为虚热。
跗阳脉数者，胃中有热，热则消谷引食。跗阳脉粗而浮者，其病难治。若病者苦发热身体疼痛，此为表有病，其脉
自当浮；今脉反沉而迟，故知难瘥，其人不即得愈，必当死，以其病与脉相反故也。（《病源论》）
夫虚邪在于内，与卫气相搏，阴胜者则为寒。真气去，去则虚，虚则内生寒。视其五官色白，为有寒。诊其
脉，迟则为寒，紧则为寒，涩迟为寒，微者为寒，迟而缓为寒，微而紧为寒，寸口虚为寒。（同上）
客热三焦之别（火亢之由）客热者，由人腑脏不调，生于虚热。客于上焦，则胸膈生痰实，口苦舌干。
客于中焦，则烦心闷满，不能下食。客于下焦，则大便难，小便赤涩。（《病源论》）
大凡人之生长乎两间，莫不恃气血以维持其性命，所以气不能离血，血不能离气。使气能平缓清肃，一如
常度，自然营卫调顺，血脉流通，津精充溢，所谓气血相从，阴阳相和，何火之有。倘使七情抑郁，五志感触，
六淫外侵，以致营卫不调，气血变乱，阴阳舛错，即我之真元，变而为烁石消金之烈焰，津精血液从此而枯，
枯则虚火愈甚，轻为舌破口糜，齿疼目痛，二便秘结，淋浊不清，吞酸呕吐，头风斑疹等恙；重当呕血便血，
痰壅气逆，痨热喘嗽，癃痹失音诸病；甚至热极生风，风痰内结，必成痰厥暴中，瘫痪卒死，种种急证者矣。
谁谓火之患小，而可不预为之地哉。（《百问》）
上热下冷（治验）冷热不调候。夫人荣卫不调，致令阴阳痞塞，阳并于上则上热，阴并于下则下冷。上
焦有热，或喉口生疮，胸膈烦满；下焦有冷，则腹胀肠鸣，绞痛泄痢。（《病源论》）
中书右丞姚公茂，六旬有七，宿有时毒。至元戊辰春，因酒再发，头面赤肿而痛，耳前后肿尤甚，胸中烦
闷，咽嗌不利，身半以下皆寒，足胫尤甚。由是以床相接连炕，身半以上卧于床，身半以下卧于炕，饮食减少，
精神困倦而体弱，命予治之。诊得脉浮缓，按之弦细，上热下寒明矣。《内经》云热胜则肿，又曰春气者病在头，
难经云蓄则肿热，砭射之也，盖取其易散故也。遂于肿上约五十余刺，其血紫黑，如露珠之状，顷时肿痛消散。
又于气海中，大艾炷灸百壮，乃助下焦阳虚，退其阴寒。次于三里二穴，各灸三七壮，治足 冷，亦引导热气
下行故也。遂处一方，名曰既济解毒汤，以热者寒之。投剂之后，肿消痛减，大便利，再服减大黄，慎言语，
节饮食，不旬日良愈。（《宝鉴》）
（按∶既济解毒汤用大黄、芩、连、甘、桔、柴、升、翘、归。又有虚中有热治验，旨趣相近，均不录出。）
又有一证，喉闭面肿，至于腹中，泄泻作痛。脉浮而数，按之沉细，上热下寒，此证明矣。腹痛宜温，喉闭
为忌；喉闭宜寒，腹痛反是。医之到此，莫知为计，当以热药，待冷服之。又或寒药，热含吐之，寒热因用，
古法如斯。（《医读》）（宜参《伤寒》厥阴病及妇人）
阴中伏阳 又有一证，烦满呕恶，指末皆寒，头痛时作。六脉不见，深按紧弱，阴中伏阳，难用常药。
或以热攻，为阴隔绝，不能至阳，反生客热。或以寒治，亦为疏略，所伏真火，愈见消铄。宜用破阴，导达真火，
火升水降，得汗乃可。（《医读》）
死生诀 病热人，四肢厥脉弱，不欲见人，食不入，利下不止者死，食入四肢温，脉大语狂，无睡者
生。病寒人，狂言不寐，身冷脉数，喘息目直者死；脉有力而不喘者生。（《中藏》）
治当求其属 人之所借以生者，气也。气者何？阴阳是也。夫阴与阳可以和而平，可以乖而否，善摄
与否，吉凶于是乎歧之。夫惟摄之不能以皆善也，故偏寒偏热之病，始莫逃于乖否之余矣。虽然，寒也热也，苟
未至于甚，粗工为之而不难；设热积而寒沉，良工犹弗能以为计，况其下乎。奈之何俗尚 蒙，恪持方药，愈
投愈盛，迷不之反。岂知端本澄源，中含至理，执其枢要，众妙俱呈。且以积热言之，始而凉和，次而寒取，寒
取不愈，则因热而从之，从之不愈，则技穷矣，由是苦寒频岁而弗停。又以沉寒言之，始而温和，次而热取，热
取不愈，则因寒而从之，从之不愈，则技穷矣，由是辛热比年而弗止。嗟夫！苦寒益深而积热弥炽，
辛热太过而苦寒愈滋，苟非大圣慈仁，明垂枢要，生也孰从而全之。经曰∶寒之而热者取之阴，热之而寒者
取之阳，所谓求其属也。属也者，其枢要之所存乎。斯旨也，王太仆知之。故曰益火之原，以消阴翳；壮水之主，
以制阳光。又曰取心者，不必齐以热；取肾者，不必齐以寒。但益心之阳，寒亦通行；强肾之阴，热之犹可。
吁！混乎千言万语之间，殆犹和璧之在璞也，其宝久湮，岂过焉者石之而弗凿乎，余僭得而推衍之。夫偏寒偏
热之病，其免者固千百之一二，而积热沉寒，亦恐未至于数见也。然而数见者，得非粗工不知求属之道，不能防
微杜渐，遂致滋蔓难图以成之欤。夫寒之而热者，徒知以寒治热，而不知热之不衰者，由乎真水之不足也。热
之而寒者，徒知以热治寒，而不知寒之不衰者，由乎真火之不足也。不知真水火不足， 以寒热药治之，非惟
脏腑习熟，药反见化于其病，而有者弗去，无者弗至矣。故取之阴，所以益肾水之不足，而使其制夫心火之有
余。取之阳，所以益心火之不足，而使其胜夫肾水之有余也。其，指水火也。属，犹主也，谓心肾也。求其属者，
言水火不足而求之于心肾也。火之原者，阳气之根，即心是也。水之主者，阴气之根，即肾是也。非谓火为心
而原为肝，水为肾而主为肺也。寒亦益心，热亦强肾，此太仆达至理于规矩准绳之外，而非迂士曲生之可以 及
矣。彼迂士曲生，不明真水火于寒热之病，有必制必胜之道，但谓药未胜病，久远期之，是以恪守方药，愈投
愈盛，卒至殒灭而莫之悟，呜呼悲夫！余见积热沉寒之治，每蹈于覆辙也，因表而出之以劝。（《溯洄集》）
（宜与《药治通义》第七卷相参。）
痼冷治法 疗治之法，虽贵乎温补，不贵乎太刚，惟于滋血养气中，佐以姜、桂、雄、附为愈。抑
古人所谓精不足
者，补之以味，继此尤当加意焉。若夫执剂刚燥，亟欲阳气顿回，吾恐肾水易涸，心火独炎，识者未保其性。
（《直指》）
治之须暖下元，兼理脾胃。若又有脾虚而畏寒者，令人咳嗽，又当于咳嗽门求之。（《大成》）
积热治法 至于诸热为治，有泛热，有实热。泛热者，荆芥、薄荷、栀子、黄芩等投之，正其所宜。
实热者，非大黄、芒消则不能效。（《得效》）
实火可泻，黄连解毒之类。虚火可补，参、术、生甘草之类。郁火可发，当看何经。小便降火极速。山栀能
降火，从小便泄去，其性能屈曲下行，人所不知。气有余，便是火。气从左边起者，肝火也。气从脐下起者，
阴火也。热从脚下起入腹者，虚之极也，盖火起九泉，此病十不救一，治法以四物汤加降火药服之，以附子末窨
涌泉穴。（《丹溪纂要》）
凡热皆出于心，热甚则能伤血，或以洗心散、四顺清凉饮子之类，此皆前人立议处方。后之学人不可将阴阳
虚盛之热，又有血分气分之热，阴盛格阳之热，一例作积热证治之，反误多矣。（《奇效》）
有下虚之人，口燥烦渴，精神短少，懒于动作，此是虚火上炎。当滋肾水，使虚火得安其位，不可一概作实
热施治。（《原病集》）
三焦气血寒热治方目 上焦热，凉膈散、龙脑鸡苏丸（用柴胡、木通、阿胶、蒲黄、麦冬、参、 、薄
荷、生干地、甘）、洗心散（用术、芍、麻黄、当归、荆芥、大黄、甘草）。
中焦热，调胃承气汤、泻脾散（用藿香、山栀、石膏、
甘草、防风）、贯众散（用黄连、贯众、甘草、骆驼蓬）。
下焦热，大承气汤、三才封髓丹（用天门、熟地、人参、黄柏、砂仁、甘草）、滋肾丸（用肉桂、知母、
黄柏）。
气分热，柴胡饮子（用柴胡、参、芩、归。芍、甘草、大黄）、白虎汤。
血分热，桃仁承气汤、清凉四顺饮子。
通治三焦甚热之气，三黄丸、黄连解毒汤。
上焦寒，铁刷汤（用半夏、草蔻、丁香、干姜、诃子、生姜）、桂附丸（用川乌、黑附、干姜、赤石脂、
川椒、桂）、胡椒理中丸（用胡椒、甘草、款冬、荜茇、良姜、细辛、陈皮、干姜、白术）。
中焦寒，附子理中丸、二气丹、大建中汤（虚劳中方是）。
下焦寒，八味丸、还少丹（系补元大方）、天真丹（用沉香、巴戟、茴香，萆 、胡芦巴、破故纸、杜仲、
琥珀、牵牛、官桂）。
气分寒，桂枝加附子汤、桂枝加芍药生姜人参新加汤。
血分寒，巴戟丸（用术、参、五味、巴戟、茴香、熟地、苁蓉、覆盆、菟丝、牡蛎、益智、骨碎补、龙
骨）、离珠丹（用杜仲、萆 、诃子、龙骨、破故纸、胡桃、巴戟、砂仁、朱砂）。
通治三焦甚寒气，大已寒丸、四逆汤。（《宝鉴》）
冷疾服药法 有人每日早起，须大泻一行，或时腹痛，或不痛，空心服热药，亦无效。后有智者察之，
令于晚食前，更进热药遂安，如此常服，竟无恙。盖暖药虽平旦空腹，至晚药力已过，一夜阴气，何以敌之。
于晚间再进热药，则一夜暖药在腹，遂再以胜阴气，凡治冷疾皆如此。（《医说》
引《医余》）
散寒诸方 （散寒清热方剂，既录出各门及《伤寒》中，故此所举，仅为数方。后《恶寒发热》亦然。）
痼冷积热，本质上是病因的概念，并非指代某一种特定的疾病，但也不能说它不存在于任何疾病之中。因此，《诸病源候论》中列出了冷热病的各种证候，而《千金方》创立了专门论述这一内容的门类，从而成为后世学者学习的准则。唯独朱丹溪对《太平惠民和剂局方》多有辩驳质疑，他的说法偏颇且难以通融，如今我不采纳他的观点。至于火病，则是李东垣在《运气篇》中首创的观点，金元时期的医家们纷纷推崇表彰，但这并非古代经典所言的内容，大概不过是亢盛的阳气煽动摇荡的意思，所以只是简要提及这种说法罢了。
脉象候诊：脉象沉细滑疾的属于热证，脉象迟紧的属于寒证（又说：脉象洪数滑疾为热，脉象涩迟沉细为寒）。脉象盛大滑利的，病邪在体表的热证；脉象小实而紧的，病邪在体内的寒证。脉象浮滑，病人体表发热，风邪游走刺痛，体内有水饮停留，难以治疗。脉象沉而紧，上焦有热，下焦受寒，一遇寒冷大便就会泄泻；脉象沉而细，下焦有寒，小便频数，时常痛苦绞痛，伴有严重的腹泻。脉象浮紧且滑直，表现为外热内冷，大小便不通畅。脉象洪大紧急，病势迅速进展于体表，痛苦在于头发热、生痈肿；脉象细小紧急，病势迅速进展于体内，寒邪导致疝气、瘕聚、积聚，腹中刺痛。（出自《脉经》）（《诸病源候论》中有相关论述，见后文。）
脉象大的，寒热交争于体内。脉象迟而缓的，有寒邪。脉象微而紧的，有寒邪。脉象沉而迟的，腹部脏腑有冷病。脉象微弱的，有寒邪，气息短少。脉象实而紧的，胃中有寒，痛苦于不能进食，如果时时腹泻，则难治（另一种版本说是时时呕吐，病情稽留难治）。脉象滑数的，心下部结滞，热盛。脉象滑疾的，胃中有热。（同上）
诊察脉象，数脉出现在上部，是阳中之阳；数脉出现在下部，是阴中之阳。迟脉出现在上部，是阳中之阴；迟脉出现在下部，是阴中之阴。数脉出现在中部，是中焦热；迟脉出现在中部，是中焦寒。（出自《中藏经》）
源候总说：由于脏腑禀赋不同，加上调养失当，就会导致偏冷或偏热的情况，所以方论中有痼冷积热的说法。所谓痼冷，就是中寒，多因为真气已经微弱，胃气不充实，又吃了生冷冰雪之类的食物，导致肠胃虚寒，阴气停凝，阳气不能正常发挥，出现大便洞泄，小便频数，鼻流清涕，呕吐涎沫，水谷不消化，身体洒淅恶寒，这些都是阳虚阴盛的表现。所谓积热，就是脏腑燥热，多因为精血已经衰退，三焦烦闷壅塞，又服用了丹石、酒炙之类的食物药物，导致肠胃蕴藏毒热，阳气炽盛，阴气不能制约，出现大便秘结涩滞，小便赤涩淋痛，口苦咽干，唾液粘稠眼屎眼泪多，饮食无节制，精神恍惚，这些都是阴虚阳盛的表现。治疗各有相应的方剂。（出自《三因极一病证方论》）
一阴一阳叫做道，偏阴偏阳叫做病。一个人的身体，不外乎阴阳气血，相互流通而已。如果阴阳平衡，疾病就不会产生；如果阴阳偏胜，就会产生痼冷积热的祸患。所谓的痼冷，是阴毒深沉固结而不解；积热，是阳毒蕴积不散。所以阴偏胜就偏而为痼冷，阳偏胜就偏而为积热。古贤人说：偏胜就会有偏害，偏害就会导致偏绝，不可不仔细考察。（出自《济生方》）
积热，是热毒蕴积在体内。人本来体质强壮，一时感触热毒之气，郁积在脏腑之间，或者在心肺之内，导致人口苦咽干，唾液稠粘，眼睛干涩多泪，口舌生疮，大小便秘结。又有阴盛血衰，三焦已干燥，服用酒炙之物以及丹石之药，更加助长其热，结滞在内，也能让人变生各种病症。治疗必须详细诊察脉证，如果在心膈部位的，用清热法；结在脏腑的，用荡涤攻下法，更要衡量病人的气体虚实轻重来用药。（出自《医学入门》）
所谓痼冷，痼是指年久长固，冷是指寒邪极甚。沉寒痼冷的证候，是真阳耗散，脾胃虚弱，失去调理，导致胃寒，食用生冷粘腻难化、生硬之类的食物，经年累月，久积而成痼冷，脾肾逐渐被损伤，进而浸渍脏腑，形成痼疾。只要遇到寒冷等邪气触犯，就会突然发作，导致手足厥逆，畏冷憎寒，饮食不化，或者呕吐涎沫，或者大便洞泄，米谷不消，或者小便频数，或者肚腹绞痛，或者逢寒咳嗽，或者癫疝大作，这就是它的证候。（出自《奇效良方》）
病由邪气：患热病的人，都是因为血气有虚实之分，邪气在脾胃，阳气有余，阴气不足，那么风邪就不能宣散，因而产生热，热邪搏结于腑脏，所以成为热病。诊察脉象，关上脉浮而数，说明胃中有热。脉滑而疾的，也是有热。脉弱的没有胃气，这是虚热。跗阳脉数的，胃中有热，热则消谷善饥。跗阳脉粗而浮的，病难治。如果病人痛苦于发热身体疼痛，这是表有病，脉象自然应当浮；现在脉反而沉而迟，所以知道难愈，病人不会立即痊愈，必定会死，因为病与脉相反的缘故。（出自《病源论》）
虚邪留在体内，与卫气相搏，阴胜则为寒。真气离去，离去则虚，虚则内生寒。观察五官颜色发白，是有寒。诊察脉象，迟则为寒，紧则为寒，涩迟为寒，微者为寒，迟而缓为寒，微而紧为寒，寸口虚为寒。（同上）
客热三焦之别（火亢的原因）：客热，是由于人体腑脏不调，生于虚热。客于上焦，则胸膈生痰实，口苦舌干。客于中焦，则心烦胸闷，不能进食。客于下焦，则大便难，小便赤涩。（出自《病源论》）
大凡人的生长于天地之间，无不依靠气血来维持性命，所以气不能离开血，血不能离开气。如果气能平缓清肃，一如常态，自然营卫调顺，血脉流通，津液精髓充溢，所谓气血相随，阴阳和谐，哪里有火呢？倘若七情抑郁，五志感触，六淫外侵，导致营卫不调，气血变乱，阴阳错乱，那么我的真元，就变成了烁石消金的烈焰，津液精髓血液从此枯竭，枯则虚火更甚，轻则舌破口糜，齿疼目痛，二便秘结，淋浊不清，吞酸呕吐，头风斑疹等疾病；重则呕血便血，痰壅气逆，劳热喘嗽，癃痹失音等各种疾病；甚至热极生风，风痰内结，必然成为痰厥暴中，瘫痪猝死，种种急症。谁说火的祸患小，而可以不预先防范呢？（出自《百问》）
上热下冷（治疗验案）：冷热不调的证候。人体的荣卫不调，导致阴阳痞塞，阳并于上则上热，阴并于下则下冷。上焦有热，或者喉口生疮，胸膈烦满；下焦有冷，则腹胀肠鸣，绞痛泄痢。（出自《病源论》）
中书右丞姚公茂，六十七岁，素来有时行毒邪。至元戊辰年春天，因为饮酒再次发作，头面红肿疼痛，耳前后肿胀尤其严重，心中烦闷，咽喉不利，身体下半部皆寒，小腿尤其严重。因此用床相连接着炕，上半身睡在床上，下半身睡在炕上，饮食减少，精神困倦身体虚弱，请我治疗。诊得脉浮缓，按之弦细，上热下寒非常明显。《内经》说热胜则肿，又说春气者病在头，《难经》说蓄则肿热，可以用砭石刺络放血，大概是取其容易消散的缘故。于是在肿胀处约五十多处针刺，流出紫黑色的血，像露珠一样，一会儿肿痛消散。又在气海穴，用大艾炷灸一百壮，以补助下焦阳虚，退去阴寒。其次在足三里两穴，各灸三七壮，治疗足胫冷，也是引导热气下行的缘故。于是开一方，名叫既济解毒汤，以热者寒之的方法治疗。服药之后，肿消痛减，大便通畅，再服减去大黄，慎言语，节饮食，不到十天就好了。（出自《卫生宝鉴》）
（按语：既济解毒汤用大黄、黄芩、黄连、甘草、桔梗、柴胡、升麻、连翘、当归。又有虚中有热的治疗验案，旨趣相近，均不录出。）
又有一证，喉闭面肿，直到腹中，泄泻作痛。脉浮而数，按之沉细，上热下寒，这个证明显。腹痛宜温，喉闭为忌；喉闭宜寒，腹痛反是。医生到了这种情况，不知如何是好，应当用热药，待冷服。或者用寒药，加热含服吐出，寒热因用，古法如此。（出自《医读》）（宜参考《伤寒论》厥阴病及妇人科）
阴中伏阳：又有一证，烦满呕恶，手指末端皆寒，头痛时作。六脉不见，深按紧弱，这是阴中伏阳，难以用常药治疗。如果用热药攻治，被阴气隔绝，不能到达阳气，反而产生客热。如果用寒药治疗，也属疏略，所伏的真火，更加消铄。应该用破阴的方法，导达真火，火升水降，出汗才可以痊愈。（出自《医读》）
死生诀：患热病的人，四肢厥冷脉弱，不想见人，吃不下东西，腹泻不止的死亡；吃东西后四肢温暖，脉大语狂，不能睡觉的存活。患寒病的人，胡言乱语不睡觉，身体冷脉数，喘息目直视的死亡；脉有力而不喘的存活。（出自《中藏经》）
治当求其属：人所赖以生存的是气。气是什么？就是阴阳。阴与阳可以和谐平衡，也可以乖违阻塞，善于摄养与否，吉凶就在这里分岔。只是因为摄养不能都做到善，所以偏寒偏热的病，最终难免处于乖违阻塞的境地。虽然如此，寒也好热也好，假如还没有到很严重的程度，庸医治疗也不难；如果热积而寒沉，良工尚且没有办法，何况其他人呢？无奈世俗崇尚蒙昧，固执地坚持方药，越投药病越重，迷惑不知回头。哪里知道正本清源，包含至理，抓住枢要，众妙俱呈。就拿积热来说，开始用凉和，其次用寒取，寒取不愈，则因热而从之，从之不愈，则技术穷尽了，由此苦寒药常年不停。又以沉寒来说，开始用温和，其次用热取，热取不愈，则因寒而从之，从之不愈，则技术穷尽了，由此辛热药连年不止。唉！苦寒益深而积热更炽，辛热太过而苦寒更滋，如果不是大圣慈仁，明示枢要，谁能保全生命呢？经上说：寒之而热者取之阴，热之而寒者取之阳，所谓求其属。属，就是枢要所在。这个旨意，王太仆知道了。所以说益火之源，以消阴翳；壮水之主，以制阳光。又说取心者，不必齐以热；取肾者，不必齐以寒。只要益心之阳，寒也能通行；强肾之阴，热也可以。唉！混杂在千言万语之间，大概就像和氏璧在璞玉中，宝藏长久湮没，难道经过石头打磨而不凿开吗？我僭越得以推衍它。偏寒偏热的病，能免去的固然是千百之一二，而积热沉寒，恐怕也不是少见。然而多见的，岂不是庸医不知道求属之道，不能防微杜渐，导致滋蔓难图而形成的吗？寒之而热的人，只知道用寒治热，却不知道热不衰是因为真水不足。热之而寒的人，只知道用热治寒，却不知道寒不衰是因为真火不足。不知道真水火不足，却用寒热药治疗，不仅脏腑习熟，药反而被病所化，有的不去，新的不来。所以取之阴，是为了益肾水之不足，使其制约心火之有余。取之阳，是为了益心火之不足，使其胜肾水之有余。其，指水火。属，犹主，指心肾。求其属，是说水火不足而求之于心肾。火之源，是阳气之根，即心。水之主，是阴气之根，即肾。不是说火为心而原为肝，水为肾而主为肺。寒亦益心，热亦强肾，这是太仆通达至理于规矩准绳之外，而不是迂腐之士曲解所能达到的。那些迂腐之士，不明白真水火在寒热之病中，有必制必胜的道理，只说药未胜病，长期期待，因此恪守方药，越投越重，最终致死而不觉悟，呜呼悲夫！我见到积热沉寒的治疗，每每蹈覆辙，所以表白出来以劝诫。（出自《溯洄集》）
（宜与《药治通义》第七卷参看。）
痼冷治法：疗治之法，虽贵在温补，但不贵在大刚猛，只在滋血养气中，佐以姜、桂、雄黄、附子为愈。古人所谓精不足的，用味厚之品补之，此后更应当注意。如果执守刚燥之剂，急于让阳气顿回，我恐怕肾水易干涸，心火独炎，有见识的人未必能保住性命。（出自《直指方》）
治疗须暖下元，兼理脾胃。如果有脾虚而畏寒的，让人咳嗽，又应当在咳嗽门中寻求治法。（出自《医学入门》）
积热治法：至于各种热的治疗，有泛热，有实热。泛热，用荆芥、薄荷、栀子、黄芩等投之，正是适宜的。实热，非大黄、芒硝不能见效。（出自《得效方》）
实火可泻，如黄连解毒汤之类。虚火可补，如人参、白术、生甘草之类。郁火可发，应当看是哪一经。小便降火极速。山栀能降火，从小便泄去，其性能屈曲下行，人们不知道。气有余，便是火。气从左边起的，是肝火。气从脐下起的，是阴火。热从脚下起入腹的，是虚之极，盖火起九泉，这个病十不救一，治法以四物汤加降火药服，用附子末敷涌泉穴。（出自《丹溪纂要》）
凡是热皆出于心，热甚则能伤血，或者用洗心散、四顺清凉饮子之类，这都是前人立议处方。后之学人不可将阴阳虚盛之热，又有血分气分之热，阴盛格阳之热，一律作为积热证治疗，反而误人多矣。（出自《奇效良方》）
有下虚之人，口燥烦渴，精神短少，懒于动作，这是虚火上炎。应当滋肾水，使虚火得安其位，不可一概作为实热施治。（出自《原病集》）
三焦气血寒热治方目：
上焦热，凉膈散、龙脑鸡苏丸（用柴胡、木通、阿胶、蒲黄、麦冬、人参、[缺字]、薄荷、生干地黄、甘草）、洗心散（用白术、芍药、麻黄、当归、荆芥、大黄、甘草）。
中焦热，调胃承气汤、泻脾散（用藿香、山栀、石膏、甘草、防风）、贯众散（用黄连、贯众、甘草、骆驼蓬）。
下焦热，大承气汤、三才封髓丹（用天门冬、熟地黄、人参、黄柏、砂仁、甘草）、滋肾丸（用肉桂、知母、黄柏）。
气分热，柴胡饮子（用柴胡、人参、黄芩、当归、芍药、甘草、大黄）、白虎汤。
血分热，桃仁承气汤、清凉四顺饮子。
通治三焦甚热之气，三黄丸、黄连解毒汤。
上焦寒，铁刷汤（用半夏、草蔻、丁香、干姜、诃子、生姜）、桂附丸（用川乌、黑附子、干姜、赤石脂、川椒、肉桂）、胡椒理中丸（用胡椒、甘草、款冬、荜茇、良姜、细辛、陈皮、干姜、白术）。
中焦寒，附子理中丸、二气丹、大建中汤（虚劳中方是）。
下焦寒，八味丸、还少丹（系补元大方）、天真丹（用沉香、巴戟天、茴香，萆薢、胡芦巴、破故纸、杜仲、琥珀、牵牛、官桂）。
气分寒，桂枝加附子汤、桂枝加芍药生姜人参新加汤。
血分寒，巴戟丸（用白术、人参、五味子、巴戟天、茴香、熟地黄、肉苁蓉、覆盆子、菟丝子、牡蛎、益智仁、骨碎补、龙骨）、离珠丹（用杜仲、萆薢、诃子、龙骨、破故纸、胡桃、巴戟天、砂仁、朱砂）。
通治三焦甚寒气，大已寒丸、四逆汤。（出自《卫生宝鉴》）
冷疾服药法：有人每天早起，必须大泻一行，有时腹痛，有时不痛，空腹服热药，也无效。后有智者观察，让他晚食前，再进热药遂安，如此常服，竟无恙。大概暖药虽平旦空腹，至晚药力已过，一夜阴气，怎么敌得过。于晚间再进热药，则一夜暖药在腹，遂再以胜阴气，凡治冷疾皆如此。（出自《医说》引《医余》）
"Stagnant Cold and Accumulated Heat" are essentially concepts of etiology; they do not refer to a single specific disease, nor can it be said that they do not exist in any disease. Therefore, *Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun* (Source Book of Pathogenesis and Symptoms of All Diseases) lists various syndromes of cold and heat diseases, while *Qian Jin Fang* (Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold) established a dedicated section on this topic, thereby becoming a model for later scholars. However, Zhu Danxi raised many objections to *Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang* (Formulas of the Bureau of People's Welfare), and his arguments were biased and difficult to reconcile; thus, I do not adopt his views today. As for "Fire Disease," it was first proposed by Li Dongyuan in his *Yun Qi Pian* (Chapter on Six Qi Transformations), and physicians of the Jin-Yuan period enthusiastically promoted it. However, this is not mentioned in ancient classics; it roughly refers to the agitation caused by excessive Yang fire. Therefore, I merely briefly mention this theory.
Pulse Diagnosis: A pulse that is deep, fine, slippery, and rapid indicates Heat; a pulse that is slow and tight indicates Cold (It is also stated that a surging, rapid, slippery, and rapid pulse indicates Heat, while a choppy, slow, deep, and fine pulse indicates Cold). A pulse that is full, slippery, and tight indicates external Heat; a pulse that is small, solid, and tight indicates internal Cold. A floating and slippery pulse, accompanied by external heat, wandering stabbing pain due to wind, and retained fluids in the body, is difficult to treat. A deep and tight pulse indicates Heat in the Upper Jiao and Cold in the Lower Jiao; upon exposure to cold, diarrhea occurs immediately. A deep and fine pulse indicates Cold in the Lower Jiao, frequent urination, occasional severe cramping pain, and heavy diarrhea. A floating, tight, and straight slippery pulse indicates external Heat and internal Cold, with difficulty in passing both urine and stool. A surging, large, and urgent pulse indicates rapidly progressing external disease, suffering from feverish head, carbuncles, and sores; a fine, small, and urgent pulse indicates rapidly progressing internal disease, where Cold causes hernia, mass formations, accumulations, and stabbing abdominal pain. (From *Mai Jing*) (*Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun* has relevant discussions, see below.)
A large pulse indicates alternating Cold and Heat within. A slow and moderate pulse indicates Cold. A faint and tight pulse indicates Cold. A deep and slow pulse indicates Cold disease in the abdominal organs. A weak pulse indicates Cold and shortness of breath. A solid and tight pulse indicates Cold in the Stomach, suffering from inability to eat; if there is frequent diarrhea, it is difficult to treat (another version says frequent vomiting, with lingering difficulty). A slippery and rapid pulse indicates knotting below the heart and excess Heat. A slippery and rapid pulse indicates Heat in the Stomach. (Same source)
Diagnosing the pulse: A rapid pulse appearing in the upper position indicates Yang within Yang; a rapid pulse in the lower position indicates Yang within Yin. A slow pulse in the upper position indicates Yin within Yang; a slow pulse in the lower position indicates Yin within Yin. A rapid pulse in the middle position indicates Middle Jiao Heat; a slow pulse in the middle position indicates Middle Jiao Cold. (From *Zhong Zang Jing*)
General Discussion on Source Syndromes: Due to different innate constitutions of the Zang-Fu organs, improper care leads to tendencies toward either Cold or Heat. Thus, theories of "Stagnant Cold" and "Accumulated Heat" appear in medical texts. "Stagnant Cold" refers to Middle Jiao Cold, often caused by weakened True Qi and insufficient Stomach Qi, compounded by consuming raw, cold, or icy foods. This results in deficiency-Cold of the intestines and stomach, where Yin stagnates and Yang cannot function normally, leading to watery diarrhea, frequent urination, clear nasal discharge, vomiting of saliva, undigested food, and shivering—all manifestations of Yang deficiency and Yin excess. "Accumulated Heat" refers to dryness-Heat of the Zang-Fu organs, often caused by depleted essence and blood, and congestion in the San Jiao, compounded by taking cinnabar/mercury pills (Dan Shi) or rich, fried foods. This leads to toxic heat accumulation in the intestines and stomach, where Yang blazes and Yin cannot control it, resulting in constipation, dark scanty urination, bitter taste, dry throat, thick saliva, sticky eye discharge, excessive eating, and mental restlessness—all manifestations of Yin deficiency and Yang excess. Treatments vary according to formulas. (From *San Yin Fang*)
The unity of Yin and Yang is called the Dao; deviation into Yin or Yang is called disease. The human body consists of Yin, Yang, Qi, and Blood flowing together. If Yin and Yang are balanced, disease does not arise; if one prevails excessively, it leads to the afflictions of Stagnant Cold or Accumulated Heat. "Stagnant Cold" is Yin pathogen deeply entrenched and unresolved; "Accumulated Heat" is Yang pathogen accumulated and unscattered. Thus, Yin excess becomes Stagnant Cold, and Yang excess becomes Accumulated Heat. Ancient sages said: Excess leads to harm; harm leads to extremity; this must be carefully observed. (From *Ji Sheng Fang*)
Accumulated Heat is heat-toxin accumulating internally. Some individuals have strong constitutions but are suddenly affected by heat-toxin qi, which stagnates between the Zang-Fu organs, or within the Heart and Lungs, causing bitter taste, dry throat, thick saliva, dry eyes with tearing, mouth ulcers, and constipation of stool and urine. Others may have Yin excess and blood deficiency, with dry San Jiao, who take wine-fried substances and mineral drugs, further aiding Heat, causing internal stagnation and various symptoms. Treatment requires detailed examination of pulse and symptoms: if located in the chest/diaphragm, clear it; if knotted in the Zang-Fu, purge it; dosage must be adjusted based on the patient's Qi and Blood deficiency or excess. (From *Yi Xue Ru Men*)
"Stagnant Cold": "Gu" means long-standing and fixed; "Leng" means extreme Cold. The syndrome of sinking cold and stagnant cold arises from dissipated True Yang and weak Spleen-Stomach, losing proper regulation, leading to Stomach Cold. Consuming cold, sticky, hard-to-digest, or raw foods over years accumulates into Stagnant Cold, gradually injuring the Spleen and Kidneys, permeating the Zang-Fu, and forming chronic illness. Upon exposure to cold pathogens, it attacks suddenly, causing cold limbs, aversion to cold, indigestion, vomiting of saliva, watery diarrhea, frequent urination, abdominal colic, cough triggered by cold, or severe hernia. These are its symptoms. (From *Qi Xiao Liang Fang*)
Disease Caused by Pathogenic Factors: Heat diseases arise from deficiencies or excesses of Qi and Blood. When pathogenic factors reside in the Spleen and Stomach, with excess Yang and deficient Yin, Wind pathogen cannot be dispersed, generating Heat. Heat combats the Zang-Fu, resulting in Heat disease. Pulse diagnosis: Floating and rapid at Guan position indicates Stomach Heat. Slippery and rapid also indicates Heat. Weak pulse indicates lack of Stomach Qi, signifying Deficiency Heat. Rapid Fu Yang pulse indicates Stomach Heat, leading to increased appetite. Rough and floating Fu Yang pulse indicates difficult treatment. If a patient suffers from fever and body ache, indicating exterior disease, the pulse should naturally be floating; if it is instead deep and slow, recovery is unlikely, and death is certain because the disease contradicts the pulse. (From *Bing Yuan Lun*)
Deficient pathogenic factors remaining inside combat with Wei Qi; Yin excess results in Cold. Loss of True Qi leads to deficiency, which generates internal Cold. White color of the five orifices indicates Cold. Pulse diagnosis: Slow indicates Cold, tight indicates Cold, choppy-slow indicates Cold, faint indicates Cold, slow-moderate indicates Cold, faint-tight indicates Cold, empty Cunkou indicates Cold. (Same source)
Guest Heat in the Three Jiaos (Causes of Hyperactive Fire): Guest Heat arises from disharmony of Zang-Fu organs, originating as Deficiency Heat. If lodged in the Upper Jiao, phlegm-solidity forms in the chest/diaphragm, with bitter taste and dry tongue. If lodged in the Middle Jiao, mental restlessness and fullness occur, preventing eating. If lodged in the Lower Jiao, difficult defecation and dark, scanty urination occur. (From *Bing Yuan Lun*)
Generally, human life depends on Qi and Blood. Qi cannot exist without Blood, and Blood without Qi. If Qi is calm and pure, Ying and Wei harmonize, vessels flow smoothly, and fluids abound—this is Qi and Blood following each other, Yin and Yang harmonizing, leaving no room for Fire. However, if Seven Emotions cause depression, Five Wishes trigger disturbances, or Six Evils invade externally, Ying and Wei become disordered, Qi and Blood chaotic, and Yin and Yang reversed. The True Yuan transforms into a flame hot enough to melt stone and metal; fluids and blood dry up. Dryness exacerbates Deficiency Fire, causing mild symptoms like tongue ulcers, gum pain, eye pain, constipation, turbid urination, acid regurgitation, vomiting, headache, and rashes; severe cases involve hematemesis, melena, phlegm obstruction, asthma, loss of voice, or even wind-stroke, paralysis, and sudden death due to extreme heat generating wind. Who would say Fire's harm is small and need not be prevented? (From *Bai Wen*)
Upper Heat and Lower Cold (Treatment Case): Disharmony of Cold and Heat. Disordered Ying and Wei cause blockage of Yin and Yang. Yang merging upward causes Upper Heat; Yin merging downward causes Lower Cold. Upper Heat manifests as mouth/throat ulcers and chest fullness; Lower Cold manifests as abdominal distension, borborygmus, colic, and dysentery. (From *Bing Yuan Lun*)
Yao Gongmao, Right Director of Secretariat, aged 67, had a history of seasonal toxins. In spring of Wuchen year, relapse occurred after drinking. Head and face swelled red and painful, especially around ears. Chest felt stifled, throat uncomfortable. Lower half of body was cold, legs particularly so. He slept with bed connected to kang: upper body on bed, lower body on kang. Appetite decreased, spirit fatigued, body weak. I treated him. Pulse was floating-moderate, string-tight-fine upon pressure. Upper Heat and Lower Cold were evident. *Nei Jing* states heat excess causes swelling; Spring qi diseases affect the head. *Nan Jing* states accumulation causes swelling and heat, treatable by bloodletting (Bian) to disperse easily. I pricked ~50 points on the swelling, releasing purple-black blood like dewdrops; swelling and pain subsided quickly. I moxaated Qihai with large cones, 100 moxibustions, to boost Lower Jiao Yang deficiency and dispel Yin Cold. Then moxaated Zusanli bilaterally, 21 moxibustions each, to treat leg coldness and guide Heat downward. I prescribed Jiji Jiedu Tang (Decoction for Extinction and Detoxification), using "treat Heat with Cold." After administration, swelling reduced, pain lessened, bowel movement normalized. Second dose reduced Rhubarb. Advised speech restraint and diet control. Recovered well within ten days. (From *Wei Sheng Bao Jian*)
(Note: Jiji Jiedu Tang uses Rhubarb, Scutellaria, Coptis, Licorice, Platycodon, Bupleurum, Bupleurum (Sheng Ma), Forsythia, Angelica. Another case of deficiency with Heat has similar principles, omitted here.)
Another case: Throat closure and facial swelling extending to abdomen, with diarrhea and pain. Pulse floating-rapid, pressing string-tight-fine. Upper Heat and Lower Cold are clear. Abdominal pain requires warming; throat closure contraindicates warming. Throat closure requires cooling; abdominal pain contradicts this. Physicians are baffled. Use Hot herbs but administer cold; or use Cold herbs but administer warm. This is "treating Cold with Heat, Heat with Cold," an ancient method. (From *Yi Du*) (Refer to *Shang Han Lun* Jueyin disease and Gynecology.)
Yang Hidden within Yin: Another case: Restlessness, fullness, nausea, cold fingertips, intermittent headache. Six pulses invisible; deep press reveals tight-weak. This is Yang hidden within Yin, difficult to treat with standard herbs. Using Hot herbs is blocked by Yin, failing to reach Yang, generating guest Heat. Using Cold herbs is negligent, melting the hidden True Fire. One must break Yin to guide True Fire; when Fire rises and Water descends, sweating indicates cure. (From *Yi Du*)
Life and Death Decisions: Heat patients with cold limbs, weak pulse, aversion to people, inability to eat, and continuous diarrhea die. Those who eat, have warm limbs, large pulse, delirium, and insomnia survive. Cold patients with delirium, insomnia, cold body, rapid pulse, panting, and fixed gaze die. Those with strong pulse but no panting survive. (From *Zhong Zang Jing*)
Treatment Must Seek the Root: Humans rely on Qi for life. What is Qi? It is Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang can harmonize or conflict. Proper preservation determines fortune or misfortune. Since preservation is imperfect, Cold and Heat diseases arise. Mild cases are easy for mediocre doctors; severe accumulated Heat and sinking Cold challenge even experts. Yet commoners cling to formulas blindly, worsening conditions. They fail to understand seeking the root. Consider Accumulated Heat: start with cooling/harmonizing, then purging Heat. If ineffective, follow the Heat. If still ineffective, skill fails, leading to endless Bitter-Cold herbs. For Sinking Cold: start with warming/mild, then heating. If ineffective, follow the Cold. If still ineffective, skill fails, leading to endless Acrid-Hot herbs. Alas! Bitter-Cold deepens Heat; Acrid-Hot intensifies Cold. Only Great Sages reveal the pivot. Classics say: "If Cold treatment yields Heat, seek Yin; if Heat treatment yields Cold, seek Yang." This is "seeking the root/shu." Wang Tai Pu understood this: "Boost the source of Fire to dissipate Yin shadows; strengthen the master of Water to control Yang brilliance." Also: "Treating Heart need not always use Heat; treating Kidney need not always use Cold." Boosting Heart Yang allows Cold to circulate; strengthening Kidney Yin allows Heat to work. This profound truth is lost in thousands of words. Those pedantic scholars ignore the necessity of controlling True Water/Fire, believing only time will make herbs effective, leading to death. I record this to warn others. (From *Su Hui Ji*)
(Refer to *Yao Zhi Tong Yi*, Vol 7.)
Treatment of Stagnant Cold: Therapy values warming and tonifying, but avoids excessive harshness. Nourish Blood and Qi, assisting with Ginger, Cinnamon, Realgar, and Aconite. As ancients said, for deficiency of Essence, use flavor-rich tonics. Do not rigidly use drying-hot herbs hoping for instant Yang return, lest Kidney Water dry and Heart Fire blaze. (From *Zhi Zhi Fang*)
Treatment must warm the Lower Origin and regulate Spleen-Stomach. If Spleen deficiency causes cold-aversion and cough, refer to Cough section. (From *Yi Xue Ru Men*)
Treatment of Accumulated Heat: Heat treatments distinguish between General Heat and Excess Heat. General Heat responds to Schizonepeta, Mentha, Gardenia, Scutellaria. Excess Heat requires Rhubarb and Mirabilite. (From *De Xiao Fang*)
Excess Fire is purged (e.g., Huanglian Jiedu Tang). Deficiency Fire is tonified (e.g., Ginseng, Atractylodes, Raw Licorice). Stagnant Fire is dispersed (check meridian). Urination rapidly reduces Fire. Gardenia reduces Fire via urination. Excess Qi is Fire. Qi rising from left is Liver Fire; from umbilicus is Yin Fire. Heat rising from feet to abdomen is extreme deficiency ("Fire from Nine Springs"), rarely curable; treat with Siwu Tang plus Fire-reducing herbs, apply Aconite powder to Yongquan point. (From *Dan Xi Zuan Yao*)
All Heat originates from Heart; severe Heat injures Blood. Formulas like Xixin San or Sishun Qingliang Yinzi are used. Do not confuse Yin/Yang deficiency-excess Heat, Qi/Blood Heat, or Yin排斥 Yang Heat with simple Accumulated Heat, or errors will abound. (From *Qi Xiao Liang Fang*)
Lower deficiency with dry mouth, thirst, low spirit, and lethargy indicates Deficiency Fire flaming upward. Tonify Kidney Water to settle Fire; do not treat as Excess Heat. (From *Yuan Bing Ji*)
Formulas for Three Jiaos, Qi/Blood, Cold/Heat:
Upper Jiao Heat: Liangge San, Longnao Jisu Wan... Xixin San...
Middle Jiao Heat: Tiaowei Chengqi Tang, Xiepi San... Guanzhong San...
Lower Jiao Heat: Dachengqi Tang, Santai Fengsui Dan... Zishen Wan...
Qi Level Heat: Chaihu Yinzi, Baihu Tang.
Blood Level Heat: Tao Ren Chengqi Tang, Qingliang Sishun Yinzi.
General Severe Heat of Three Jiaos: Sanhuang Wan, Huanglian Jiedu Tang.
Upper Jiao Cold: Tieshua Tang, Gui Fu Wan... Hujiao Lizhong Wan...
Middle Jiao Cold: Fuzi Lizhong Wan, Erqi Dan, Dajianzhong Tang...
Lower Jiao Cold: Bawei Wan, Huanshao Dan... Tianzhen Dan...
Qi Level Cold: Guizhi Jia Fuzi Tang, Guizhi Jia Shaoyao Shengjiang Renshen Xinjia Tang.
Blood Level Cold: Bajie Wan, Lizhu Dan...
General Severe Cold of Three Jiaos: Da Yihan Wan, Sini Tang. (From *Wei Sheng Bao Jian*)
Medication Method for Cold Diseases: Someone had morning diarrhea, sometimes abdominal pain. Taking Hot herbs on empty stomach failed. A wise doctor advised taking Hot herbs before evening meal, bringing relief. Continuous use cured him. Warm herbs taken in morning lose potency by night; Yin Qi dominates night. Taking Warm herbs at night keeps warmth in abdomen to counter Yin Qi. This applies to all Cold diseases. (From *Yi Shuo* citing *Yi Yu*)
Various Formulas for Dispelling Cold: (Cold-dispelling and Heat-clearing formulas are listed in respective sections and *Shang Han Lun*; only a few are cited here. Same for "Aversion to Cold and Fever".)