《巢氏病源》小儿伤寒口生疮候∶伤寒是寒气客于皮肤，搏于血气，腠理闭密，气不宣泄，蕴积生热，故头
痛体疼而壮热也。其口生疮者，热毒瓦斯在脏，上冲胸膈，气发于口，故生疮也。
《巢氏病源》小儿伤寒咽喉痛候∶伤寒咽喉痛者，是心胸热盛，气上冲于咽喉，故令痛。若挟毒则喉痛结肿，
水浆不入。毒还入心，烦闷者死。
《活人书》论伤寒小儿、大人治，一般但小分剂，药差凉耳。问∶咽喉痛，何也？咽喉痛有阴阳二证∶脉浮
数，面赤斑斑如锦纹，咽喉痛，唾脓血者此阳毒也。（在第四卷，第四问。第四曰∶发躁狂走，妄言，面赤，咽痛，身
斑斑如锦纹，或下利赤黄，而脉洪实，何也？此名阳毒也。伤寒病若阳独盛，阴气暴绝，必发躁，狂走，妄言，面赤咽
痛，身斑斑如锦纹。或下利赤黄，脉洪实或滑促，宜用酸苦之药，令阴气复而大汗解矣。葶苈苦酒汤、阳毒升麻汤、大
黄散、栀子仁汤、黑奴丸，可选而用之。近人治伤寒脉洪大，内外结热，舌卷焦黑，鼻中如烟煤，则宜以水煮布
薄之，叠布数重，新水渍之；稍换去水，拾于胸上，须臾蒸热，又渍令冷如前薄之；仍数涣新水，日数十易。热甚者，
置病患于水中，热势才退则已，亦良法也。）脉沉迟，手足厥冷，或吐痢而咽中痛，此为少阴证也。
《病源》云∶此为下部脉都不至，阴阳隔绝。邪客于足少阳之络，毒瓦斯上冲，故咽喉不利，或痛而生疮也。
伤寒脉阴阳俱紧及汗出者，少阳也。此属少阴，法当咽痛，而复吐利。此候汗、熏、熨俱不可。汗出者， 本粉
敷之。咽喉痛者，甘草汤、桔梗汤、猪肤汤、半夏散、通脉四逆去芍药加桔梗汤、麻黄升麻汤，可选而用之。
又有伏气之病，谓非时有暴寒中人，伏气于少阴经。始不觉，旬月乃发，脉微弱怯，先咽痛，似伤寒非喉痹之
病，次必下痢。如用半夏桂甘汤，次四逆散主之，此病只一、二日便瘥，古方谓之肾伤寒也。
《活人书》治小儿伤寒变热毒，病身热，面赤口躁，心腹坚急，大小便不利。或口疮，或因壮热，或四肢挛
掣，惊仍作痫疾，时发时醒，醒后身热如火者，十物升麻汤。
《活人书》治胃中客热，口臭，不思饮食。或肌烦不欲食，齿龈肿疼，脓血；舌口、咽中有疮；赤眼，目脸
肿，重不欲开；疮疹已发未发，并宜服甘露饮子。（方并见本门）
《活人书》葶苈酒汤
苦酒（米醋是也，一升半） 葶苈（熬，杵膏，一合） 生艾汁（半升，无生艾煮熟艾汁，或用艾根捣取汁）
上件煎取七合，作三服。
《活人书》阳毒升麻汤
升麻（二分） 犀角屑 射干 黄芩 人参 甘草（各一分）
上锉如麻豆大。以水三升，煎取一升半，去滓，饮一汤盏、食顷再服。温覆手足出汗则解，不解重作。
《活人书》大黄散
川大黄（一两半，锉碎） 桂心（三分） 甘草（炙微赤，锉） 木通（锉） 大腹皮（锉。各一两） 川芒硝（二
两） 桃仁（二十一枚，汤浸，去皮尖、双仁，麸炒令微黄）
上件捣为粗末。每服四钱，以水一中盏，煎至六分，去滓。不计时候温服，以通利为度。
《活人书》栀子仁汤
栀子仁 知母 赤芍药 大青（各一两） 柴胡（去苗，一两半） 川升麻 黄芩 杏仁（汤浸，去皮尖、双仁者，
麸炒微黄） 石膏（各二两） 甘草（半两，炙微赤，锉）
上件捣为粗末。每服抄四钱，以水一中盏，入生姜半分，豉一百粒，煎至六分，去滓。不计时候温服。
《活人书》黑奴丸，方见伤寒发渴门中。
《活人书》仲景 本粉，方见伤寒自汗门温粉法中。
《活人书》仲景甘草汤
甘草（二两）
上锉如麻豆大。每服抄四钱匕，水一盏半，煮至六分，去滓。温服日二。
《活人书》桔梗汤
桔梗（一两） 甘草（二两）
上锉如麻豆大。每服抄五钱匕，水一盏半，煮至八分，去滓，温分再服。
《活人书》仲景猪肤汤
猪肤（二两六钱半）
上一味，以水二大白盏半，煮取一盏计，去滓，加白蜜一合半，白粉一合。
《活人书》仲景半夏散
半夏（汤洗） 桂枝（去皮） 甘草（炙）
上等分，各别捣筛已，合和治之。每服三钱，水一盏，煎八分，令冷，少少咽之。
《活人书》仲景通脉四逆汤去芍药加桔梗汤，方见伤寒呕 门中。
《活人书》仲景麻黄升麻汤
麻黄（二两半，去节） 升麻 当归（各一两一分） 知母 黄芩 葳蕤（各三分） 芍药 天门冬（去心） 桂
枝（去皮） 茯苓 甘草（炙） 石膏（碎，绵裹） 白术 干姜（各一分）
上锉如麻豆大。每服抄五钱匕，水一盏半，煮至八分，去滓温服。相次一炊久，进一服，汗出愈。
《活人书》仲景半夏桂枝甘草汤
半夏（汤洗） 甘草（炙） 桂心
上等分，锉如麻豆大。每服四钱匕，水一盏半，煎七分，放冷，少少含细咽之。（与古方半夏散同。）
《活人书》仲景四逆散，方见伤寒咳嗽门中。
《活人书》仲景十物升麻汤方
升麻 白薇 麻黄 葳蕤 柴胡 甘草（各半两） 黄芩（一两） 朴硝 大黄 钩藤（各一分）
上锉如麻豆大。每服三钱，水一盏，煎至七分，去滓，下硝再煎化，温服。
《活人书》甘露饮子方
熟干地黄 生干地黄 天门冬 麦门冬（并去心，焙） 枇杷叶（去毛） 枳壳（麸炒，去瓤） 黄芩 石斛（去
苗） 山茵陈 甘草（炙。各等分）
上为细末。每服二钱，水一盏，煎至六分，去滓温服，食后临卧。
According to *Chao Shi Bing Yuan* (Source of Diseases by Chao Yuanfang) regarding the condition of sores in the mouth of children with Shanghan (Cold Damage): Shanghan occurs when cold pathogenic factors invade the skin and contend with blood and qi, causing the cou li (skin texture and pores) to close tightly. The internal qi cannot be vented, leading to accumulation and generation of heat. Consequently, symptoms such as headache, body ache, and high fever arise. If sores develop in the mouth, it is because heat-toxic qi accumulates within the zang-fu organs, rushes upward to the chest and diaphragm, and vents through the mouth, thus generating sores.
Regarding the condition of sore throat in children with Shanghan in *Chao Shi Bing Yuan*: Sore throat in Shanghan is caused by excessive heat in the heart and chest, with qi rushing upward to the throat, resulting in pain. If complicated by toxic factors, the throat may become swollen and knotted, preventing the intake of water or gruel. If the toxin re-enters the heart and causes restlessness and stifling sensation, the prognosis is fatal.
*Huo Ren Shu* (The Book that Saves Lives) discusses that the treatment for Shanghan in both children and adults is generally the same, but with smaller dosages and slightly cooler medicinal properties. Question: Why does sore throat occur? Sore throat is divided into two syndromes: Yin and Yang. If the pulse is floating and rapid, the face is red with mottled patterns like brocade, there is a sore throat, and pus and blood are spat out, this is Yang Du (Yang Toxin). (This content is in Volume 4, Question 4. Question 4 states: Restlessness, manic running, delirious speech, red face, sore throat, body spots like brocade patterns, or diarrhea with red-yellow stool, and a surging and solid pulse—what is this disease? This is named Yang Du. In Shanghan, if Yang qi alone is excessive and Yin qi suddenly perishes, restlessness, manic running, delirious speech, red face, sore throat, and body spots like brocade patterns will definitely occur. Or diarrhea with red-yellow stool, with a surging and solid or slippery and hurried pulse. It is appropriate to use sour and bitter medicines to restore Yin qi, leading to resolution through profuse sweating. One may select from Tingli Kujiu Tang (Descurainia Seed and Vinegar Decoction), Yangdu Shengma Tang (Corydalis Decoction for Yang Toxin), Dahuang San (Rhubarb Powder), Zhizi Ren Tang (Gardenia Kernel Decoction), and Heinu Wan (Black Slave Pill).) Recent practitioners treat Shanghan with a surging and large pulse, internal and external constrained heat, curled and scorched-black tongue, and nostrils black like smoke coal, by applying cloth boiled in water. The cloth is folded several layers, soaked in fresh cold water; after slightly draining the water, it is folded and applied to the chest. After a moment, it becomes warm from body heat, then soaked in cold water again as before. Fresh water is changed frequently, dozens of times a day. For severe heat, placing the patient in water is effective once the heat subsides, which is also a good method. (Supplementary note in original text: A sinking and slow pulse, cold extremities, or vomiting and diarrhea accompanied by sore throat indicates Shaoyin Syndrome.)
*Bing Yuan* states: This is because the pulses at the lower part are imperceptible, indicating an interruption of communication between Yin and Yang. Pathogenic factors lodge in the collaterals of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder channel, and toxic qi rushes upward, causing throat dysfunction, pain, or sores.
Shanghan with tight pulses in all three positions (Yin and Yang) accompanied by sweating belongs to Shaoyang. However, the symptoms described here belong to Shaoyin syndrome; according to the principles, one should expect sore throat accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea. Sweating, fumigation, and moxibustion/ironing are contraindicated for this syndrome. For those who have already sweated, Benfen (a powder for stopping sweat) should be applied externally. For sore throat, Gancao Tang (Licorice Decoction), Jiegeng Tang (Platycodon Decoction), Zhufu Tang (Pig Skin Decoction), Banxia San (Pinellia Powder), Tongmai Sini Tang minus Shaoyao plus Jiegeng (Unblocking the Vessel Sini Decoction minus Peony plus Platycodon), and Mahuang Shengma Tang (Ephedra and Corydalis Decoction) can be selected.
There is also a condition called Fuqi Disease (Lingering Qi Disease), where sudden cold invades the body at an improper time and lingers in the Shaoyin Kidney channel. Initially unnoticed, it manifests after a month or so. The pulse is weak and timid, starting with sore throat. It resembles Shanghan but is not Hou Bi (Throat Bi); subsequently, diarrhea must occur. If Banxia Guigan Tang (Pinellia, Cinnamon, and Licorice Decoction) is used, followed by Sini San (Sini Powder), this disease can heal within one or two days. Ancient texts call this "Kidney Shanghan."
*Huo Ren Shu* treats pediatric Shanghan transforming into Heat-Toxin syndrome, characterized by fever, red face, dry mouth, hardness and urgency in the heart and abdomen, and difficulty in urination and defecation. Or mouth sores, or due to high fever, or limb spasms and convulsions, where fright attacks transform into epilepsy, alternating between发作 (attacks) and waking, with body heat like fire upon waking. Use Shiwu Shengma Tang (Ten-Ingredient Corydalis Decoction).
*Huo Ren Shu* treats guest-heat in the stomach, bad breath, and loss of appetite. Or skin irritability and anorexia, swollen and painful gums with pus and blood; sores in the tongue, mouth, and throat; red eyes with swollen eyelids heavy and unwilling to open. Whether rashes have erupted or not, Ganlu Yinzi (Sweet Dew Infusion) is suitable. (Formulas are found in this section.)
*Huo Ren Shu* Tingli Kujiu Tang (Descurainia Seed and Vinegar Decoction):
Kuju (Rice vinegar, 1.5 sheng) Tingli (Stir-fried, pounded into paste, 1 he) Sheng Ai Zhi (Fresh Mugwort juice, 0.5 sheng; if unavailable, use juice from boiled mugwort or pressed juice from mugwort roots).
Decoct the above ingredients to obtain 7 he of liquid. Divide into three doses.
*Huo Ren Shu* Yangdu Shengma Tang (Corydalis Decoction for Yang Toxin):
Shengma (2 fen) Xijiao Xie (Rhino Horn chips) Shegan (Belamcanda root) Huangqin (Scutellaria root) Renshen (Ginseng root) Gancao (Licorice root) (each 1 fen).
Cut into pieces the size of hemp seeds. Decoct in 3 sheng of water to obtain 1.5 sheng. Strain. Drink one cup, wait a short while, then take another dose. Cover warmly to induce sweating in hands and feet for resolution. If unresolved, prepare again.
*Huo Ren Shu* Dahuang San (Rhubarb Powder):
Chuan Dahuang (1.5 liang, cut) Guixin (Cinnamon twig center) Gancao (Stir-baked until slightly red, cut) Mutong (Akebia stem) Dafupi (Areca peel) (each 1 liang) Chuan Mangxiao (Mirabilite, 2 liang) Taoren (Peach kernel, 21 pieces, soaked in hot water, peeled, remove pointed ends and double-kernels, stir-fried with bran until slightly yellow).
Pound the above ingredients into coarse powder. Take 4 qian per dose. Decoct in one zhongzhan of water to reduce to 60%. Strain. Take warm at any time. Continue until bowel movement is unobstructed.
*Huo Ren Shu* Zhizi Ren Tang (Gardenia Kernel Decoction):
Zhizi Ren (Gardenia kernel) Zhimu (Anemarrhena rhizome) Chi Shaoyao (Red Peony root) Daqing (Isatis leaf) (each 1 liang) Chaihu (Bupleurum root, remove sprouts, 1.5 liang) Chuan Shengma (Corydalis rhizome) Huangqin (Scutellaria root) Xingren (Apricot seed, soaked in hot water, peeled, remove pointed ends and double-kernels, stir-fried with bran until slightly yellow) Shigao (Gypsum, each 2 liang) Gancao (Licorice root, 0.5 liang, stir-baked until slightly red, cut).
Pound into coarse powder. Take 4 qian per dose. Add 0.5 piece of fresh ginger and 100 grains of Chi Dou (Fermented soybean) to one zhongzhan of water. Decoct to 60%. Strain. Take warm at any time.
*Huo Ren Shu* Heinu Wan (Black Slave Pill), formula see Shanghan Fakemen (Section on Thirst in Cold Damage).
*Huo Ren Shu* Zhongjing Benfen (Benfen by Zhang Zhongjing), formula see Shanghan Zi Hanmen Wen Fen Fa (Warm Powder Method in Section on Spontaneous Sweating in Cold Damage).
*Huo Ren Shu* Zhongjing Gancao Tang (Licorice Decoction by Zhang Zhongjing):
Gancao (Licorice root, 2 liang).
Cut into pieces the size of hemp seeds. Take 4 qianbi per dose. Decoct in 1.5 zhan of water to 60%. Strain. Take warm, twice daily.
*Huo Ren Shu* Jiegeng Tang (Platycodon Decoction):
Jiegeng (Platycodon root, 1 liang) Gancao (Licorice root, 2 liang).
Cut into pieces the size of hemp seeds. Take 5 qianbi per dose. Decoct in 1.5 zhan of water to 80%. Strain. Take warm, divided into two doses.
*Huo Ren Shu* Zhongjing Zhufu Tang (Pig Skin Decoction by Zhang Zhongjing):
Zhufu (Pig skin, 2 liang 6 qian 5 fen).
Take this single ingredient. Decoct in 2.5 da zhan of water to obtain 1 zhan. Strain. Add 1.5 he of white honey and 1 he of Baifen (Rice flour).
*Huo Ren Shu* Zhongjing Banxia San (Pinellia Powder by Zhang Zhongjing):
Banxia (Pinellia tuber, washed in hot water) Guizhi (Cinnamon twig, peeled) Gancao (Licorice root, stir-baked).
Divide equally. Pound and sieve each separately, then mix and process. Take 3 qian per dose. Decoct in 1 zhan of water to 80%. Let cool. Swallow slowly in small amounts.
*Huo Ren Shu* Zhongjing Tongmai Sini Tang minus Shaoyao plus Jiegeng (Unblocking the Vessel Sini Decoction minus Peony plus Platycodon by Zhang Zhongjing), formula see Shanghan Ou Men (Section on Vomiting in Cold Damage).
*Huo Ren Shu* Zhongjing Mahuang Shengma Tang (Ephedra and Corydalis Decoction by Zhang Zhongjing):
Mahuang (Ephedra herb, 2.5 liang, remove joints) Shengma (Corydalis rhizome) Danggui (Angelica sinensis root) (each 1 liang 1 fen) Zhimu (Anemarrhena rhizome) Huangqin (Scutellaria root) Weirui (Polygonatum rhizome) (each 3 fen) Shaoyao (Peony root) Tianmendong (Asparagus tuber, remove heart) Guizhi (Cinnamon twig, peeled) Fuling (Poria) Gancao (Licorice root, stir-baked) Shigao (Gypsum, crushed, wrapped in silk) Baizhu (Atractylodes macrocephala rhizome) Jiangjiang (Dried ginger) (each 1 fen).
Cut into pieces the size of hemp seeds. Take 5 qianbi per dose. Decoct in 1.5 zhan of water to 80%. Strain and take warm. Wait the time it takes to cook a meal, then take the next dose. Recovery follows sweating.
*Huo Ren Shu* Zhongjing Banxia Guizhi Gancao Tang (Pinellia, Cinnamon, and Licorice Decoction by Zhang Zhongjing):
Banxia (Pinellia tuber, washed in hot water) Gancao (Licorice root, stir-baked) Guixin (Cinnamon twig center).
Divide equally. Cut into pieces the size of hemp seeds. Take 4 qianbi per dose. Decoct in 1.5 zhan of water to 70%. Let cool. Hold in mouth and swallow slowly. (Same as ancient Banxia San.)
*Huo Ren Shu* Zhongjing Sini San (Sini Powder by Zhang Zhongjing), formula see Shanghan Kesou Men (Section on Cough in Cold Damage).
*Huo Ren Shu* Zhongjing Shiwu Shengma Tang Fang (Ten-Ingredient Corydalis Decoction Formula by Zhang Zhongjing):
Shengma (Corydalis rhizome) Baiwei (Clehemia root) Mahuang (Ephedra herb) Weirui (Polygonatum rhizome) Chaihu (Bupleurum root) Gancao (Licorice root) (each 0.5 liang) Huangqin (Scutellaria root, 1 liang) Puxiao (Mirabilite) Dahuang (Rhubarb root) Gouteng (Uncaria rhynchophylla) (each 1 fen).
Cut into pieces the size of hemp seeds. Take 3 qian per dose. Decoct in 1 zhan of water to 70%. Strain. Add Puxiao and decoct until dissolved. Take warm.
*Huo Ren Shu* Ganlu Yinzi Fang (Sweet Dew Infusion Formula):
Shu Gan Dihuang (Prepared Rehmannia root) Sheng Gan Dihuang (Raw Rehmannia root) Tianmendong (Asparagus tuber) Maimendong (Ophiopogon tuber) (all remove hearts, bake dry) Pipaye (Loquat leaf, remove hairs) Zhike (Bitter orange fruit, stir-fried with bran, remove pulp) Huangqin (Scutellaria root) Shihu (Dendrobium stem, remove sprouts) Shan Yinch'en (Artemisia capillaris) Gancao (Licorice root, stir-baked) (all equal parts).
Grind into fine powder. Take 2 qian per dose. Decoct in 1 zhan of water to 60%. Strain and take warm. Take after meals and before bedtime.