一证。更勿疑。便可服。若有三两证以上。更的当也。世人但知小柴胡汤治伤寒。不问何证。便服之。不徒无
效。兼有所害。缘此药瘥寒故也。元 二年。时行无少长皆咳。本方去人参大枣生姜。加五味子干姜各半
两。服此皆愈。常时上壅痰实。只根据本方。食后卧时服。甚妙。赤白痢尤效。痢药中无知此妙。盖痢多因伏暑。
此药极解暑毒。
徐春甫古今医统曰。张仲景着伤寒论。专以外伤为法。其中顾 脾胃元气之秘。世医鲜有知之。观其少
阳证小柴胡汤。用人参。则防邪气之入三阴。或恐脾胃稍虚。邪乘而入。必用人参甘草。固脾胃以充中气。是
外伤未尝不内因也。可见仲景公之立方。神化莫测。或者只以外伤是其所长。而内伤非所知也。此诚不知公之
论也。
柯氏曰。本方为脾家虚热。四时疟疾之圣药。
千金方。妇人在蓐得风。盖四肢苦烦热。皆自发露所为。若头不痛。但烦热。与三物黄芩汤。头痛。与
小柴胡汤。又黄龙汤。治伤寒瘥后。更头痛壮热烦闷方。仲景名小柴胡汤。(活人书。黄龙汤。不用半夏。)
圣惠方。治阳毒伤寒。四肢壮热。心膈烦躁。呕吐不定方。
于本方。去大枣。加麦门冬竹叶。(十便良方。名人参饮子。)
又治伤寒干呕不止。心胸烦躁四肢热。柴胡散方。
于本方。加麦门冬枳壳枇杷叶。
又治伤寒十余日。热气结于胸中。往来寒热。柴胡散方。
于本方。去人参。加枳壳赤芍药桔梗。
又治妊娠伤寒微呕。心下支满。外证未去。柴胡散方。
于本方。加芍药犀角屑麦门冬。
小儿直诀。地骨皮散。治虚热。
于本方。加知母茯苓地骨皮。
直指方。小柴胡汤。治男女诸热出血。血热蕴隆。
于本方。加乌梅。
又治伤暑外热内渴。于内更加生姜。为妙。
保命集。治上焦吐。头发痛。有汗脉弦。镇青丸。
于本方。去枣。加青黛。为细末。姜汁浸蒸饼为丸。
又治产后经水适断。感于异证。手足牵搐。切牙昏冒。宜增损柴胡汤。
于本方。加石膏知母黄 。
又治产后日久。虽日久。而脉浮疾者。宜服三元汤。
本方合四物汤。(又名柴胡四物汤。医垒元戎。名调经汤。)
又产后日久虚劳。针灸小药俱不效者。宜服三分汤。
本方合四物汤。加白术茯苓黄 。
得效方小柴胡汤。治挟岚嶂溪源蒸毒之气。自岭以南。地毒苦炎。燥湿不常。人多患此状。血乘上焦。
病欲来时。令人迷困。甚则发躁狂忘。亦有哑不能言者。皆由败毒瘀心。毒涎聚于脾所致。于此药中。加大黄
枳壳各五钱。
伤寒蕴要。近代名医加减法。若胸膈痞满不宽。或胸中痛。或胁下痞满。或胁下痛。去人参。加枳壳桔
梗各二钱。名柴胡枳壳汤。若胸中痞满。按之痛者。去人参。加栝蒌仁三钱。枳壳桔梗各二钱五分。黄连二钱。
名柴胡陷胸汤。若脉弱虚发热。口渴不饮水者。人参倍用。加麦门冬一钱五分。五味子十五个。名参胡清热饮。
又名清热生脉汤。若脉弦虚发热。或两尺且浮无力。此必有先因房事。或曾梦遗走精。或病中还不固者。宜加
知母黄柏各二钱。牡蛎粉一钱。名滋阴清热饮。如有咳嗽者。更加五味子十一个。若脉弦虚。发热口干。或大
便不实。胃弱不食者。加白术白茯苓白芍药各一钱五分。名参胡三白汤。若发热烦渴。脉浮弦而数。小便不利。
大便泄利者。加四苓散用之。名柴苓汤。内热多者。此名协热而利。加炒黄连一钱五分。白芍药一钱五分。腹痛倍
用。若腹疼恶寒者。去黄芩。加炒白芍药二钱。桂一钱。名柴胡建中汤。若自汗恶风。腹痛发热者。亦主之。
若心下痞满。发热者。加枳实二钱。黄连一钱五分。若血虚发热。至夜尤甚者。加当归身川芎白芍药各
一钱五分。生地黄一钱。若口燥舌干。津液不足者。去半夏。加栝蒌根一钱五分。麦门冬一钱五分。五味子十
五个。
若内热甚者。错语心烦。不得眠者。加黄连黄柏山栀仁各一钱。名柴胡解毒汤。若脉弦长。少阳与阳明
合病。而热者。加葛根三钱。白芍药二钱。名柴葛解肌汤。若脉洪数无外症。恶热内热甚。烦渴饮水者。合白
虎汤主之。名参胡石膏汤。
医方考。疟发时一身尽痛。手足沉重。寒多热少。脉濡者。名曰湿疟。柴平汤主之。
本方。合平胃散。
内台方议曰。如发热小便不利者。和五苓散。呕恶者。加橘红。胸中痞结者。加枳实。咳逆而发热者。
加丁香柿蒂。呕吐者。加竹茹。
医经会解曰。胁下痞闷。去枣。加牡蛎枳实。名小柴胡加枳实汤。鼻衄。加生地茅花。痰盛喘。加桑白
皮乌梅。口干舌燥。去半夏。加天花粉贝母。自汗恶热。谵语烦渴。去半夏。合白虎汤正方。血虚夜发热。有
小柴胡一二证。加当归芍药麦门冬熟地。坏证。加鳖甲。
本草权度曰。玉茎挺长。亦湿热。小柴胡汤加连。有块。青皮。外用丝瓜汁。调五倍子敷。
血弱气尽腠理开。邪气因入。与正气相搏。结于胁下。正邪分争。往来寒热。休作有时。嘿嘿不欲饮食。
脏腑相连。其痛必下。邪高痛下。故使呕也。(【原注】一云。脏腑相违。其病必下。胁膈中痛。)小柴胡汤主之。(玉函。饮食。作食饮。千金翼同。结作在。使下。有其字。)
〔成〕人之气血。随时盛衰。当月郭空之时。则为血弱气尽。腠理开疏之时也。邪气乘虚。伤人则深。针
经曰。月郭空则海水东盛。人血气虚。卫气去。形独居。肌肉减。皮肤缓。腠理开。毛发残。焦理薄。垢落。
当是时遇贼风。则其入深者。是矣。邪因正虚。自表之里。而结于胁下。与正分争。作往来寒热。默默不欲饮
食。下为自外之内。经络与脏腑相连。气随经必传于里。故曰其痛下。痛一作病。邪在上焦为邪高。邪渐传里
为痛下。里气与邪气相搏。逆而上行。故使呕也。与小柴胡汤。以解半表半里之邪。〔王〕血弱气尽。至结于胁
下。是释胸胁苦满句。正邪分争三句。是释往来寒热句。倒装法也。默默不欲饮食。兼上文满痛而言。脏腑相
连四句。释心烦喜呕也。〔柯〕此仲景自注柴胡证首五句。释胸胁苦满之因。正邪三句。释往来寒热之义。此
下多有阙文。故文理不连属也。
案方氏喻氏程氏张氏魏氏钱氏及金鉴。皆以为申明热入血室之由。似于经旨不相叶。故不敢从也。
服柴胡汤已渴者。属阳明。以法治之。(千金翼。已。作而。玉函。属上。有此字。成本。明下。有也字。)
〔方〕已。毕也。渴亦柴胡或为之一证。然非津液不足。水饮停逆。则不渴。或为之渴。寒热往来之暂渴也。
今服柴胡汤。已毕而渴。则非暂渴。其为热已入胃。亡津液而渴。可知。故曰属阳明也。〔钱〕但云以法治之。
而不言法者。盖法无定法也。假令无形之热邪在胃。烁其津液。则有白虎汤之法以解之。若津竭胃虚。又有白
虎加人参之法以救之。若有形之实邪。则有小承气。及调胃承气汤和胃之法。若大实
满。而潮热谵语。大便硬者。则有大承气攻下之法。若胃气已实。而身热未除者。则有大柴胡汤两解之法。若
此之类。当随时应变。因证便宜耳。〔郑〕
少阳阳明之病机。在呕渴中分。渴则转属阳明。呕则仍在少阳。如呕多。虽有阳明证。不可攻之。因病未
离少阳也。服柴胡汤渴当止。若服柴胡汤已加渴者。是热入胃腑。耗津消水。此属阳明胃病也。
得病六七日。脉迟浮弱。恶风寒。手足温。医二三下之。不能食。而胁下满痛。面目及身黄。颈项强。小
便黄者。与柴胡汤。后必下重。本渴饮水而呕者。柴胡不中与也。食谷者哕。(玉函。脉经。上而字。作其人。
小便黄。作小便难。千金翼。成本。亦作难。成本。本渴饮水而呕者。作本渴而饮水呕者。玉函不中间。有复
字。喻氏。周氏。魏氏。张氏本。并缺此条。)
〔柯〕浮弱为桂枝脉。恶风寒。为桂枝症。然手足温而身不热。脉迟为寒。为无阳。为在脏。是表里虚寒
也。法当温中散寒。而反二三下之。胃阳丧亡。不能食矣。食谷则哕。饮水则呕。虚阳外走。故一身面目悉黄。
肺气不化。故小便难而渴。营血不足。故颈项强。少阳之枢机无主。故胁下满痛。此太阳中风。误下之坏病。
非柴胡症矣。与小柴胡汤。后必下利者。虽有参甘。不禁柴芩之苦寒也。〔程〕后必下重者。脾孤而五液注下。
液欲下。而已无液可下。则虚虚之祸。因里寒而益甚耳。遇此之证。无论无里热证。即有里热证。亦属假热。
柴胡汤不中与也。〔钱〕后。谓大便也。下重者。非下体沉重。即大便后重也。若再误犯谷气。必至哕而不治
矣。哕者。即呃逆也。素问宝命全角论云。病深者其声哕。仲景阳明中风。即有加哕者不治之语。方氏疑末后
尚有脱落。不知仲景以不治之证作结。彼竟茫然不知。何哉。尚论并弃
而不载。又不知何意。前辈用心。终莫知其意指也。〔锡〕柴胡汤之害非小。今人不明是理。辄以小柴胡。为和
解之剂。不问表里之虚实。而乱投之。且去人参。止用柴芩等辈。杀人更猛。学人能三复斯言。实苍生之幸也。
〔知〕后言柴胡证但见一证便是。此更言胁下满痛。亦有不宜柴胡者。以为戒也。
伤寒四五日。身热恶风。颈项强。胁下满。手足温而渴者。小柴胡汤主之。(脉经。千金翼。作身体热。)
〔钱〕身热恶风项强。皆太阳表证也。胁下满。邪传少阳也。手足温而渴。知其邪未入阴也。以太阳表证
言之。似当汗解。然胁下已满。是邪气已入少阳。仲景原云。伤寒中风。有柴胡证。但见一证便是。不必悉具。
故虽有太阳未罢之证。汗之则犯禁例。故仍以小柴胡汤主之。但小柴胡汤。当从加减例用之。太阳表证未除。
宜去人参加桂枝。胁下满。当加牡蛎。渴则去半夏加栝蒌根。为是。〔志〕陆氏曰。手足温者。手足热也。乃
病患自觉其热。非按而得之也。(案金鉴引。作手足温者。手足不冷也。非病患自觉其温。乃诊者按之而得也。
与原本左矣。)不然。何以本论既云身热。而复云手足温。有谓身发热。而手足温和者。非也。凡灵素中言温
者。皆谓热也。非谓不热也。
案参前条考之。不身热而手足温者。非柴胡证。身热而手足温者。乃柴胡证。
案方氏喻氏。根据颈项强之一证。为三阳合病。非也。颈项强。乃太阳证。而非阳明证。详义见于葛根汤。
○又案外台。引仲景伤寒论。本条亦云。小柴胡汤主之。而其方则柴胡桂枝干姜汤也。盖从加减例。而改易者。
与钱氏之意符矣。
伤寒阳脉涩阴脉弦。法当腹中急痛。先与小建中汤。不瘥者。小柴胡汤主之。(成本。痛下。有者字。
者小间。有与字。玉函。者字。作即与。)
〔汪〕此条。乃少阳病兼挟里虚之证。伤寒脉弦者。弦本少阳之脉。宜与小柴胡汤。兹但阴脉弦。而阳脉则
涩。此阴阳以浮沉言。脉浮取之。则涩而不流利。沉取之亦弦而不和缓。涩主气血虚少。弦又主痛。法当腹中
急痛。与建中汤者。以温中补虚。缓其痛。而兼散其邪也。先温补矣。而弦脉不除。痛犹未止者。为不瘥。此
为少阳经有留邪也。后与小柴胡汤。去黄芩。和芍药。以和解之。盖腹中痛。亦柴胡证中之一候也。愚以先补
后解。乃仲景神妙之法。〔锡〕先与小建中。便有与柴胡之意。非因小建中不效。而又与小柴胡也〔柯〕仲景有
一证用两方者。如用麻黄汗解。半日复烦。用桂枝更汗同法。然皆设法御病。非必然也。先麻黄。继桂枝。是
从外之内法。先建中。继柴胡。是从内之外法。〔魏〕此条。亦即太阳阳明诸篇。里虚先治里之义也。方氏则
公然谓小建中为不对。亦可哂矣夫。
小建中汤方
桂枝(三两去皮) 甘草(二两炙○玉函。成本。作三两。金匮亦然。) 芍药(六两) 生姜(三两切)
大枣(十二枚擘○千金翼。十一枚。) 胶饴(一升)
上六味。以水七升。煮取三升。去滓纳饴。更上微火消解。温服一升。日三服。呕家不可用建中汤。以
甜故也。(玉函。成本。饴上。有胶字。外台。作先煮五味。取三升。去滓。纳饴。更上火微煮。令消解。用。
作服。玉函。千金翼。亦作服。无建中汤三字。)
〔成〕脾者土也。应中央。处四脏之中。为中州。治中焦。生育营卫。通行津液。一有不调。则营卫失所育。
津液失所行。必以此汤。温建中脏。是以建中名焉。胶饴味甘温。甘草味甘平。脾欲缓。急食甘以缓之。建脾
者。必以甘为主。故以胶饴为君。甘草为臣。桂味辛热。辛散也。润也。营卫
不足。润而散之。芍药味酸微寒。酸收也。泄也。津液不逮。收而行之。是以桂芍药为佐。生姜味辛温。大枣
味甘温。胃者卫之源。脾者营之本。黄帝针经曰。营出中焦。卫出上焦。是矣。卫为阳。不足者。益之必以辛。
营为阴。不足者。补之必以甘。辛甘相合。脾胃健而营卫通。是以姜枣为使。(此系明理论文。)〔汪〕内台方
One syndrome. There is no need to doubt further; it can be administered immediately. If there are three or more syndromes present, the appropriateness is even greater. The world generally knows that Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) treats Shanghan (Cold Damage), but without distinguishing the specific syndrome, they administer it indiscriminately. This not only proves ineffective but also causes harm, due to the cold nature of this medicine. In the second year of Yuan era, during an epidemic, people of all ages suffered from coughing. By removing Renshen (Ginseng Root), Dazao (Jujube Fruit), and Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger Rhizome) from the original formula, and adding Wuweizi (Schisandra Berry) and Ganjiang (Dried Ginger Rhizome), each half liang, all patients recovered after taking this prescription. For chronic upper jiao congestion with phlegm-solidity, using the base formula alone, taken after meals and before sleep, is excellent. It is particularly effective for dysentery with red and white discharge. No one in the realm of dysentery medicines knows this efficacy. Generally, dysentery is caused by latent summer-heat; this medicine effectively resolves summer-heat toxicity.
Xu Chunfu in *Gujin Yitong* states: Zhang Zhongjing wrote *Shanghan Lun*, focusing specifically on external injury as the method. The secret of caring for Spleen-Stomach primordial Qi within it is rarely known by physicians of later generations. Observing his use of Xiaochaihu Tang for Shaoyang syndrome, he uses Renshen (Ginseng Root) to prevent pathogenic factors from entering the Three Yin meridians. Perhaps fearing slight deficiency of the Spleen-Stomach allowing pathogens to invade, he must use Renshen and Gancao (Licorice Root) to consolidate the Spleen-Stomach and replenish Middle Qi. Thus, external injuries are not unconnected to internal causes. It can be seen that Master Zhongjing’s creation of formulas is divine and unfathomable. Some might think that external injury is his specialty while internal injury is beyond his knowledge. This truly shows a lack of understanding of his theory.
Ke Shi says: This formula is the sacred medicine for deficiency-heat of the Spleen family and malaria occurring in all four seasons.
*Qianjin Fang* records: When women contract wind-pathogen postpartum, they often suffer from vexatious heat in the four limbs, usually due to exposing themselves unnecessarily. If the head does not hurt but there is only vexatious heat, administer Sanwu Huangqin Tang (Three-Ingredient Scutellaria Decoction). If there is headache, administer Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction). There is also Huanglong Tang (Yellow Dragon Decoction) for treating recurrence of headache, high fever, and vexation after recovery from Shanghan. Zhang Zhongjing named this Xiaochaihu Tang. (*Huo Ren Shu*'s Huanglong Tang does not use Banxia [Pinellia Tuber].)
*Shenghui Fang*: A formula for treating Yangdu Shanghan (Yang-Toxin Cold Damage) with intense heat in the four limbs, irritability in the heart and diaphragm, and irregular vomiting.
Based on the base formula, remove Dazao (Jujube Fruit), add Maimendong (Ophiopogon Tuber) and Zhuye (Bamboo Leaf). (*Shibian Liangfang* calls this Ren Shen Yin Zi [Ginseng Drink].)
Also treats persistent dry retching due to Shanghan, with vexation in the chest and heart, and heat in the four limbs, Chaihu San Formula.
Based on the base formula, add Maimendong (Ophiopogon Tuber), Zhike (Aurantii Fructus), and Pipay ye (Loquat Leaf).
Also treats Shanghan lasting over ten days, with heat qi knotting in the chest, alternating chills and fever, Chaihu San Formula.
Based on the base formula, remove Renshen (Ginseng Root), add Zhike (Aurantii Fructus), Chi Shaoyao (Red Peony Root), and Jiegeng (Platycodon Root).
Also treats mild vomiting in pregnant women with Shanghan, fullness and distension under the heart, with exterior symptoms unresolved, Chaihu San Formula.
Based on the base formula, add Shaoyao (Peony Root), Xijiao xie (Rhinoceros Horn Shavings - *Note: Modern substitutes like water buffalo horn are used*), and Maimendong (Ophiopogon Tuber).
*Xiao'er Zhijue*: Digupi San (Ground Bark Powder) treats deficiency-heat.
Based on the base formula, add Zhimu (Anemarrhena Rhizome), Fuling (Poria), and Digupi (Lycium Bark).
*Zhizhi Fang*: Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) treats bleeding from various heat syndromes in men and women, where blood-heat is accumulated and flourishing.
Based on the base formula, add Wumei (Mume Fruit).
Also treats external heat and internal thirst due to summer-heat injury; adding Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger Rhizome) internally is excellent.
*Baoming Ji*: Zhenqing Wan (Green Calming Pill) treats vomiting from the Upper Jiao, headache, sweating, and wiry pulse.
Based on the base formula, remove Zao (Jujube), add Qingdai (Indigo Naturalis), grind into fine powder, and form pills with ginger juice and steamed leavened dough.
Also treats postpartum amenorrhea suddenly stopping, contracting strange syndromes, with twitching of hands and feet, clenched teeth, and fainting. Use Zengsun Chaihu Tang (Modified Bupleurum Decoction).
Based on the base formula, add Shigao (Gypsum), Zhimu (Anemarrhena Rhizome), and Huangqin (Scutellaria Root).
Also treats prolonged postpartum deficiency consumption; if the pulse is floating and rapid despite the duration, use Sanyuan Tang (Three-Origin Decoction).
Base formula combined with Siwu Tang (Four Substances Decoction). (Also known as Chaihu Siwu Tang; *Yilei Yuanrong* names it Tiaojing Tang [Regulating Menstruation Decoction].)
Also treats prolonged postpartum deficiency consumption where acupuncture and minor medicines are ineffective; use Sanfen Tang (Three-Part Decoction).
Base formula combined with Siwu Tang (Four Substances Decoction), added with Baizhu (Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome), Fuling (Poria), and Huangqi (Astragalus Root).
*Defang Kao* Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction): Treats conditions caused by toxic vapors from mountain streams and valleys. South of the ridge, the local environment is hot and toxic, with irregular dryness and dampness, leading many to suffer these symptoms. Blood rises to the Upper Jiao. Before the disease manifests, it causes confusion and dizziness; severely, it leads to restlessness, mania, forgetfulness, or muteness. All result from toxic stasis affecting the Heart and toxic saliva accumulating in the Spleen. Add Dahuang (Rhubarb Root) and Zhike (Aurantii Fructus), each five qian, to this medicine.
*Shanghan Yunyao*: Modern famous doctors' modification methods. If there is chest and diaphragm stuffiness and discomfort, or pain in the chest, or fullness/pain under the hypochondrium, remove Renshen (Ginseng Root), add Zhike (Aurantii Fructus) and Jiegeng (Platycodon Root), each two qian, named Chaihu Zhike Tang (Bupleurum and Aurantii Decoction). If there is chest stuffiness painful upon pressure, remove Renshen (Ginseng Root), add Gualouren (Trichosanthes Seed) three qian, Zhike (Aurantii Fructus) and Jiegeng (Platycodon Root) each two qian five fen, Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome) two qian, named Chaihu Xiantong Tang (Bupleurum and Chest-Unblocking Decoction). If the pulse is weak and deficient with fever, thirst but no desire to drink, double the dose of Renshen (Ginseng Root), add Maimendong (Ophiopogon Tuber) one qian five fen, Wuweizi (Schisandra Berry) fifteen berries, named Canhu Qingre Yin (Bupleurum-Ginseng Heat-Clearing Drink). Also named Qingre Shengmai Tang (Heat-Clearing and Pulse-Nourishing Decoction). If the pulse is wiry and deficient with fever, or both Chi pulses are floating and powerless, indicating prior sexual activity, nocturnal emission, or instability during illness, add Zhimu (Anemarrhena Rhizome) and Huangbai (Phellodendron Bark) each two qian, Muli (Oyster Shell) powder one qian, named Ziyin Qingre Yin (Nourishing Yin and Clearing Heat Drink). If coughing is present, add eleven Wuweizi (Schisandra Berries). If the pulse is wiry and deficient, with fever, dry mouth, loose stools, and weak stomach/anorexia, add Baizhu (Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome), Baifuling (White Poria), and Baishaoyao (White Peony Root) each one qian five fen, named Canhu Sanbai Tang (Bupleurum-Ginseng Three-Whites Decoction). If there is fever, vexation, thirst, floating-wiry-rapid pulse, difficult urination, and diarrhea, add Siling San (Four-Poria Powder), named Chai Ling Tang (Bupleurum-Poria Decoction). For excessive internal heat, termed "collateral heat with diarrhea," add fried Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome) one qian five fen, Baishaoyao (White Peony Root) one qian five fen; double the dose for abdominal pain. If abdominal pain with aversion to cold, remove Huangqin (Scutellaria Root), add fried Baishaoyao (White Peony Root) two qian, Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig) one qian, named Chaihu Jianzhong Tang (Bupleurum-Reinforcing Middle Decoction). Also indicated for spontaneous sweating, aversion to wind, abdominal pain, and fever. If epigastric stuffiness with fever, add Zhishi (Immature Bitter Orange) two qian, Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome) one qian five fen. If blood-deficiency fever, worse at night, add Danggui shen (Angelica Sinensis Root Body), Chuanxiong (Szechwan Lovage Rhizome), and Baishaoyao (White Peony Root) each one qian five fen, Shengdi huang (Rehmannia Root) one qian. If dry mouth and tongue with insufficient fluids, remove Banxia (Pinellia Tuber), add Gualougen (Trichosanthes Root) one qian five fen, Maimendong (Ophiopogon Tuber) one qian five fen, Wuweizi (Schisandra Berry) fifteen berries.
If internal heat is severe, with confused speech, vexation, and insomnia, add Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome), Huangbai (Phellodendron Bark), and Shanzhiren (Gardenia Seed) each one qian, named Chaihu Jiedu Tang (Bupleurum-Toxin-Resolving Decoction). If the pulse is wiry and long, indicating concurrent Shaoyang and Yangming diseases with heat, add Gegen (Kudzu Root) three qian, Baishaoyao (White Peony Root) two qian, named Chaige Jieji Tang (Bupleurum-Kudzu Muscle-Relieving Decoction). If the pulse is surging and rapid without exterior symptoms, with intense aversion to heat, internal heat, vexation, thirst, and desire to drink, combine with Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction), named Canhu Shigao Tang (Bupleurum-Ginseng-Gypsum Decoction).
*Yifang Kao*: Malaria presenting with whole-body pain, heavy limbs, more chills than fever, and soggy pulse is named Wet Malaria, treated with Chai Ping Tang (Bupleurum-Pingwei Decoction).
Base formula combined with Pingwei San (Pingwei Powder).
*Neitai Fangyi* states: For fever with difficult urination, combine with Wuling San (Five-Poria Powder). For nausea/vomiting, add Juhong (Tangerine Peel). For chest knotting/stuffiness, add Zhishi (Immature Bitter Orange). For cough/wheezing with fever, add Dingxiang (Clove) and Shidi (Date Spine). For vomiting, add Zhuru (Bamboo Sap).
*Yijing Huijie* states: For hypochondriac stuffiness, remove Zao (Jujube), add Muli (Oyster Shell) and Zhishi (Immature Bitter Orange), named Xiaochaihu Jia Zhishi Tang (Minor Bupleurum Plus Immature Bitter Orange Decoction). For epistaxis, add Shengdi huang (Rehmannia Root) and Maohua (Moss Flower). For profuse phlegm and wheezing, add Sangbaipi (Mulberry Root Bark) and Wumei (Mume Fruit). For dry mouth and tongue, remove Banxia (Pinellia Tuber), add Tianhuafen (Trichosanthes Root) and Beimu (Fritillaria Bulb). For spontaneous sweating, aversion to heat, delirium, and thirst, remove Banxia (Pinellia Tuber), combine with Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction). For blood-deficiency night fever with one or two signs of Xiaochaihu syndrome, add Danggui (Angelica Sinensis), Shaoyao (Peony Root), Maimendong (Ophiopogon Tuber), and Shudi (Prepared Rehmannia Root). For complicated cases, add Biejia (Turtle Shell).
*Bencao Quandu* states: Elongated penis indicates damp-heat; add Lian (Coptis) to Xiaochaihu Tang. For lumps, use Qingpi (Aged Tangerine Peel). Externally, apply Loquat juice mixed with Wubeizi (Chinese Gall) powder.
When blood is weak and Qi is exhausted, the interstices open, and pathogenic factors enter, contending with healthy Qi and knotting under the hypochondrium. Healthy and pathogenic factors contend, resulting in alternating chills and fever, occurring at intervals. There is silence and lack of desire to eat. The Zang-Fu organs are connected; pain must occur below. Pathogen is high, pain is low, thus causing vomiting. (Original note: One version says, Zang-Fu are discordant, disease must be lower, pain in hypochondrium/diaphragm.) Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) governs this. (*Yu Han*: "food and drink" instead of "diet"; *Qianjin Yi* same. "Jie" acts as "zai". "Shi xia" has the character "you".)
[Cheng Wuji] Human Qi and Blood fluctuate with time. When the moon wanes, it is when blood is weak and Qi is exhausted, and interstices are open and sparse. Pathogens take advantage of deficiency, injuring deeply. *Zhen Jing* says: When the moon wanes, sea water surges east; human Qi and Blood are deficient, Wei Qi departs, form remains alone, muscles diminish, skin relaxes, interstices open, hair falls out, pores thin, dirt sheds. Meeting thief-wind at this time causes deep invasion. Pathogens, due to healthy Qi deficiency, move from exterior to interior, knotting under the hypochondrium, contending with healthy Qi, producing alternating chills and fever, silence, and lack of appetite. Below, moving from exterior to interior, meridians connect with Zang-Fu; Qi follows meridians to transmit to interior, hence "pain below." Pain acts as disease. Pathogen in Upper Jiao is "high"; transmitting to interior is "low." Interior Qi contends with pathogen, reversing upward, causing vomiting. Administer Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) to resolve semi-exterior semi-interior pathogens. [Weng Kentang] "Blood weak, Qi exhausted, knotting under hypochondrium" explains "chest and hypochondriac fullness." The three sentences on "healthy/pathogenic contention" explain "alternating chills and fever." This is inverted syntax. "Silence and lack of appetite" combines with previous fullness/pain. The four sentences on "connected Zang-Fu" explain "vexation and frequent vomiting." [Ke Qin] These first five sentences are Zhang Zhongjing's own annotation explaining the cause of chest/hypochondriac fullness in Chaihu syndrome. The three sentences on contention explain the meaning of alternating chills/fever. There are missing texts here, so the logic is disjointed.
Case: Fang Shi, Yu Shi, Cheng Shi, Zhang Shi, Wei Shi, Qian Shi, and *Jin Jian* all consider this an explanation of the cause of heat entering the Blood Chamber, which seems inconsistent with the classic's intent, so I dare not follow.
After taking Chaihu Tang, if thirst occurs, it belongs to Yangming; treat according to the method. (*Qianjin Yi*: "yi" acts as "er". *Yu Han*: "shu" above, has "ci" character. *Cheng Ben*: "ming" below, has "ye" character.)
[Fang Youzhi] "Yi" means finished. Thirst is also a possible symptom of Chaihu Tang. However, unless fluids are insufficient or fluid-retention rebels, there is no thirst. Or it is temporary thirst—transient thirst from alternating chills/fever. Now, after finishing Chaihu Tang, thirst persists; this is not transient thirst. It indicates heat has entered the Stomach, consuming fluids, causing thirst. Hence, "belongs to Yangming." [Qian Huang] Only saying "treat according to method" without specifying implies there is no fixed method. Suppose formless heat pathogen in Stomach scorches fluids; use Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction) to resolve. If fluids exhausted and Stomach deficient, use Baihu Jia Renshen Tang (White Tiger Plus Ginseng Decoction). If有形 (formful) excess pathogen, use Xiao Chengqi Tang (Minor Order the Qi Decoction) or Tiaowei Chengqi Tang (Regulate Stomach Order the Qi Decoction) to harmonize Stomach. If severe fullness, tidal fever, delirium, hard stool, use Da Chengqi Tang (Major Order the Qi Decoction) to purge. If Stomach Qi is solid but body heat remains, use Da Chaihu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction) to resolve both. Such cases require adapting to circumstances and adjusting based on syndrome. [Zheng] The pathology mechanism between Shaoyang and Yangming is distinguished by vomiting and thirst. Thirst indicates transfer to Yangming; vomiting indicates remaining in Shaoyang. If vomiting is frequent, even with Yangming signs, do not purge, as the disease has not left Shaoyang. Taking Chaihu Tang should stop thirst. If thirst worsens after taking Chaihu Tang, heat has entered Stomach Fu, consuming fluids; this belongs to Yangming Stomach disease.
Getting sick for six or seven days, pulse slow-floating-weak, aversion to wind-cold, warm hands/feet, physician purges two or three times, inability to eat, fullness/pain under hypochondrium, yellow face/body, stiff neck, yellow urine. Giving Chaihu Tang will likely cause heaviness in defecation. Originally thirsty, drinking water causes vomiting; Chaihu Tang is contraindicated. Eating causes hiccups. (*Yu Han*, *Mai Jing*: "er" acts as "qi ren". "Xiao bian huang" acts as "xiao bian nan". *Qianjin Yi*, *Cheng Ben*: also "nan". *Cheng Ben*: "ben ke yin shui er ou" acts as "ben ke er yin shui ou". *Yu Han*: "bu zhong" has "fu" character. Yu Shi, Zhou Shi, Wei Shi, Zhang Shi versions omit this clause.)
[Ke Qin] Floating-weak is Guizhi pulse; aversion to wind-cold is Guizhi syndrome. However, warm hands/feet without body heat, slow pulse indicates cold, absence of Yang, location in Zang; this is interior-exterior deficiency-cold. Method should be warming middle and dispersing cold, but instead purged two/three times, destroying Stomach Yang, causing inability to eat. Eating causes hiccups, drinking causes vomiting. Deficient Yang floats outward, causing whole-body/yellow face. Lung Qi fails to transform, causing difficult urination and thirst. Ying-Blood insufficient causes stiff neck. Shaoyang pivot lacks master, causing hypochondriac fullness/pain. This is Taiyang Wind-Strike, a ruined syndrome from mistaken purging, not Chaihu syndrome. Giving Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) will likely cause diarrhea; despite Renshen/Gancao, cannot withstand the bitter-cold of Chai/Huangqin. [Cheng Jiaoqian] "Likely causes heaviness in defecation" means Spleen is isolated, Five Fluids pour down. Fluids want to go down, but none remain; the disaster of "deficiency inducing deficiency" worsens due to interior cold. Encountering this syndrome, regardless of presence/absence of interior heat (even if present, it is false heat), Chaihu Tang is contraindicated. [Qian Huang] "Hou" refers to stool. "Xia zhong" means either lower body heaviness or tenesmus. If mistakenly violating grain Qi again, hiccups will become untreatable. "Huo" is hiccup. *Su Wen - Bao Ming Quan Ji Lun* says: Deep disease produces hiccups. Zhang Zhongjing's *Yangming Feng Zhong* mentions untreatable hiccups. Fang Shi suspects text loss at the end, not knowing Zhang Zhongjing concludes with untreatable cases. Why is he ignorant? *Shanglun Pian* omits it entirely; what is the intention? Ancestors' intentions remain unknown. [Shen Mingzong] The harm of Chaihu Tang is not small. Modern physicians, not understanding this principle, indiscriminately use Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) as a harmonizing agent, ignoring exterior/interior and deficiency/excess. Removing Renshen (Ginseng Root) and using only Chai/Huangqin kills more swiftly. Scholars who repeat these words bring fortune to the people. [Zhi] Later it says seeing one Chaihu sign suffices; here it adds that hypochondriac fullness/pain may also be unsuitable for Chaihu, serving as a warning.
Shanghan four or five days, body heat, aversion to wind, stiff neck, hypochondriac fullness, warm hands/feet, and thirst: Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) governs this. (*Mai Jing*, *Qianjin Yi*: "body heat".)
[Qian Huang] Body heat, aversion to wind, stiff neck are all Taiyang exterior signs. Hypochondriac fullness indicates pathogen transmitting to Shaoyang. Warm hands/feet and thirst indicate pathogen has not entered Yin. From Taiyang exterior perspective, sweating seems appropriate. However, hypochondriac fullness indicates pathogen has entered Shaoyang. Zhang Zhongjing originally stated: In Shanghan/Feng Zhong, if Chaihu signs exist, seeing one sign suffices, not all need be present. Thus, even with unresolved Taiyang signs, sweating violates prohibitions; therefore, still use Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction). But modifications should be applied. With unresolved Taiyang exterior, remove Renshen (Ginseng Root), add Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig). For hypochondriac fullness, add Muli (Oyster Shell). For thirst, remove Banxia (Pinellia Tuber), add Gualougen (Trichosanthes Root); this is correct. [Zhi] Lu Shi says: "Warm hands/feet" means hands/feet are hot, felt subjectively by the patient, not just by palpation. (*Jin Jian* citation: "warm hands/feet" means hands/feet are not cold, felt by practitioner via palpation, differing from original). Otherwise, why state "body heat" then "warm hands/feet"? Saying "body hot, hands/fees mild" is incorrect. In *Ling Shu*/*Su Wen*, "wen" always means heat, not "not hot."
Case: Comparing with previous clause, hands/feet warm without body heat is not Chaihu syndrome. Body heat with warm hands/feet is Chaihu syndrome.
Case: Fang Shi, Yu Shi consider "stiff neck" as Triple-Yang concurrent disease, which is incorrect. Stiff neck is Taiyang sign, not Yangming. Detailed meaning is in Gegen Tang (Kudzu Decoction).
○ Another Case: *Waitai* cites Zhang Zhongjing's *Shanghan Lun*, this clause also says "Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) governs," but the formula is Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Tang (Bupleurum-Cinnamon-Dried Ginger Decoction). Likely modified from modification examples, aligning with Qian Shi's intent.
Shanghan, Yang pulse choppy, Yin pulse wiry, law dictates acute abdominal pain. First give Jianzhong Tang (Reinforce the Middle Decoction); if not cured, Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) governs. (*Cheng Ben*: "tong xia" has "zhe" character. Between "zhe" and "xiao", has "yu" character. *Yu Han*: "zhe" acts as "ji yu".)
[Wang Ang] This clause is Shaoyang disease combined with interior deficiency. Shanghan wiry pulse is naturally Shaoyang pulse, suitable for Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction). Here only Yin pulse is wiry, Yang pulse is choppy. Yin/Yang here refers to floating/sinking. Floating pulse is choppy and unsmooth. Sinking pulse is wiry but not relaxed. Choppy indicates Qi/Blood deficiency; wiry indicates pain. Law dictates acute abdominal pain. Giving Jianzhong Tang warms middle, tonifies deficiency, relieves pain, and disperses pathogen. After warming/tonifying, if wiry pulse remains and pain persists ("not cured"), it indicates lingering pathogen in Shaoyang meridian. Then give Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction), remove Huangqin (Scutellaria Root), harmonize Shaoyao (Peony Root) to harmonize. Abdominal pain is also one manifestation of Chaihu syndrome. I believe tonifying first then resolving is Zhang Zhongjing's divine method. [Shen Mingzong] Giving Jianzhong Tang first implies intent to give Chaihu; it is not that Chaihu is given because Jianzhong failed. [Ke Qin] Zhang Zhongjing uses two formulas for one syndrome, e.g., Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) for sweating, recurring vexation next day, then Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) for further sweating. Both are strategies to manage disease, not inevitable. Mahuang then Guizhi is exterior-to-interior method. Jianzhong then Chaihu is interior-to-exterior method. [Wei Litong] This clause also reflects the principle in Taiyang/Yangming chapters: treat interior deficiency first. Fang Shi openly claiming Jianzhong is wrong is laughable.
Jianzhong Tang Formula
Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig) (3 liang, bark removed) Gancao (Licorice Root) (2 liang, honey-fried ○ *Yu Han*, *Cheng Ben*: 3 liang. *Jin Gui* same.) Shaoyao (Peony Root) (6 liang) Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger Rhizome) (3 liang, sliced)
Dazao (Jujube Fruit) (12 pieces, torn ○ *Qianjin Yi*: 11 pieces.) Yitang (Malt Sugar) (1 sheng)
The above six ingredients, boil in 7 sheng water, reduce to 3 sheng, remove dregs, add Yitang (Malt Sugar), heat gently on fire to dissolve. Warm dose 1 sheng, three times daily. Physicians treating vomiting should not use Jianzhong Tang, due to sweetness. (*Yu Han*, *Cheng Ben*: "jiao" before "yi". *Waitai*: boil five ingredients first, get 3 sheng, remove dregs, add Yitang, heat gently to dissolve. "Yong" acts as "fu". *Yu Han*, *Qianjin Yi*: also "fu". No "Jianzhong Tang" characters.)
[Cheng Wuji] Spleen is Earth, corresponds to Center, located among Four Zang, is Central Province, governs Middle Jiao, generates Ying/Wei, circulates Jin-Ye. Any disharmony causes Ying/Wei loss of nourishment and Jin-Ye loss of circulation. Must use this decoction to warm/reinforce Middle Zang, hence named Jianzhong (Reinforce Middle). Yitang is sweet-warm, Gancao is sweet-neutral. Spleen desires relaxation; urgently eat sweet to relax. Reinforcing Spleen must prioritize sweet, hence Yitang is Sovereign, Gancao is Minister. Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig) is pungent-hot, pungent disperses, moistens. Ying/Wei insufficient, moisten and disperse. Shaoyao (Peony Root) is sour-slightly cold, sour collects, drains. Jin-Ye insufficient, collect and circulate. Hence Guizhi/Shao Yao are Assistants. Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger Rhizome) is pungent-warm, Dazao (Jujube Fruit) is sweet-warm. Stomach is source of Wei, Spleen is root of Ying. *Huang Di Zhen Jing* says: Ying emerges from Middle Jiao, Wei emerges from Upper Jiao. Correct. Wei is Yang; insufficiency benefits from pungent. Ying is Yin; insufficiency benefits from sweet. Pungent-sweet combine, Spleen-Stomach strengthen, Ying/Wei circulate, hence Jiang/Zao are Envoys. (This text is from *Ming Li Lun*.) [Wang Ang] *Neitai Fangyi*