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The *Classic* (Huangdi Neijing) states: The eyes are the blossoms of the essence of the five zang organs and six fu organs, where the essence of Ying (Nutritive Qi), Wei (Defensive Qi), Hun (Ethereal Soul), and Po (Corporeal Soul) constantly circulate. It also says: All meridians belong to the eyes; the eyes can see when they receive blood nourishment. Therefore, the essence and qi of the zang and fu organs all ascend to the eyes to form the pupils and eyeballs. The whites of the eyes belong to the Lung, the black parts (iris/cornea area) belong to the Liver, the pupils belong to the Kidney, the upper and lower eyelids belong to the Spleen, the two canthi (angles of the eyes) belong to the Heart, while the inner depths of the canthi belong to the Gallbladder and Sanjiao (Triple Burner). The upper rim belongs to the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian and Hand-Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian, and the lower rim belongs to the Foot-Yangming Large Intestine Meridian and Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Meridian, along with the five zang organs. Each of the five colors is governed by a specific organ: the Heart governs red; severe redness indicates Heart Excess-Heat, while slight redness indicates Heart Deficient-Heat. The Liver governs green/blue; severe greenness indicates Liver Heat, while pale greenness indicates Liver Deficiency. The Spleen governs yellow; severe yellowness indicates Spleen Heat, while pale yellowness indicates Spleen Deficiency. Eyes lacking luster, or having excessive whites with insufficient black parts, indicate insufficiency of both the Liver and Kidney. Clear vision during the day but inability to see at night indicates congenital weakness of Yang Qi; when Yin becomes dominant at night, Yang further declines, resulting in blindness. Red vessels and nebulae (opacities) developing from top to bottom belong to the Foot-Taiyang Meridian; those developing from bottom to top belong to the Foot-Yangming Meridian. If it develops from the upper eyelid downward, presenting white-black nebulae, it belongs to Taiyang Cold-Water pathogen. If it develops from outside to inside, it belongs to Shaoyang Wind-Heat. If it develops from bottom to top and appears green, it belongs to a combined disease of the Foot-Yangming Meridian, Lung, and Kidney. However, nebulae are caused by internal accumulation of Wind-Heat. When the pathogenic factor is unsettled, it is called "Re Yi" (Heat Nebula), floating externally. When the pathogenic factor has settled, it is still called "Re Yi," but sinks internally. If the pathogen is deep, it is called "Xian Yi" (Sunken Nebula), which should be treated with ascending and dispersing methods to eliminate it. There is also "Gan Yan" (Kui Eye/Night Blindness due to Malnutrition), caused by Liver Fire and Damp-Heat rushing upward, Spleen Qi deficiency failing to ascend clear Qi, leading to rapid formation of white nebulae that block vision, with sticky discharge like paste, eventually suppurating and damaging the eye. Night blindness occurs because one can see in the morning but goes blind at dusk, due to weak Liver Qi. Wood is born at Zi hour, prosperous at Mao hour, and extinct at Shen hour; thus, vision is clear before Wu hour, but lost at Shen and You hours. Moreover, since eyes need blood to see, Liver Qi gradually declines after noon. Yin deficiency leads to hyperactive Fire; weak Yin cannot overcome strong Fire, so symptoms worsen at night. At dawn, Yang takes command; Yang moves, temporarily dissipating turbid Yin, so vision slightly improves. Generally, treatment focuses on nourishing the Liver and tonifying Blood, combined with regulating the Spleen and Stomach. For eyes closed and unable to open, causes include excessive use of cold-natured medicines causing Yang Qi to sink and fail to rise, or Stomach Qi deficiency causing eyelid weakness; both require raising Yang and benefiting Stomach Qi. For sudden redness, swelling, and pain due to blazing Wind-Fire, or for tearing and photophobia due to accumulated Heat in the Liver and Heart, treatments should respectively disperse Wind and scatter Fire, or cool Blood and purify the Liver. For angular blepharitis ("Wind Along Rotten Eye"), there is Heat in the Diaphragm. For constant itching, there are parasites from ulcerated pus. For eyelids adhering together, there is Wind-Heat in the Liver Meridian. For newborns with jaundice, high fever, constipation of stool and urine, red face, and closed eyes, this is Fetal Heat. After smallpox/variolae, if Essence and Blood are depleted and residual toxins invade upward, or if pox enters the eyes, causing unclear vision without swelling or pain but seeing black spots without luster, this is deficiency of both Liver and Kidney. If there is no external nebula or internal cataract like clouds blocking vision, commonly known as "Qing Mang" (Green Blindness), it is either due to exhaustion of Kidney Water or chronic disease turning into Kui syndrome. With a洪大 (Surging-Large) pulse, nourishing Blood is primary; with a 沉细 (Deep-Fine) pulse, tonifying Yang is superior. Just as the sky without sunlight cannot reflect light even with a fire mirror, so too must underlying deficiencies be addressed. After vomiting and diarrhea, if the eyes appear covered and lack clarity, it indicates prolonged loss of Essence and depletion of Yuan Shen (Original Spirit), which is difficult to treat. For heat-toxic or accumulated-toxic small eyes, or epidemic swelling and redness, treatments generally avoid cold-natured herbs and single dispersing agents. Cold causes stagnation, Heat promotes movement, and Wind causes dryness. Although eye diseases arise from Fire-Heat, they often originate from initial Wind-Cold invasion closing the pores, trapping Fire-Heat inside, which ascends to the empty orifices. Dispersing the exterior release allows Fire-Heat to exit and pain to cease. Combined with blood-nourishing, blood-cooling, and nebula-resolving formulas, wind-dispersing herbs are necessary to reach the head and eyes. Since trapped Fire should be vented to reduce its intensity, using only cold herbs causes pathogenic stagnation. Sweating is contraindicated as it consumes fluids and dries Blood, worsening the condition. Using blood-breaking or blood-cooling herbs for blood stasis/heat, or cold-damaging herbs for the Spleen, is inadvisable. The Spleen is the ultimate Yin organ; brightness returns to the eyes. Since eyes need blood to see, less blood leads to more agitated Fire-Heat and dimmer vision. Blood is the essence of Water's meridians; luster is the blossom of Wood. The Spleen and Stomach are the root of Wood. Therefore, treating upper pathology via lower regulation is preferred. Use formulas to guide Fire back to its source, taken before meals to strongly tonify Liver and Kidney. This lowers turbid Yin, clears upper Heat, replenishes lower Yin, restores vision, raises sunken nebulae, and melts ice-like nebulae. For thick nebulae, add nebula-resolving and wind-dispersing herbs to blood-nourishing formulas, taken after meals, achieving both root and branch treatment benefits. (Patient Zhang) suffered frequent eye problems due to overwork from reading in youth; now, excessive reading triggers relapses. During attacks, he uses Ba Wei Wan (Eight-Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia) plus Niu Xi (Achyranthes Root) and Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra Fruit), taking 5-6 qian each time before meals, totaling 1.5-1.6 liang daily. Externally, he boils Huang Lian (Coptis Rhizome) over 1 qian with a small amount of Tong Qing (Azurite) to make a concentrated solution, washes the eyes 2-3 times, and once the red nebula fades slightly, adds 2-3 fen of Ren Shen (Ginseng Root) for gentle washing. This restores vision to normal.