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(Song Dynasty *Jiayou Bencao* records)
[Names] Xuan Shui Shi (Xuan Water Stone, from *Mingyi Bielu*), Chu Shi.
Li Shizhen said: "Xuan" refers to its color.
[Collection and Explanation] *Mingyi Bielu* states: Xuan Shi grows on the south side of Mount Tai; copper is found on the north side. Copper is considered Yin (female), iron is considered Yang (male).
Tao Hongjing said: In *Shennong Bencao Jing*, Ci Shi (Magnetite) is also named Xuan Shi. *Mingyi Bielu* further lists Xuan Shi, also named Chu Shi. Since the names are the same and therapeutic properties are similar, yet their cold/warm nature and aversions to copper/iron differ, it is not used in common prescriptions, and few recognize it. It is unknown if it is similar to Ci Shi.
Su Gong said: This substance is solidified iron fluid. Ci Shi has fine pores; inside the pores is yellow-red color. Freshly broken pieces can pick up needles and attract iron. Those without pores, with pure black luster, are Xuan Shi. They cannot pick up needles, and their therapeutic efficacy is inferior to Ci Shi. Su Song said: Now, northern barbarians use Ci Shi as gifts; these blocks often have luster but weak attraction for needles, suspected to be this Xuan Shi. Medical prescriptions rarely use it.
Li Shizhen said: Ci Shi grows on the shady side of mountains where iron exists; Xuan Shi grows on the sunny side of mountains where copper exists. Although shapes are similar, natures differ, thus Xuan Shi cannot attract iron.
[Aroma and Flavor] Salty, Warm, Non-toxic.
Meng Shen said: Averse to Song Zhi (Pine Resin), Bai Shi (Cupressus Fruit), Jun Gui (Cinnamomum Cassia Bark).
[Indications] For convulsive epilepsy in adults and children, sterility in women, cold pain in the lower abdomen, scanty essence, and heavy body. Taking it enables conception (*Mingyi Bielu*).

(*Shennong Bencao Jing*, Lower Grade)
[Names] Xu Wan (from *Shennong Bencao Jing*), Xue Shi (Blood Master, from *Mingyi Bielu*), Tu Zhu (Earth Cinnabar, from *Bencao Gangmu*), Tie Zhu (Iron Cinnabar).
*Mingyi Bielu* states: That produced in Dai Commandery is called Dai Zhe; that produced in Gumu is called Xu Wan.
Li Shizhen said: "Zhe" means red. "Dai" refers to Yanmen. Currently, it is commonly called Tu Zhu or Tie Zhu. *Guanzi* states: Where there is Zhe on the mountain, there is iron underneath. The name Tie Zhu may derive from this, not just because of its color and shape.
[Collection and Explanation] *Mingyi Bielu* states: Dai Zhe grows in the valleys of Qi State, red and green like a rooster's comb, with luster that does not fade when staining fingernails; this is superior. Collection time is unrestricted.
Tao Hongjing said: This is red earth from under the city gates of Dai Commandery. It has long been extinct in Jiangdong, rarely used by common people, but is essential in alchemical prescriptions, along with Rong Yan (Rocksalt) and Lu Jian (Saline Earth).
Su Gong said: This stone mostly comes from Daizhou, claimed to be mined from mountains, not earth from under city gates. Currently, Chizhou Tingshan produces red stone, with red and green colors. The red ones are also like rooster combs and moist. Locals only use them to paint pillars. Purple ones are dark and similar to those from Daizhou, used since ancient times.
Now, in Lingshou Mingsha County, digging four to five chi deep in flat land yields stones with red slippery skin and purple interiors like chicken liver, far superior to those from Qizhou and Daizhou.
Su Song said: It is also found in mountains of Hedong and Jingdong. Ancient prescriptions for pediatric Zi Wan (Purple Pill) used Dai Zhe, stating true ones were hard to find, substituting with Zuo Gu Mu Li (Oyster Shell facing left). Thus, true ones are rare. Current medical practitioners select large pieces with patterns resembling floating bubbles or nails, called Ding Tou Dai Zhe (Nail-Head Dai Zhe). *Beishanjing* states: In the mountains of Shaoyang, there is much beautiful Zhe. *Xishanjing* states: On brittle stone mountains, Guan water flows out. There is flowing Zhe; applying it to cattle and horses prevents disease.
Guo Pu's commentary notes: Zhe is red earth. People now apply it to ox horns to ward off evil.
Li Shizhen said: Zhe Shi is found in mountains everywhere, with those from the northwest being superior. In the Song Dynasty, Qinzhou annually presented ten thousand jin.
Cui Fang's *Waidan Bencao* states: Dai Zhe is a Yang stone, growing with Taiyi Yuliang in mountain gorges. Ground into vermilion powder, it can be used for writing or applied to gold to enhance redness. Zhang Hua wiped swords with red earth, making them sharper, which is this substance.
[Processing] Lei Xiao said: When using, grind finely, and wash repeatedly with water from the twelfth lunar month. Discard any red cloud-like impurities on the water surface. Then boil in strong tea infusion for one shichen (two hours), take out, and grind ten thousand times. Heat a clean iron pot until red, add one liang of white beeswax, melt, then pour in fresh water to quench. Boil for twenty boils, take out, and dry for use.
Li Shizhen said: Nowadays, people only calcine it, quenching in vinegar three or seven times, grinding, and washing with water. This is done to mutual restraint and to guide the medicine into the Liver channel blood level.
*Xianggan Zhi* states: Boil Dai Zhe in wine and vinegar, insert an iron nail inside, and fan until it melts into liquid.
[Aroma and Flavor] Bitter, Cold, Non-toxic. *Mingyi Bielu* adds: Sweet. Li Dangzhi says: Sweet, Neutral. Meng Shen says: Averse to Tian Xiong (Aconitum Carmichaelii Root) and Fu Zi (Prepared Aconite Root). Gan Jiang (Dried Ginger) acts as an assistant.
[Indications] For Gui Zhu (Ghost Attachment), Zei Feng (Thief Wind), Gu Du (Poisonous Worms), killing evil spirits and demons, toxic pathogenic qi in the abdomen, and red leukorrhea with dripping in women (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). For various leukorrhea, difficult labor with retained placenta. Induces abortion, nourishes blood and qi, clears heat from the blood vessels of the five zang organs, treats blood bi and blood stasis. For adult and pediatric convulsive qi entering the abdomen, and impotence (*Mingyi Bielu*). Calms the fetus, strengthens the spleen, stops vomiting, hematemesis, and epistaxis, regulates menstruation, treats intestinal wind and hemorrhoids, dysentery with essence loss, hematuria, enuresis, and frequent nocturia. For pediatric convulsive epilepsy, malnutrition diseases, and traumatic wounds promoting flesh growth (Da Ming). Ward off ghosts and魅 (Zhen Quan).
[Elucidation] Hao Gu said: Dai Zhe enters the Hand Shaoyin Heart Channel and Foot Jueyin Liver Channel. Timidity causes qi to float; heaviness suppresses it. The heaviness of Dai Zhe suppresses deficiency and rebellion. Thus, Zhang Zhongjing uses Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang for post-sweating/vomiting/purging taiyang syndrome presenting with epigastric fullness and hardness, and persistent belching. Formula: Xuan Fu Hua (Inula Flower) 3 liang, Dai Zhe Shi 1 liang, Ren Shen (Ginseng) 2 liang, Sheng Jiang (Fresh Ginger) 5 liang, Gan Cao (Licorice) 3 liang, Ban Xia (Pinellia) 0.5 jin, Da Zao (Jujube) 12 pieces. Decoct in 1 dou of water to obtain 6 sheng, remove dregs, decoct again to obtain 3 sheng. Take 1 sheng warm, three times daily.
Li Shizhen said: Dai Zhe is a medicine for the blood level of the Liver and Pericardium channels; thus, its indications relate to disorders of these channels' blood levels. Previously, a child had diarrhea followed by upward deviation of the eyes, refused milk for three days, and eyes were yellow like gold, with critical qi. A famous physician said: This is slow convulsive wind; treat the Liver. Use water-washed Dai Zhe Shi powder, half qian per dose, mixed with winter melon seed decoction. The child recovered.
[Attached Prescriptions] Two old, fourteen new.
Wheezing with sound, unable to lie down: Tu Zhu powder, mixed with rice vinegar, taken occasionally, one or two doses (*Puji Fang*).
Taiyang syndrome with no sweat: Equal parts Dai Zhe Shi and Gan Jiang ground to powder. Mix with hot vinegar, apply to palms, clasp hands, place between inner thighs, cover warmly until sweating occurs, then cured (*Shanghan Yunyao*).
Infant malaria, helpless situation: Five pieces of Dai Zhe Shi (calcined red, quenched in vinegar), 5 fen of Zhu Sha (Cinnabar), one bean-sized amount of Pi Shuang (Arsenic Trioxide). Wrap in seven layers of paper, dampen and bake dry, add a little She Xiang (Musk), grind to powder. Mix with sesame oil, apply to nose tip, glabella, and limbs. Miraculous effect (*Baoyou Daquan*).
Acute and chronic convulsive wind, eye retraction, mouth contraction, irregular spasms. Calcine Dai Zhe Shi in fire, quench in vinegar ten times, grind finely, wash with water, dry in sun. Take 1 qian or half qian, mixed with True Gold Decoction, taken continuously for three doses. If red spots appear on the child's calves, the convulsive qi has exited, and the disease will heal. No spots mean incurable (*Zhizhi Fang*). Slow Liver Convulsive Wind: See Elucidation.
Small intestine hernia: Dai Zhe Shi calcined and quenched in vinegar, ground to powder. Take 2 qian with plain water (*Shouyu Fang*).
Intestinal wind with bloody stool: 1 liang of Xue Shi, calcined, quenched in rice vinegar (one sheng consumed), ground to flour. Take 1 qian with plain water (*Doumen*).
Hematemesis and epistaxis: Same prescription as above.
Abortion with continuous bleeding: 1 qian of Dai Zhe Shi powder, mixed with half zhan of fresh Sheng Di Huang juice. Take three to five times daily until cured (*Shengji Lu*).
Women's uterine bleeding: Dai Zhe Shi calcined and quenched in vinegar seven times, ground to powder. Take 2 qian with plain water (*Puji Fang*).
Red swollen and closed eyes: 2 fen of Tu Zhu, 1 fen of Shi Gao (Gypsum). Grind to powder. Mix with fresh water, apply to corners of eyes and Taiyang acupoint (*Zhizhi Fang*).
Sore throat with swelling and pain: Boil Zi Zhu (Purple Cinnabar) in water and drink (*Puji Fang*).
Gum recession with pus: Tu Zhu and Jing Jie (Schizonepeta) ground together, rub on gums, for three days (*Puji Fang*).
Heat toxicity from all cinnabar pills: 2 qian each of Tu Zhu and Qing Dai (Indigo Naturalis), 1 qian each of Hua Shi (Talcum) and Jing Jie. Grind to powder. Take 1.5 qian mixed with honey water, and apply externally (*Zhizhi Fang*).
All sores and carbuncles: Equal parts Tu Zhu, Guo Dan (Chinese Red Lead), and Niu Pi Jiao (Ox Hide Glue). Grind to powder. Mix with one bowl of good wine, let settle, drink the clear liquid, and apply the dregs. Reapply when dry (*Zhu Shi Jiyan Fang*).
Baihe Disease relapsing after sweating and purging. Seven Bai He (Lily Bulb) (broken, soaked in spring water overnight), 1 liang of Zhe Shi, 3 liang of Hua Shi. Decoct in two zhong of spring water to obtain one zhong, add Bai He juice, decoct again to obtain one zhong. Take warm (*Shanghan Yunyao*).
[Appendix] Xuan Huang Shi. Zang Qi said: Produced in the rocky soil of Zichuan and Beihai valleys, similar to red earth and Dai Zhe. Locals use it as cinnabar, calling it Chi Shi (Red Stone), also named Lingling. Probably a type of Dai Zhe. Taste sweet, neutral, warm, non-toxic. Treats fright, feverish pathogenic qi, calms the heart. Long-term use brightens eyes and enhances complexion.
Li Shizhen said: This is also Dai Zhe from other regions, so its efficacy is not significantly different.