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Halitosis is caused by the dysfunction of the five zang and six fu organs, where stagnant qi attacks the chest and diaphragm. However, the foul odors of different zang and fu organs vary; when accumulated in the chest and diaphragm, they generate heat, which rushes to the mouth, causing bad breath. Zhang Zihe said: In the family of Zhao Pingshang, there was a man in his twenties whose breath smelled like a toilet, so much so that even relatives refused to speak with him. Dairen (Zhang Zihe's courtesy name) said: The Lung Metal naturally governs fishy smells. When metal is refined by fire, and fire governs burnt odors, the smell becomes like this. Over time, it turns putrid. Using Che Wan (Carriage Pill) and Xunchuan San (Abyss-Piercing Powder), after taking them and having five to seven bowel movements, the odor ceased by the next morning. Alas! Some people suffer from halitosis yet live to old age. The world erroneously believes that the lung system is deviated and connected to the stomach, thus causing the odor; this is absurd.

Formulas:
Hanxiang Wan (Fragrance-Holding Pill): Treats halitosis, clears heat-toxic wind, and harmonizes the zang and fu organs.
Ingredients: Jiti Xiang (Clove), Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong, each 1 liang), Huoxiang (Patchouli), Gansong Xiang (Nardostachys), Danggui (Angelica sinensis), Guixin (Cinnamon twig), Baizhi (Angelica dahurica), Qinggui Xiang (Cinnamomum cassia bark, each 0.5 liang), Lingling Xiang (Lingzhi fragrant herb), Mu (Wood, 1 fen, finely ground).
Preparation and Usage: Grind the above ingredients into powder, mix with Shexiang (Musk), and blend with refined honey to form pills the size of Melia azedarach fruits. Hold one pill in the mouth frequently and swallow the saliva.

Shengma San (Imperata Decoction/Powder) (from *Shenghui Fang*): Treats foul breath.
Ingredients: Chuan Shengma (Polygonatum cyrtonema, 3 liang), Gancao (Licorice root, roasted and crushed), Gaoben (Ligusticum jeholense), Baizhi (Angelica dahurica), Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong), Gansong Xiang (Nardostachys, each 0.5 liang), Fangfeng (Saposhnikovia root, de-gorged), Dingxiang (Clove), Zhixin (Branch heart, 1).
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original, typically ground into powder or decocted].

Wuxiang Wan (Five-Fragrance Pill) (from *Shenghui Fang*): Treats halitosis, clears heat-toxin. The mouth is the manifestation of the Spleen; when Heart and Spleen are affected by heat, it accumulates in the Stomach, transforming into putrid and foul odors.
Ingredients: Chenxiang (Agarwood, 1 liang), Dingxiang (Clove, 1 liang), Xunluxiang (Frankincense, 3 fen), Shexiang (Musk, 0.5 fen, ground), Muxiang (Aucklandia root, 3 fen), Lingyangjiaoxie (Antelope horn shavings, 3 fen), [Missing Ingredient Name] (0.5 liang), Zhizi Ren (Gardenia seed, [dose missing]).
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original].

Jiti Xiang Wan (Clove Pill) (from *Shenghui Fang*): Treats halitosis, clears heat-toxin.
Ingredients: Jiti Xiang (Clove), Huoxiang (Patchouli), Muxiang (Aucklandia root), Caodoukou Ren (Cardamom seed kernel), Baizhi (Angelica dahurica, each 0.5 liang), Lingling Xiang (Lingzhi fragrant herb), Gansong Xiang (Nardostachys), Shacaogen (Cyperus rotundus, de-haired, each 1 fen).
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original, typically formed into pills the size of a cockle, wrapped in silk, and held in the mouth].

Qingdai San (Indigo Naturalis Powder): Treats halitosis, damp-heat canker eroding teeth threatening to fall out, and perforation of lips and cheeks.
Ingredients: Qingdai (Indigo naturalis, ground), Gancao (Licorice root, roasted and crushed, each 1 liang), Xionghuang (Realgar, ground), Kushen (Sophora flavescens), Xixin (Asarum, de-seeded and de-leaved, each 0.5 liang), Dansha (Cinnabar, ground), Langdangzi (Datura seed), [Missing Ingredient Name] (Radicle), Shexiang (Musk).
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original].

Wuxiang Wan (Five-Fragrance Pill) (from *Shenghui Fang*): Treats halitosis and body odor, making them fragrant, relieves irritability, and disperses qi stagnation.
Ingredients: Doukou (Cardamom), Dingxiang (Clove), Huoxiang (Patchouli), Lingling Xiang (Lingzhi fragrant herb), Qingmuxiang (Blue Aucklandia root, alternatively Muxiang), Baizhi (Angelica dahurica), Guixin (Cinnamon twig, each 1 liang), Xiangfuzi (Cyperi Rhizoma), Binglang (Areca seed, each [dose missing]).
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original].

Hanxiang Wan (Fragrance-Holding Pill): Treats halitosis, expels evil cold qi.
Ingredients: Lingling Xiang (Lingzhi fragrant herb, 1 liang), Gansong (Nardostachys, washed and dried, 2 liang), Chenxiang (Agarwood, sliced, 3 liang), Ruxiang (Frankincense, 4 liang, ground), Muxiang (Aucklandia root, 5 liang), Caodoukou Ren (Cardamom seed kernel), [Missing Ingredient Name] (Sliced, 10 liang).
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original].

Yan [Certain] Wan: Treats halitosis.
Ingredients: Roudoukou (Nutmeg, peeled), Hongdoukou (Red cardamom, peeled), Caodoukou (Green cardamom, peeled), Baidoukou (White cardamom, peeled), Dingxiang (Clove), Gancao (Licorice root, roasted and crushed), Renshen (Ginseng).
Preparation and Usage: Blend into pills, size of a chicken [egg/head].

Ganlu Yin (Sweet Dew Decoction) (from *Jingyan Fang*): Treats men, women, and children with guest-heat in the Stomach, halitosis, exposed gingiva with pus and blood, swollen eyelids, and desire to keep eyes closed.
Ingredients: Shu Gan Dihuang (Prepared Rehmannia root, washed), Sheng Gan Dihuang (Fresh Rehmannia root), Pipaye (Loquat leaf, de-hairy and cleaned), Shan Yinchén (Artemisia capillaris, de-rooted), Tianmendong (Asparagus tuber, de-heart), Maidong (Ophiopogon tuber), [Missing Ingredient Name].
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original, typically decocted in water, take 2 qian].

Hanxiang Wan (also known as Dingxiang Wan, from *Shenghui Fang*): Treats foul breath, suitable for regular use.
Ingredients: Dingxiang (Clove, 0.5 liang), Gancao (Licorice root, 3 liang), Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong, 1 liang), Xixin (Asarum), Guixin (Cinnamon twig, each 1.5 liang).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into powder, blend with honey into pills the size of a bullet.

Formula to Fragrance Mouth and Remove Odor:
Ingredients: Gua Zi Ren (Melon seed kernel), Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong), Gaoben (Ligusticum jeholense), Danggui (Angelica sinensis), Duheng (Peucedanum praeruptorum, each 6 zhu), Xixin (Asarum, 0.5 liang), Fangfeng (Saposhnikovia root, 2 liang).
Preparation and Usage: Pound and sieve the above herbs, drink [juice/decoction] after meals.

Another Formula:
Chenxiang San (Agarwood Powder):
Ingredients: Chenxiang (Agarwood), Shengma (Polygonatum cyrtonema), Baizhi (Angelica dahurica), Gaoben (Ligusticum jeholense, de-seeded and de-soiled), Xixin (Asarum, de-seeded and de-leaved), Dingxiang (Clove, each 0.5 liang), Hanshuishi (Calcitrite, ground, 2 liang).
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original].

Gaoben San (Ligusticum Powder): Treats halitosis with sores.
Ingredients: Gaoben (Ligusticum jeholense, de-seeded and de-soiled), Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong, each 0.5 liang), Xixin (Asarum, de-seeded and de-leaved), Rougui (Cinnamon bark, de-bark), Danggui (Angelica sinensis, sliced and dried), Xingren (Apricot seed, soaked in water, de-[skin and tip]).
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original].

Qibao San (Seven-Treasure Powder): Treats halitosis, whitens teeth.
Ingredients: Zhongru (Stalactite, ground), Dansha (Cinnabar, ground), Hai Shuimo (Sea foam, ground), Bai Shiyin (Quartz, ground), Zhenzhu Mo (Pearl powder, ground), Shexiang (Musk, ground), Shanhu (Coral, ground, each 1 fen).
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original].

Xiong San (Ligusticum Powder): Treats halitosis due to Heart deficiency-cold, toothache from worm erosion.
Ingredients: Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong), Baizhi (Angelica dahurica, each 1 liang), Gancao (Licorice root, roasted and crushed, 3 fen), Rougui (Cinnamon bark, de-bark), Duheng (Peucedanum praeruptorum, each 0.5 liang), Danggui (Angelica sinensis, sliced and dried, 3 fen).
Preparation and Usage: [Text missing in original].

Disisheng San (Disi Holy Powder): Treats halitosis, periodontal disease with gum recession and continuous pus discharge.
Ingredients: Tonglv (Malachite), Danfan (Alum, each 1 qian), Chansu (Toad venom, 7 pieces), Nifen (Calomel, 2 grains), Qiandan (Lead tetroxide, 0.5 qian), Pishuang (Arsenic trioxide, 1 qian).
Preparation and Usage: Grind the above ingredients uniformly. First [use]...

Shengma San (Imperata Decoction/Powder) (from *Shenghui Fang*): Treats halitosis and [caries].
Ingredients: Chuan Shengma (Polygonatum cyrtonema, 1.5 liang), Xixin (Asarum), Gaoben (Ligusticum jeholense), Fangfeng (Saposhnikovia root, de-gorged), Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong), Gancao (Licorice root, each 0.5 liang, roasted and crushed).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into powder. Each [use a small amount...]

Treat organ heat accumulation steaming upward, causing halitosis (from *Shibian Liangfang*):
Use Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong), any amount, slice into small pieces, hold in mouth to dissolve and swallow saliva.

Formula to Treat Halitosis (also known as Xiangfuzi Wan, from *Weishi Fang*):
Use Xiangfuzi (Cyperi Rhizoma), stir-fry to remove hairs, grind into powder. Apply a small amount to teeth morning and evening. Another method: grind into powder, half mixed with vinegar paste into pills, half taken orally with warm water.

Another Formula: Treats halitosis.
Ingredients: Zaorou (Date flesh, 8 liang), Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong), Baizhi (Angelica dahurica), Jupi (Tangerine peel), Guixin (Cinnamon twig, each 4 liang).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into powder, add dates, if dry add honey to form pills, size of soybeans.

Another Formula:
Ingredients: Guixin (Cinnamon twig), Mulanpi (Magnolia bark), Chenxiang (Agarwood, each 1 liang), Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong, 1.5 liang), Chen Jupi (Aged Tangerine peel, 0.5 liang, soaked in water, de-white pulp, dried).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into fine powder, each [take...]

Xixin San (Asarum Powder): Treats halitosis, bleeding not stopping.
Ingredients: Xixin (Asarum, de-seeded and de-leaved), Jiti Xiang (Clove, each 1 fen), Changpu (Acorus tatarinowii, 3 fen), Jiangjiang (Dried ginger, processed), Zaorou (Date flesh, dried, each 0.5 liang).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into powder.

Dingxiang Wan (Clove Pill): Treats foul breath.
Ingredients: Dingxiang (Clove, 3 qian), Gancao (Licorice root, roasted, 1 qian), Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong, 2 qian), Baizhi (Angelica dahurica, 0.5 qian, all avoid direct fire).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into fine powder, blend with refined honey into pills, size of [pill size].

Another Formula: Treats halitosis.
Ingredients: Guixin (Cinnamon twig), Gancao (Licorice root), Xixin (Asarum), Jupi (Tangerine peel, equal parts).
Preparation and Usage: Divide equally, grind and sieve, take 1 qian bi with wine, cured.

Another Formula:
Ingredients: Jupi (Tangerine peel, 20 zhu), Guixin (Cinnamon twig, 18 zhu), Mulanpi (Magnolia bark, 1 liang), Dazao (Jujube, 20 pieces).
Preparation and Usage: Grind and sieve the above, take 1 cun bi with wine, daily [three times].

Another Formula:
Ingredients: Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong), Baizhi (Angelica dahurica), Chen Jupi (Aged Tangerine peel, soaked in water, de-white pulp, dried), Guixin (Cinnamon twig, each 1 liang).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into powder, blend with date flesh and a little refined honey into pills, size of Sophora japonica seeds. Before meals, take 20 pills with warm water.

Xixin San (Asarum Powder): Treats halitosis.
Ingredients: Xixin (Asarum), Gancao (Licorice root, roasted and crushed), Guixin (Cinnamon twig, each 1 liang).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into fine powder. Take at any time, mix with hot water and take 1 qian. Another formula includes Jupi (Tangerine peel), take 1 qian bi with wine, cured.

Kouxiang Qu chou Fang (Mouth-Fragrance Odor-Removal Formula) (also known as Xiong San, from *Shenghui Fang*):
Ingredients: Gancao (Licorice root, 30 zhu), Baizhi (Angelica dahurica, 18 zhu), Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong, 24 zhu).
Preparation and Usage: Sieve the above, take 1 cun bi with wine, three times daily.

Another Formula:
Ingredients: Dazao (Jujube), Gua Zi Ren (Melon seed kernel), Songgen Baipi (White pine root bark).
Preparation and Usage: Grind and sieve the above, take 1 cun bi with wine, twice daily. After 100 days, clothes and bedding will be fragrant.

Dingxiang San (Clove Powder) (from *Shenghui Fang*): Treats halitosis, [caries].
Ingredients: Dingxiang (Clove, 20 pieces, ground), Bai Fan (Alum, burnt to ash), Xiangfuzi (Cyperi Rhizoma, each 3 fen).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into powder. First clean teeth, then apply 1 qian of powder.

Treat foul breath (from *Shenghui Fang*):
Ingredients: Gancao (Licorice root, roasted and crushed), Songgen Pi (Pine root bark), Gua Zi Ren (Melon seed kernel, each 1 liang, lightly stir-fried).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into powder, boil date flesh to blend into pills, size of Sophora japonica seeds, each [take...]

Fanshi San (Alum Stone Powder) (from *Haishang Mingfang*): Treats halitosis, [caries].
Ingredients: Bai Fan (Alum, burnt to ash, 1 fen), Shexiang (Musk, a little).
Preparation and Usage: Grind finely into powder, apply to affected area, 3-5 times daily. Another method uses a little Qingyan (Green salt) to mix and apply.

Spit [Saliva?]:
Treat halitosis due to Heart qi deficiency (from *Jingyan Liangfang*):
Ingredients: Yizhiren (Bitter apricot seed, peeled), Gancao (Licorice root, a little).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into powder, lick and swallow occasionally, also take with boiling water, immediate effect.

Treat bad breath (from *Baiyi Xuanfang*):
Ingredients: Xiang Baizhi (Fragrant Angelica dahurica, 7 qian), Gancao (Licorice root, 5 cun).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into fine powder, after meals, take 1 qian mixed well-water.

Xiong Zhi Gao (Ligusticum and Angelica Ointment) (from *Jisheng Fang*): Treats hot foul breath.
Ingredients: Xiang Baizhi (Fragrant Angelica dahurica), Chuanxiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong, equal parts).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into fine powder, blend with refined honey into pills, size of a cockle. After meals and before bed, hold one pill in mouth to dissolve.

Formula to Treat Oral Odor:
Ingredients: Guixin (Cinnamon twig, *Gu Jin Lu Yan* uses Xixin), Gancao (Licorice root, equal parts).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into powder, before bed, pinch with finger, mix with wine and take. Fragrant after 20 days.

Another Formula:
Ingredients: Shujiao (Sichuan pepper), Guixin (Cinnamon twig, equal parts).
Preparation and Usage: Grind into powder, take three finger-pinches with wine.

Shengxiang Gao (Fresh Fragrance Ointment) (from *Sanyin Fang*): Treats hot foul breath.
Use dried sweet melon seeds, remove shells, grind one ingredient finely, boil with a little honey to form ointment, hold in mouth after meals, or apply to teeth, especially effective. Another method empty [stomach?].

Formula to Treat Halitosis:
Use Elephant gallbladder, mix with a little water each night, grind, wrap in silk, stick to tooth roots, hold in mouth each night, wash mouth with warm water at dawn, do this 3-5 times, cured.

Xiangru Fang (Elsholtzia Formula) (from *Shenghui Fang*): Treats halitosis.
Take a handful of Xiangru (Elsholtzia), one dou of water, decoct to obtain three sheng, hold in mouth gradually.

Another Formula: Treats halitosis.
On the first day of the lunar month, before sunrise, walk seven steps from the east wall, turn back and stand facing the wall, hold water and spit [at] the wall seven times, mouth becomes fragrant.

Another Formula (from *Zhouhou Fang*):
Hold Xixin (Asarum) and Doukou (Cardamom) in mouth, very good.

Another Formula (from *Shenghui Fang*):
Hold concentrated decoction of Xixin (Asarum) juice in mouth, spit out after a long time.

Another Formula (from *Shenghui Fang*):
Hold three sheng of Jinghua Shui (well water drawn at dawn) in mouth, rinse and spit into toilet, good. Cured after several times.

Another Formula (from *Shenghui Fang*):
Fry soybeans until charred, pour hot vinegar on them, take the juice and hold in mouth.

Another Formula (from *Shenghui Fang*):
Grind Mituoseng (Litharge) into powder, take 1 qian, mix with half cup of vinegar, rinse mouth evenly.

Treat mouth pain:
Use tall copper plate, Matixiang (Horse hoof fragrance), Chigeng Mitengteng (Red stem honey barrel vine), pound with wine to extract juice, use chicken feather brush to remove saliva, then cured.

Treat halitosis and [caries] swelling and pain (from *Shenghui Fang*):
Use dried sweet huazi (bottle gourd), grind and sieve into powder, blend with honey into pills, size of half a date. Every morning on an empty stomach, after cleaning mouth, hold one pill, and apply a little to gums.

Liang Jimin Gao (Liang Jimin Ointment) (from *Weisheng Baojian Fang*): Liang drank, due to excessive mental labor, Lung qi injured, resulting in fishy-smelling breath, thick sticky sputum and nasal discharge, throat [pain?].
Ingredients: Sangbaipi (Mulberry root bark, 2 qian), Digupi (Groundcherry root bark, 1.5 qian), Zhi Gancao (Roasted Licorice root, 1.5 qian), Zhimu (Anemarrhena rhizome, 0.7 qian), Huangqin (Scutellaria root, 0.5 qian), Wuweizi (Schisandra fruit, 2 [qian?]).
Preparation and Usage: Strain, take warm [decoction].

*Nan Jing* says: The Heart governs the five odors; entering the Lung, it becomes fishy smell, this is one of them. It is injured by excessive drinking and large amounts of hot qi, overflowing Heart fire, punishing the Lung, causing fishy-smelling breath. Sweet, bitter, cold.

Jisu Wan (Perilla Pill) (from *Ruyi Fang*): Treats halitosis, Heart-Spleen heat.
Ingredients: Chaihu (Bupleurum root [2 liang (qian)]), Maidong (Ophiopogon tuber, processed 4 liang), Huangqi (Astragalus root, roasted 1 liang), Ejiao (Donkey-hide gelatin [processed 1 (2) liang]), Sheng Dihuang Mo (Fresh Rehmannia root powder [6 liang later [reduce?]]), [Missing Ingredient Name] (2 liang), Mutong (Akebia stem, 3 [qian?]).
Preparation and Usage: Take 1 (2) jin of good honey, boil once or twice, then add Sheng Dihuang Mo, stir constantly, occasionally add Mutong and Chaihu juice extracted by wringing, slowly boil into paste [pills?].

Lung-heat halitosis, mouth feels like dry glazed tile, thirst, frequent urination (from *Yonglei Qianfang*):
Ingredients: Digupi (Groundcherry root bark), Sangbaipi (Mulberry root bark), Sheng Huangqi (Fresh Astragalus root), Shanzhizi (Gardenia fruit), Madouling (Aristolochia root), Gancao (Licorice root) decocted together.
Preparation and Usage: Hold and swallow after meals.

Shengma Lianlian Wan (Imperata and Coptis Pill) (from *Dongyuan Lan Shi Mi Cang Fang*): Treats obesity-related halitosis disliked by others, foul odor prevents people nearby from staying close.
Ingredients: Shengma (Polygonatum cyrtonema, 0.5 liang), Huanglian (Coptis rhizome [de-radiate 3 (2) liang]), Sheng Gancao (Fresh Licorice root, 3 qian), Shengjiang (Fresh ginger, 0.5 liang, take natural juice), Lianhua Qingpi (Citrus green peel, 0.5 [liang?]).
Preparation and Usage: Steam bun dough to form pills.

Treat halitosis:
Dry plums until wax-like, hold in mouth to fragrance breath.

Treat bad breath:
Hold Jiti Xiang (Clove) in mouth.

Baopuzi says: Ying Jun, a Han official attendant, had old-age halitosis. The Emperor gifted him Jiti Xiang (Clove) to hold in mouth. Ri Huazi says: Jiti Xiang (Clove) treats bad breath, hence the tradition of officials holding Jiti Xiang (Clove) to answer questions, so their breath is fragrant.