（《拾遗》）
【释名】 鱼（《录异》）、
时珍曰∶昌，美也，以味名。或云∶鱼游于水，群鱼随之，食其涎沫，有
闽人讹为 鱼。广人连骨煮食，呼为
【集解】藏器曰∶鲳鱼生南海。状如鲫，身正圆，无硬骨，作炙食至
时珍曰∶闽、浙、广南海中，四五月出之。《岭表录异》云∶ 鱼形似 鱼，而腔上突
起，连背而圆，身肉甚浓，白如凝脂，只有一脊骨。治之以葱、姜， 之以粳米，其骨亦软
而可食。
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
【主治】令人肥健，益气力（藏器）。
腹中子
【气味】有毒。令人痢下（藏器）。
（《别录》下品）
【释名】鲋鱼（音附）。
时珍按∶陆佃《埤雅》云∶鲫鱼旅行，以相即也，故谓之鲫。以相附也，故谓之鲋。
【集解】保升曰∶鲫，所在池泽有之。形似小鲤，色黑而体促，肚大而脊隆。大者至三
四斤。
时珍曰∶鲫喜偎泥，不食杂物，故能补胃。冬月肉浓子多，其味尤美。郦道元《水经注》
云∶蕲州·广济·青林湖有鲫鱼，大二尺，食之肥美，辟寒暑。东方朔《神异经》云∶南方
湖中多鲫鱼，长数尺，食之宜暑而辟风寒。《吕氏春秋》云∶鱼之美者，有洞
则鲫为佳品，自古尚矣。
肉
【气味】甘，温，无毒。鼎曰∶和蒜食，少热；同沙糖食，生疳虫；同芥菜食，成肿疾；
同猪肝、鸡肉、雉肉、鹿肉、猴肉食，生痈疽；同麦门冬食，害人。
【主治】合五味煮食，主虚羸（藏器）。温中下气
痢有益，冬月不宜）。合 作羹，主胃弱不下食，调中益五脏。合茭首作羹，主丹石发热（孟
诜）。
生捣，涂恶核肿毒不散及 疮。同小豆捣，涂丹毒。烧灰，和酱汁
猪脂煎灰服，治肠痈（苏恭）。合小豆煮汁服，消水肿，炙油，涂妇人阴
酿白矾烧研饮服，治肠风血痢。酿硫黄 研，酿五倍子 研，酒服，并治下血。酿茗叶煨服，
治消渴。酿胡蒜煨研饮服，治膈气。酿绿矾 研饮服，治反胃。酿盐花烧研，掺齿疼。酿当
归烧研，揩牙乌髭止血。酿砒烧研，治急疳疮。酿白盐煨研，搽骨疽。
头疮白秃（时珍）。
【发明】震亨曰∶诸鱼属火，独鲫属土，有调胃实肠之功。若多食，亦能动火。
【附方】旧五，新三十一。
鹘突羹∶治脾胃虚冷不下食。以鲫鱼半斤切碎，用沸豉汁投之，入胡椒、莳萝、干姜、
橘皮等末，空心食之。（《心镜》）
卒病水肿∶用鲫鱼三尾，去肠留鳞，以商陆、赤小豆等分，填满扎定，水三升，煮糜去
鱼，食豆饮汁。二日一作，不过三次，小便利，愈。（《肘后方》）
消渴饮水∶用鲫鱼一枚，去肠留鳞，以茶叶填满，纸包煨熟食之。不过数枚即愈。（吴
氏《心统》）
性，为末。酒服一钱（或饭丸），日三服。又用硫黄一两，如上法 服，亦效。
酒
煮鲫鱼，常食最效。（《便民食疗方》）
用活鲫鱼，翅侧穿孔，去肠留鳞，入白矾末二钱，以棕包纸
饮下，每日二服。（《直指方》）
血痢噤口∶方同上。
反胃吐食∶用大鲫鱼一尾，去肠留鳞，入绿矾末令满，泥固 存性，研末。每米饮服一
钱，日二。（《本事》）
膈气吐食∶用大鲫鱼去肠留鳞，切大蒜片填满，纸包十重，泥封，晒半干，炭火煨熟，
取肉和平胃散末一两杵，丸梧子大，密收。每服三十丸，米饮下。（《经验》）
小肠疝气∶每顿用鲫鱼十个，同茴香煮食。久食
妊娠感寒时行者∶用大鲫一头烧灰，酒服方
乳》）
热病目暗，因瘥后食五辛而致∶用鲫鱼作 食之。（《集验方》）
目生弩肉∶鲜鲫鱼，取肉一片，中央开窍，贴于眶上。日三五度。（《圣济总录
妇人血崩∶鲫鱼一个（长五寸者）去肠，入血竭、乳香在内，绵包烧存性，研末。每服
三钱，热酒调下。（叶氏《摘玄方》）
小儿 喘∶活鲫鱼七个，以器盛，令儿自便尿养之。待红，煨熟食，甚效。一女年十岁
用此
小儿舌肿∶鲜鲫鱼切片贴之，频换。（《总微论》）
小儿丹毒∶从髀起，若热流下，令阴头赤肿出血。用鲫鱼肉（切）五合，赤小豆末二合，
捣匀，入水和，敷之。（《千金方》）
小儿秃疮∶《千金》∶用鲫鱼烧灰，酱汁和涂。一用鲫鱼去肠，入皂矾烧研搽。危氏∶
用大鲫去肠，入乱发填满，烧研，入雄黄末二钱。先以齑水洗拭，生油调搽。
小儿头疮∶昼开出脓，夜即复合。用鲫鱼（长四寸）一枚，去肠，大附子一枚，去皮研
末填入。炙焦研敷，捣蒜封之，效。（《圣惠方》）
走马牙疳∶用鲫鱼一个去肠，入砒一分，生地黄一两，纸包烧存性，入枯白矾、麝香少
许，为末掺之。
牙疳出血∶大鲫鱼一尾，去肠留鳞，入当归末，泥固烧存性，入 过盐和匀，日用。（《圣
惠方》）
揩牙乌须∶方同上。
刮骨取牙∶用鲫鱼一个去肠，入砒在内。露于阴地，待有霜刮下，瓶收。以针搜开牙根，
点少许，咳嗽自落。又方∶用 砂入鲫鱼肉，煨过瓶收，待有霜刮取，如上法用。
诸疮肿毒∶鲫鱼（一斤者）去肠，柏叶填满，纸裹泥包 存性，入轻粉二钱，为末。麻
油调搽。（《普济方》）
浸淫毒疮∶凡卒得毒瓦斯攻身，或肿痛，或赤痒，上下周匝，烦毒欲死，此浸淫毒疮也。
生鲫鱼切片，和盐捣贴，频易之。（《圣惠方》）
上便毒∶鲫鱼一枚，山药五钱，同捣敷之，即消。（《医林集要》）
骨疽脓出∶黑色鲫鱼一个去肠，入白盐令满扎定，以水一盏，石器内煮至干焦为末。猪
油调搽，少痛勿怪。（危氏方）
手足瘭疽∶累累如赤豆，剥之汁出。大鲫鱼长三四寸者，乱发一鸡子大，猪脂一升，同
煎膏，涂之。（《千金方》）
胫生疮∶用中鲫鱼三尾洗净，穿山甲二钱，以长皂荚一挺，劈开两片夹住扎之。煨存
性，研末。先以井水洗净脓水，用白竹叶针孔贴之，候水出尽，以麻油、轻粉调药敷之，日
一次。（《直指方》）
小儿撮口出白沫∶以艾灸口之上下四壮。鲫鱼烧研，酒调少许灌之。仍掐手足。儿一岁
半，则以鱼网洗水灌之。（《小儿方》）
妇人阴疮∶方见主治。
【主治】久痢赤白，肠 痔疾，大人小儿丹毒风眩（藏器）。治脚风及上气（思邈）
脾胃，去寒结气（时珍）。
【主治】 疮。批片贴之，或同桃叶捣敷，杀其虫（时珍）。
【附方】新一。
赤痢不止∶鲫鱼 二脔（切），秫米一把，薤白一虎口（切）。合煮粥，食之。（《圣惠方》）
头
【主治】小儿头疮口疮，重舌目翳（苏恭）。烧研
下痢。酒服，治脱肛及女人阴
子（忌猪肝）
【主治】调中，益肝气（张
骨
【主治】 疮。烧灰敷，数次即愈（张鼎）。
胆
【主治】取汁，涂疳疮、阴蚀疮，杀虫止痛。点喉中，治骨鲠竹刺不出
【附方】旧一，新二。
小儿脑疳∶鼻痒，毛发作穗，黄瘦。用鲫鱼胆滴鼻中，三五日甚效。（《圣惠》）
消渴饮水∶用浮石、蛤蚧、蝉蜕等分，为末。以鲫鱼胆七枚，调服三钱，神效。（《本事》）
滴耳治聋∶鲫鱼胆一枚，乌驴脂少许，生麻油半两，和匀。纳入楼葱管中，七日取滴耳
中，日二次。（《圣惠方》）
脑
【主治】耳聋。以竹筒蒸过，滴之（《圣惠》）。
【附录】 鱼 诜曰∶一种 鱼，与鲫颇同而味不同，功亦不及。云
米所化，故腹尚有米色
时珍曰∶孟氏言鲫、 皆栉、稷化成者
雪录》中尝书之，时珍亦尝见之，此亦生生化化之理。鲫、
雅》所谓鳜 ，郭璞所谓外家鱼、婢鱼，崔豹
薄黑而扬赤。其行以三为率，
颂曰∶黔中一种重唇石鲫鱼，味美，亦鲫之类也。
(From *Bencao Shiyi* / Supplement to Materia Medica)
**Names** Yu (from *Lingbiao Luyi*).
Li Shizhen states: "Chang" means beautiful, named for its delicious taste. Some say: This fish swims in the water, and other fish follow it, feeding on its mucus. The people of Fujian mispronounced it as "Chang fish." People in Guangdong cook it with bones and call it "Chang fish."
**Collection** Chen Zangqi says: Chang fish is born in the South Sea. Its shape resembles that of a crucian carp (*Carassius auratus*), with a perfectly round body and no hard bones. It is extremely delicious when roasted.
Li Shizhen says: In the seas of Fujian, Zhejiang, and Guangdong, they appear in the fourth and fifth lunar months. *Lingbiao Luyi* records: The Chang fish resembles the Pangasius fish, but has a protrusion on the back that connects to the spine, forming a round shape. The flesh is very thick, white like congealed fat, with only one spinal bone. Seasoned with scallion and ginger, and cooked with japonica rice, the bones also become soft and edible.
**Flavor and Toxicity** Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
**Therapeutic Actions** Makes one fat and strong, benefits qi and strength (Chen Zangqi).
**Flavor and Toxicity** The roe (eggs) inside the abdomen are toxic. Causes dysentery (Chen Zangqi).
(From *Mingyi Bielu*, listed under Lower Grade)
**Names** Fu fish (pronounced "Fu").
Li Shizhen verifies: Lu Tuan in *Piya* states: Crucian carp travel in groups because they adhere to each other, hence called "Ji" (group). Because they attach to one another, they are called "Fu" (attach).
**Collection** Su Baosheng says: Crucian carp are found in ponds and marshes everywhere. They resemble small carp, are black in color with a short body, large belly, and prominent spine. Large ones weigh up to three or four jin.
Li Shizhen says: Crucian carp like to nestle in mud and do not eat miscellaneous things, thus they can tonify the stomach. In winter, the flesh is thick and rich in roe, making the taste especially good. Li Daoyuan's *Shuijing Zhu* records: In Qinglin Lake, Guangji, Qizhou, there are crucian carp two chi long; eating them repels cold and heat. Dongfang Shuo's *Shenyi Jing* records: There are many crucian carp in southern lakes, several chi long; eating them is suitable for summer and repels wind-cold. *Lüshi Chunqiu* records: Among the most delicious fish, those from Dongpu and crucian carp are excellent choices, esteemed since ancient times.
**Flavor and Toxicity** Sweet, warm, non-toxic. Tao Ding says: Eaten with garlic, causes slight heat; eaten with brown sugar, generates gan worms; eaten with mustard greens, causes swelling diseases; eaten with pig liver, chicken, pheasant, deer, or monkey meat, causes carbuncles and sores; eaten with Ophiopogonis Radix (Maidong), harms the human body.
**Therapeutic Actions** Boiled with five flavors, treats emaciation due to deficiency (Chen Zangqi). Warms the middle and directs rebellious qi downward (not suitable for winter consumption). Made into soup with certain ingredients, treats weak stomach and loss of appetite, harmonizes the middle and benefits the five zang organs. Made into soup with Wild Rice Stem (Jiaobai), treats fever caused by taking Dan Shi minerals (Meng Shen).
Crushed raw and applied, treats malignant nodules and toxic swellings that do not dissipate, and sores. Crushed with Adzuki Beans (Xiaodou), treats erysipelas. Burnt to ash, mixed with soy sauce and pork lard and fried, treats intestinal abscess (Su Gong). Boiled with Adzuki Beans and the juice drunk, reduces edema; the oil obtained by roasting, applied to the female yin, treats gynecological conditions.
Stuffed with Alum (Binfan), burnt and ground, taken with water, treats intestinal wind bloody dysentery. Stuffed with Sulfur (Huangliu) ground, stuffed with Chinese Gallnut (Wubeizi) ground, taken with wine, both treat lower bleeding. Stuffed with Tea Leaves (Chaye) and baked, treated xiao ke (wasting-thirst). Stuffed with Garlic (Dasuan) and baked, ground and taken, treats diaphragmatic qi stagnation. Stuffed with Green Vitriol (Lvfan) ground, taken, treats retching/vomiting. Stuffed with Salt Flower (Yanhua), burnt and ground, sprinkled on teeth for toothache. Stuffed with Angelica Sinensis (Danggui), burnt and ground, rubbed on teeth to blacken whiskers and stop bleeding. Stuffed with Arsenic Trioxide (Pishuang), burnt and ground, treats acute gan sores. Stuffed with White Salt (Baigan), baked and ground, applied to osteomyelitis. Head sores and white ringworm (Li Shizhen).
**Elucidation** Zhu Zhenheng says: All fish belong to Fire, but crucian carp belongs to Earth, having the function of harmonizing the stomach and solidifying the intestines. However, excessive consumption can also stir up fire.
**Attached Prescriptions** Five old, thirty-one new.
Hu Tu Soup: Treats cold deficiency of the spleen and stomach leading to poor appetite. Take half a jin of chopped crucian carp, pour boiling fermented soybean juice over it, add powders of pepper, dill, dried ginger, and tangerine peel, and eat on an empty stomach. (*Xin Jing*)
Sudden Edema: Use three live crucian carp, remove guts but keep scales, fill equally with Phytolacca Root (Shanglu) and Adzuki Beans (Xiaodou), tie tightly, boil in three sheng of water until mushy, remove fish, eat beans and drink juice. Do this once every two days, no more than three times; when urination becomes smooth, it cures. (*Zhou Hou Fang*)
Wasting-Thirst Drinking: Use one crucian carp, remove guts but keep scales, fill with tea leaves, wrap in paper and bake until cooked. Eating a few will cure it. (Wu Shi *Xin Tong*)
[Text missing] nature, grind into powder. Take one qian with wine (or make pill with rice paste), three times daily. Also use one liang of Sulfur, take as above, also effective.
[Text missing] Wine-boiled crucian carp, frequent consumption is most effective. (*Bianmin Shiliao Fang*)
Use a live crucian carp, pierce a hole at the side fin, remove guts but keep scales, insert two qian of Alum powder, wrap in palm leaf and paper, [boil and] drink, twice daily. (*Zhizhi Fang*)
Bloody Dysentery with inability to open mouth: Prescription same as above.
Retching and Vomiting: Use one large crucian carp, remove guts but keep scales, fill full with Green Vitriol powder, seal with mud, calcine to preserve nature, grind into powder. Take one qian with rice wash, twice daily. (*Benshi Fang*)
Diaphragmatic Qi with Vomiting: Use a large crucian carp, remove guts but keep scales, fill with sliced garlic, wrap in ten layers of paper, seal with mud, sun-dry until half dry, bake over charcoal until cooked, take the meat and mix with one liang of Pingwei San powder, pound into pills the size of wutong seeds, store tightly. Take thirty pills each time, swallow with rice wash. (*Jingyan Fang*)
Small Intestine Hernia: Use ten crucian carp per meal, boil and eat with Fennel. Long-term consumption [is effective].
Pregnancy contracting cold during epidemic times: Burn one large crucian carp to ash, take with wine, dose [see source] (*Furen Dabao Liangfang*)
Heat disease causing dim vision, resulting from eating five pungents after recovery: Make crucian carp into [soup] and eat. (*Jiyan Fang*)
Pterygium growing in eye: Fresh crucian carp, take a slice of meat, make a hole in the center, apply to the upper orbital rim. Three to five times daily. (*Shengji Zonglu*)
Women's Metrorrhagia: One crucian carp (five cun long), remove guts, insert Blood Dragon (Xuejie) and Frankincense (Ruxiang), wrap in cotton, calcine to preserve nature, grind into powder. Take three qian each time, mix with hot wine and swallow. (Ye Shi *Zhaixuan Fang*)
Pediatric [Slow] Convulsion: Seven live crucian carp, place in a vessel, let the child urinate into it naturally. Wait until red, bake and eat, very effective. A ten-year-old girl [used this method].
Pediatric Tongue Swelling: Slice fresh crucian carp and apply, change frequently. (*Zongwei Lun*)
Pediatric Erysipelas: Starting from the thigh, if heat flows down causing redness, swelling, and bleeding of the glans. Use five he of chopped crucian carp meat, two he of Adzuki Bean powder, pound evenly, mix with water, and apply. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Pediatric Bald Pox: *Qianjin*: Burn crucian carp to ash, mix with soy sauce and apply. One method: Remove guts of crucian carp, insert Iron Vitriol, burn and grind, apply. Wei Shi: Use a large crucian carp, remove guts, fill with tangled hair, burn and grind, add two qian of Realgar powder. First wash with vinegar water, then apply mixed with raw oil.
Pediatric Head Sores: Pus discharges by day, closes by night. Use one crucian carp (four cun long), remove guts, insert one large Aconite root, peel and grind into powder, fill inside. Bake until charred, grind and apply, seal with pounded garlic, effective. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Running Horse Gum Rot: Use one crucian carp, remove guts, insert one fen of Arsenic, one liang of Rehmannia Root (Shengdi), wrap in paper and burn to preserve nature, add some dried Alum and Musk, grind into powder and sprinkle.
Gum Rot Bleeding: One large crucian carp, remove guts but keep scales, insert Angelica powder, seal with mud, burn to preserve nature, add salt that has been stir-fried and mix evenly, use daily. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Rubbing Teeth to Blacken Whiskers: Prescription same as above.
Scraping Bone to Extract Teeth: Use one crucian carp, remove guts, insert Arsenic inside. Expose in a shady place, wait for frost to form, scrape off and store in a bottle. Use a needle to open the gum root, apply a little, coughing will naturally cease. Another prescription: Insert Nao Sha into crucian carp meat, bake, store in bottle, wait for frost to form, scrape off, use as above.
Various Sores and Tumors: One jin crucian carp, remove guts, fill with Cypress Leaf (Baiye), wrap in paper and mud, burn to preserve nature, add two qian of Calomel, grind into powder. Mix with sesame oil and apply. (*Puji Fang*)
Spreading Toxic Sores: Whenever suddenly attacked by toxic vapors, causing pain/swelling or redness/itching all around, feeling烦躁 and wanting to die, this is a spreading toxic sore. Slice fresh crucian carp, mix with salt, pound and apply, change frequently. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Inguinal Abscess: One crucian carp, five qian of Yam (Shanyao), pound together and apply, dissipates immediately. (*Yilin Jiyao*)
Osteomyelitis with Pus Discharge: One black crucian carp, remove guts, fill with White Salt, tie tightly, boil in one cup of water in a stone pot until dry and charred, grind into powder. Mix with pork lard and apply, slight pain is normal. (Wei Shi Fang)
Phlegmonous Erysipelas on Hands and Feet: Clusters like red beans, exuding fluid when peeled. Use a large crucian carp three to four cun long, a chicken egg-sized amount of tangled hair, one sheng of pork lard, fry together into ointment, apply. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Leg Ulcer: Wash three medium crucian carp clean, use two qian of Pangolin Scale (Chuanshanjia), take one long Gleditsia Sinensis pod (Zaojia), split into two pieces to clamp and tie. Calcine to preserve nature, grind into powder. First wash pus with well water, apply with a bamboo leaf needle puncture, wait for water to drain out, then apply medicine mixed with sesame oil and Calomel, once daily. (*Zhizhi Fang*)
Pediatric Mouth Closing with White Foam: Moxibustion on four points above and below the mouth. Burn crucian carp and grind, mix with wine, give a little to drink. Still pinch hands and feet. For a child one and a half years old, use water washed from a fish net to drink. (*Xiao'er Fang*)
Women's Yin Sore: See Therapeutic Actions.
**Therapeutic Actions** Chronic dysentery with red and white discharge, intestinal wind hemorrhoids, erysipelas and vertigo in adults and children (Chen Zangqi). Treats foot wind and rising qi (Sun Simiao).
[Spleen] Stomach, dispels cold stagnant qi (Li Shizhen).
**Therapeutic Actions** [Snake] sores. Slice and apply, or pound with peach leaves and apply, kills parasites (Li Shizhen).
**Attached Prescription** One new.
Unstopping Red Dysentery: Two pieces of [meat] of crucian carp (chopped), one handful of broomcorn millet (Sumi), one tiger-mouthful of Shallot (Xiebai) (chopped). Cook together into porridge, eat. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Head
**Therapeutic Actions** Pediatric head sores, mouth sores, double tongue, and corneal opacity (Su Gong). Burn and grind...
Dysentery. Take with wine, treats rectal prolapse and women's yin [sores].
Egg (Avoid Pig Liver)
**Therapeutic Actions** Harmonize the middle, benefit Liver Qi (Zhang [Yuansu]).
Bone
**Therapeutic Actions** [Snake] sores. Burn to ash and apply, heals in a few times (Zhang Ding).
Gallbladder
**Therapeutic Actions** Extract juice, apply to gan sores and corrosive yin sores, kill parasites and relieve pain. Drip into throat, treat bone or bamboo splinter stuck.
**Attached Prescriptions** One old, two new.
Pediatric Brain Gan: Nose itching, hair forming tufts, yellow and thin. Drip crucian carp gallbladder juice into nose, very effective in three to five days. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Wasting-Thirst Drinking: Use Pumice Stone (Fushi), Gecko (Gejie), and Cicada Slough (Chantui) in equal parts, grind into powder. Mix seven crucian carp gallbladders, take three qian, miraculous effect. (*Benshi Fang*)
Drip Ear to Treat Deafness: One crucian carp gallbladder, a little donkey fat (Wulü Zhi), half liang of raw sesame oil, mix evenly. Insert into a scallion tube, after seven days take and drip into ear, twice daily. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Brain
**Therapeutic Actions** Deafness. Steam in a bamboo tube, drip (Shenghui Fang).
**Appendix** Bitterling Fish Meng Shen says: A type of fish, similar to crucian carp but different in taste, efficacy is inferior. Said to be transformed from millet, hence the belly still has a millet color.
Li Shizhen says: Meng stated that crucian carp and bitterling are transformed from comb-grass and millet. Recorded in *Lingbiao Luyi*, Li Shizhen has also seen them; this is also the principle of generation and transformation. Crucian carp and [bitterling], referred to as Gui fish in *Piya*, Waijia fish or Bi fish by Guo Pu, and [fish] described by Cui Bao as thin, black, and showing red. Their movement is in threes.
Su Song says: In Qianzhong, there is a type of heavy-lipped stone crucian carp, delicious, also a type of crucian carp.