\r牛黄\pd388.bmp\r
味苦，平，有小毒。主惊痫寒热，热盛狂 ，除邪逐鬼，疗小儿百病，诸痫热，口不
开，大人狂癫，又堕胎。久服轻身增年，令人不忘。生晋地平泽，于牛得之，即阴干百日，
使时燥，无令见日月光。（人参为之使，得牡丹、菖蒲利耳目，恶龙骨、地黄、龙胆、蜚蠊
，畏牛膝。）
陶隐居云∶旧云神牛出入鸣吼者有之，伺其出角上，以盆水承而吐之，即堕落水中。今
人多
皆就胆中得之。多出梁、益。一子如鸡子黄大，相重迭。药中之贵，莫复过此。一子及三、
二分，好者值五、六千至一万。唐本注云∶牛黄，今出莱州、密州、淄州、青州、 州、戎
州。牛有黄者，必多吼唤，喝迫而得之，谓之生黄，最佳。黄有三种∶散黄粒如麻豆；慢黄
若鸡卵中黄糊，在肝胆；圆黄为块，形有大小，并在肝胆中。多生于 （音秦）特牛，其吴
牛
未闻有黄也。臣禹锡等谨按药性论云∶牛黄，君，恶常山，畏干漆，味甘。能辟邪魅，安
魂定魄，小儿夜啼，主卒中恶。吴氏云∶牛黄，无毒。牛出入呻者有之，夜光走角中，牛死
入
胆中，如鸡子黄。日华子云∶牛黄，凉。疗中风失音，口噤，妇人血噤，惊悸，天行时疾，
健忘，虚乏。
图经曰∶牛黄，出晋地平泽，今出登、莱州，它处或有，不甚佳。凡牛有黄者，毛皮光
泽，
眼如血色，时复鸣吼。又好照水，人以盆水承之，伺其吐出，乃喝迫，即堕水中，既得之，
阴
干百日。一子如鸡子黄大，其重迭可揭折，轻虚而氛香者佳。然此物多伪，今人试之，皆揩
摩手甲上，以透甲黄者为真。又云此有四种∶喝迫而得者名生黄；其杀死而在角中得者，名
角中黄；心中剥得者，名心黄，初在心中如浆汁，取得便投水中，沾水乃硬，如碎蒺藜或皂
荚子是也；肝胆中得之者，名肝黄。大抵皆不及喝迫得者最胜。凡牛之入药者，水牛、 牛
、黄牛取乳及造酥、酪、醍醐等，然性亦不同，水牛乳凉， 牛乳温，其肉皆寒也。其自死
者皆不可食。其酥以合诸膏，摩风肿， 跌血瘀，则牛酥为强，醍醐尤佳。又有底野迦，是
西戎人用诸胆和合作之，状似久坏丸药，赤黑色，今南海或有之。又中品有牛角 ，用水牛
、黄牛久在粪土中烂白者，主赤白下，烧灰末服之。沙牛角 ，主下闭血瘀，女子带下，并
烧灰酒服。崔元亮《海上方》治喉痹肿塞欲死者。取沙牛角，烧刮取灰，细筛，和酒服枣
许大，水调亦得。又小儿饮乳不快，觉似喉痹者，亦取此灰涂乳上，咽下即瘥。黄牛胆以丸
药
，今方∶腊日取其汁和天南星末，却内皮中，置当风处，逾月，取以合凉风丸，殊有奇效。
黄犍牛、乌牯牛溺，并主水肿，利小便。杨炎《南行方》疗香港脚，小腹胀，小便涩，取乌特
牛溺一升，一日分服，腹消乃止。下水肿，取黄犍牛溺，一饮三升，不觉，更加服，老小减
半
亦可。牛屎烧灰敷灸疮不瘥者。口中涎主反胃。老牛涎沫主噎。口中 （日知切）草，绞汁，
主哕。自余齿、髓、心、肝、肾食之皆有益，方书鲜用。又马乳、驴乳、羊乳，大抵功用
相近。而驴、马乳冷利，羊乳温补，马乳作酪弥佳耳。又下条败鼓皮，主蛊毒，古方∶亦单
用
，烧灰服之，并牛之类，用之者稀，故但附于其末。
雷公云∶凡使，有四件∶第一是生神黄，赚得者；次有角黄，是取之者；又有心黄，是
病死
后，识者剥之，擘破取心，其黄在心中，如浓黄酱汁，采得便投于水中，黄沾水复硬，如碎
蒺
藜子，许如豆者，硬如帝珠子∶次有肝黄，其牛身上光，眼如血色，多玩弄好照水，自有夜
光，恐惧人，或有人别采之，可有神妙之事。凡用，须先单捣，细研如尘，却绢裹，又用黄
嫩牛皮裹，安于井面上，去水三、四尺以来一宿，至明方∶取用之。圣惠方∶初生儿至七日
口噤。以牛黄少许细研，淡竹沥调下一字，灌之。更以猪乳点口中，瘥。又方∶治小儿腹痛
夜啼
。
仰目。牛黄一大豆研，和蜜水服之。姚和众治小孩初生三日，去惊邪，辟恶气。牛黄一大豆
许
，细研，以赤蜜酸枣许熟研，以绵蘸之，令儿吮之，一日令尽。
衍义曰∶牛黄，亦有骆驼黄，皆西戎所出也。骆驼黄极易得，医家当审别考而用之，为
其形
相乱也。黄牛黄轻松，自然微香，以此为异。盖又有 （音毛）牛黄，坚而不香。
牛黄
味苦，性平，有小毒。主治惊痫、寒热病证，热盛引起的狂躁症状，驱除邪气鬼祟，治疗小儿各种疾病及各类热性痫证、口不能张开，以及成人狂癫之症，此外还有堕胎功效。长期服用可使身体轻健、延年益寿，并使人记忆力增强。产于晋地平泽地区，从牛体内获得，需阴干一百天，使其适时干燥，不要让它见到日月光。（人参作为其引经药，与牡丹、菖蒲同用可利耳目，忌与龙骨、地黄、龙胆、蜚蠊同用，畏惧牛膝。）
陶隐居说：旧传神牛出入鸣吼时会有牛黄，守候在牛角长出之处，用盆水承接它吐出的东西，它就会堕落水中。现在人们大多直接从牛胆囊中获得。多产于梁州、益州。一颗如鸡蛋黄大小，层层相叠。药物中珍贵程度没有超过它的。一颗及三、二分重的，好的价值五千到一万钱。《唐本草》注解说：牛黄，现在产于莱州、密州、淄州、青州、某州、戎州。有黄的牛，必定经常吼叫，通过喝迫（恐吓逼迫）的方式得到，称为生黄，品质最佳。牛黄有三种：散黄颗粒如麻豆大小；慢黄像鸡蛋黄中的蛋黄糊状，存在于肝胆中；圆黄成块状，形状有大有小，也都在肝胆中。多生于牦牛（音秦特牛），吴地黄牛未曾听说有牛黄。臣禹锡等人谨按《药性论》记载：牛黄为君药，忌常山，畏干漆，味甘。能辟除邪魅，安定魂魄，治疗小儿夜啼，主治卒中恶疾。吴氏说：牛黄无毒。牛出入时呻吟的有这种情况，夜间角发光，角中走油，牛死后进入胆中，如鸡蛋黄。日华子说：牛黄性凉。治疗中风失音、口噤、妇人血噤、惊悸、流行时疾、健忘、虚乏。
《图经》说：牛黄，产于晋地平泽，现在产于登州、莱州，其他地方或许有，但不甚好。凡是牛有黄的，毛皮光泽，眼睛如血色，时常鸣吼。又好照水，人用盆水承接，守候它吐出，然后喝迫，它就堕入水中，既已获得，阴干一百天。一颗如鸡蛋黄大，层层相叠可以揭折，轻虚而芳香的为佳。然而此物多伪劣，现在人们测试方法，都是涂抹在手甲上，以透过指甲呈黄色的为真。又说此药有四种：喝迫得到的名为生黄；杀死后在角中得到的，名为角中黄；心中剥得的，名为心黄，初在心中如浆汁，取得后立即投入水中，沾水后变硬，如碎蒺藜或皂荚子；在肝胆中得到的，名为肝黄。大体上都不如喝迫得到的最好。凡入药的牛，水牛、牦牛、黄牛取乳及制作酥、酪、醍醐等，但性质也不同，水牛乳凉，牦牛乳温，其肉皆寒。自死的牛均不可食用。其酥用于合制各种膏药，按摩风肿，跌打瘀血，则牛酥最强，醍醐尤其好。又有底野迦，是西戎人用各种胆汁混合制成的，状似久坏丸药，赤黑色，现在南海或许也有。又中品中有牛角䪊，用水牛、黄牛久在粪土中烂白的，主治赤白痢疾，烧成灰末服用。沙牛角䪊，主治下焦闭阻瘀血，女子带下，并烧灰酒服。崔元亮《海上方》治疗喉痹肿塞欲死者。取沙牛角䪊，烧刮取灰，细筛，和酒服枣核大，水调也可。又小儿吃奶不快，感觉似喉痹者，也取此灰涂在乳头上，咽下即愈。黄牛胆用于制药，现在方剂：腊日取其汁和天南星末，再放回皮中，放在当风处，过一个月，取来合制凉风丸，殊有奇效。黄犍牛、乌牯牛尿，均主治水肿，利小便。杨炎《南行方》治疗香港脚，小腹胀，小便涩，取乌特牛尿一升，一日分服，腹消乃止。下水肿，取黄犍牛尿，一次饮三升，不觉效，再加服，老幼减半也可。牛屎烧灰敷灸疮不愈者。口中涎主治反胃。老牛涎沫主治噎膈。口中嚼草，绞汁，主治呃逆。其余齿、髓、心、肝、肾食用都有益处，方书中很少使用。又马乳、驴乳、羊乳，大体功用相近。而驴、马乳冷利，羊乳温补，马乳作酪更佳。又下条败鼓皮，主治蛊毒，古方也单用，烧灰服之，并与牛之类，使用者稀少，故只附于其后。
雷公说：凡使用，有四类：第一是生神黄，赚得者；其次有角黄，是取之者；又有心黄，是病死之后，识者剥开，劈破取心，其黄在心中，如浓黄酱汁，采得便投入水中，黄沾水复硬，如碎蒺藜子，大如豆者，硬如帝珠子；次有肝黄，其牛身上光，眼如血色，多玩弄好照水，自有夜光，恐惧人，或有人别采之，可有神妙之事。凡用，须先单独捣碎，细研如尘，再用绢裹，又用黄嫩牛皮裹，安于井面上，离水三、四尺远放置一夜，至天明才取用。《圣惠方》：初生儿至七日口噤。以牛黄少许细研，淡竹沥调下一字量，灌之。再以猪乳点口中，痊愈。又一方：治疗小儿腹痛夜啼。仰视。牛黄一大豆量研，和蜜水服之。姚和众治小孩初生三日，去惊邪，辟恶气。牛黄一大豆许，细研，以赤蜜酸枣许熟研，以绵蘸之，令儿吮之，一日令尽。
《衍义》说：牛黄，也有骆驼黄，都是西戎所出。骆驼黄极易得，医家应当审别考而用之，因为其形相混乱。黄牛黄轻松，自然微香，以此为异。盖又有牦牛黄，坚而不香。
Niu Huang (Calculus Bovis)
Bitter in flavor, neutral in nature, slightly toxic. It primarily treats convulsions and epilepsy (Jing Xian), cold-heat disorders, manic symptoms caused by excessive heat, expels evil spirits, treats various pediatric diseases and various types of febrile epilepsy with inability to open the mouth, as well as adult mania and epilepsy. It also induces abortion. Long-term use makes the body light and extends lifespan, enhancing memory. It is produced in Pingze, Jin region, obtained from cattle, and must be dried in the shade for one hundred days to ensure proper drying, avoiding exposure to sunlight or moonlight. (Ren Shen [Ginseng Root] acts as its guiding herb; combined with Mu Dan Pi [Moutan Cortex] and Chang Pu [Acorus Rhizome], it benefits the ears and eyes; it is incompatible with Gu Long [Dragon Bone], Di Huang [Rehmannia Root], Long Dan Cao [Gentian Root], and Fei Lian [Blatta Orientalis]; it fears Niu Xi [Cyathula Root].)
Tao Hongjing stated: Old texts mention that divine cattle produce this when entering and exiting while roaring. One should wait where their horns emerge, catch the expelled substance in a basin of water, and it will fall into the water. Nowadays, people mostly obtain it directly from the gallbladder. It is mostly produced in Liangzhou and Yizhou. A single piece is as large as a chicken egg yolk, layered upon itself. Among medicinal substances, none is more precious than this. A single piece weighing three or two fen is worth five to ten thousand cash if of good quality. The *Tang Bencao* annotation states: Niu Huang is now produced in Laizhou, Mizhou, Zizhou, Qingzhou, [missing character]zhou, and Rongzhou. Cattle possessing this substance often roar frequently; it is obtained by intimidating and forcing the animal, termed "Sheng Huang" (Raw Yellow), which is of the best quality. There are three types of Niu Huang: San Huang (Scattered Yellow) granules like hemp seeds; Man Huang (Slow Yellow) resembling the paste of a chicken egg yolk, found in the liver and gallbladder; Yuan Huang (Round Yellow) in block form, varying in size, also found in the liver and gallbladder. It mostly occurs in Qinqte cattle (Yak); it is unheard of in Wu cattle (domestic yellow cattle). Minister Yuxi et al., according to *Yaoxing Lun*, state: Niu Huang is a sovereign drug, incompatible with Chang Shan (Dichroa Root), fears Gan Qi (Dry Lacquer), sweet in flavor. It can ward off evil charms, calm the soul and spirit, treat infant night crying, and manage sudden stroke from malignant pathogens. Wu Shi said: Niu Huang is non-toxic. Cattle that groan upon entering and exiting may have it; at night, the horn glows, oil flows from the horn, and after death, it enters the gallbladder, looking like a chicken egg yolk. Ri Huazi said: Niu Huang is cool. It treats wind-stroke aphasia, lockjaw, female blood lockjaw, palpitations, epidemic febrile diseases, forgetfulness, and deficiency fatigue.
*Tujing* states: Niu Huang is produced in Pingze, Jin region; currently produced in Dengzhou and Laizhou, with other places having some but not of high quality. Any cattle with this substance have glossy skin and fur, blood-red eyes, and often roar. They also like to gaze at water reflections. People use a basin of water to catch the expelled substance, then intimidate the animal until it falls into the water. Once obtained, it is dried in the shade for one hundred days. A single piece is as large as a chicken egg yolk, layered and peelable; those that are light, hollow, and fragrant are superior. However, this substance is often counterfeit. Current testing methods involve rubbing it on fingernails; if it penetrates the nail turning yellow, it is genuine. It is also said there are four types: Sheng Huang obtained by intimidation; Jiao Zhong Huang (Horn Yellow) obtained after slaughter; Xin Huang (Heart Yellow) peeled from the heart after death, initially like thick yellow sauce in the heart, hardening like broken Tribulus or Gleditsia fruit when dipped in water; Gan Huang (Liver Yellow) obtained from the liver and gallbladder. Generally, none surpasses Sheng Huang obtained by intimidation. For medicinal use, Water Buffalo, Yak, and Yellow Cattle provide milk and products like Su (Clarified Butter), Lao (Fermented Milk), and Ti Hu (Butter Oil), but their properties differ: Water Buffalo milk is cool, Yak milk is warm, and their meats are all cold. Self-deceased cattle are inedible. Their clarified butter is used to compound various plasters for massaging wind-induced swelling and traumatic blood stasis; Niu Su (Clarified Butter) is strongest, and Ti Hu is especially good. There is also Di Ye Jia (Vidanga), made by Western Barbarians mixing various bile salts, resembling old spoiled pills, reddish-black, possibly found in the South Sea. Also in the middle category is Niu Jiao Ji (Buffalo Horn Fragment), using Water Buffalo or Yellow Buffalo horns rotted white in dung/soil for a long time, treating bloody and white dysentery, taken as ash powder. Sha Niu Jiao Ji (Sand Buffalo Horn Fragment) treats lower jiao obstruction and blood stasis, female leukorrhea, taken as ash with wine. Cui Yuanliang's *Haishang Fang* treats throat bi (sore throat/swelling) causing suffocation. Take Sha Niu Jiao Ji, burn and scrape for ash, sieve finely, mix with wine, take a date-sized amount, or mix with water. For infants nursing poorly, feeling similar to throat bi, apply this ash to the nipple; swallowing cures it. Yellow Cattle Gallbladder is used for pill making: current formula takes juice on the 12th lunar month day, mixes with Tian Nan Xing (Arisaema Rhizome) powder, returns to the membrane, places in windy area for over a month, then uses to compound Liang Feng Wan (Cool Wind Pill), yielding remarkable effects. Huang Jian Niu (Castrated Yellow Bull) and Wu Gu Niu (Black Ox) urine both treat edema and promote urination. Yang Yan's *Nanxing Fang* treats gouty arthritis (Hongxiangjiao) with lower abdominal distension and difficult urination; take one sheng of Wu Te Niu (Black Male Ox) urine, divided into one day's doses, stop when abdomen reduces. For lowering edema, take Huang Jian Niu urine, drink three sheng at once; if no effect, increase dose; halve for elderly and children. Cow dung ash applied to unhealed moxibustion sores. Oral saliva treats regurgitation. Old cow saliva treats dysphagia. Chewing grass in the mouth, juiced, treats hiccups. Remaining parts like teeth, marrow, heart, liver, kidney are beneficial when eaten but rarely used in formulas. Horse, donkey, and sheep milks have similar functions. Donkey and horse milks are cold and purgative; sheep milk is warm and tonifying; horse milk is best for making cheese. The following item, Bai Gu Pi (Rotten Drum Skin), treats gu poison; ancient formulas also use it alone, burned to ash and taken. Like cattle-related items, it is rarely used, so it is appended at the end.
Lei Gong stated: There are four types for use: First is Sheng Shen Huang (Divine Raw Yellow), obtained by trickery/intimidation; second is Jiao Huang (Horn Yellow), taken directly; third is Xin Huang (Heart Yellow), obtained by experts dissecting the heart after natural death, breaking it open to find the yellow substance inside like thick yellow sauce, which hardens like broken Tribulus or bean-sized Emperor Bead when dipped in water; fourth is Gan Huang (Liver Yellow), where the cattle have glossy bodies, blood-red eyes, enjoy gazing at water, possess nocturnal luminescence, and frighten humans; if collected separately, it may have miraculous effects. For use, it must first be individually pounded, ground fine as dust, wrapped in silk, then wrapped in fresh yellow cowhide, placed above a well surface, three to four chi away from water, left overnight, and used the next morning. *Shenghui Fang*: For newborns up to seven days with lockjaw. Take a small amount of Niu Huang, grind fine, mix with Dan Zhu Li (Bamboo Sap), administer one zi measure,灌 (pour) into mouth. Also dot pig milk into the mouth for cure. Another formula: Treats infant abdominal pain and night crying. Look upward. Grind Niu Huang the size of a soybean, mix with honey water and administer. Yao Hezhong treats infants three days old to dispel evil spirits and malodorous qi. Take Niu Huang the size of a soybean, grind fine, mix with red honey and sour jujube cooked and ground, dip cotton in it, let the infant suckle, finish within one day.
*Yanyi* states: Niu Huang also includes Luo Tuo Huang (Camel Stone), both from Western Regions. Camel Stone is easily obtained; physicians must carefully distinguish and verify before use due to morphological confusion. Yellow Cattle Niu Huang is light and naturally slightly fragrant, distinguishing it. There is also Mao Niu Huang (Yak Stone), which is hard and not fragrant.