牛羊马驼之乳皆可作。入药以黄牛酪为胜。酪有干湿。干者更良。
气味甘酸温。 水牛马驼之酪冷。 牛羊乳酪温。 治热毒。止烦渴。除胸中虚热。生
精血。补虚损。
造法。用乳半杓。锅内炒过。入余乳熬数十沸。常以杓纵横搅之。倾出罐盛。待冷掠取
乳皮以为酥。入旧酪少许。纸封放之。即成。 干酪法。以酪晒结。掠去浮皮。再晒至皮尽。
却入釜中炒少时。器盛。曝令可作块。收用。
酪之浮面所成。
牛酥白羊酥
味甘。气微寒。 补五脏。益虚劳。寒血脉。除心热胸中客热。止渴。利大小肠。能除
腹内尘垢。又追毒瓦斯发出毛孔间。 牛酥不离寒病之兼热者宜之。羊酥不离温病之兼寒者宜
之。 酥虽胜。难得。（石山）
造法。以乳入锅煎二三沸。倾入盆内。冷定。待面结皮。取皮再煎。油出去滓。入锅即
成酥油。 凡入药。微火溶化滤净用之。
牡曰 。亦曰羝。
肉
味甘。气温。性大热。 补中益气。疗虚劳寒冷。治产后虚羸。脾胃冷气作痛。及寒疝。
得火土之气以生。故能补有形肌肉之气。（凡味同羊肉者。皆补血虚。阳生则阴长也。）
附方 治寒劳虚羸。及产后心腹疝痛。羊肉汤。用肥羊肉一斤。水一斗。煮汁八升。入
当归五两。黄 八两。生姜六两。煮取二升。分四服。（金匮） 产后虚羸腹痛。冷气不调。
及中风汗自出。白羊肉一斤。治如常。调和食之。 崩中垂死。肥羊肉三斤。水二斗。煮一
斗三升。入生地一斤。干姜当归各三两。煮三升。分四服。 治虚劳。天真丸。精羊肉七斤。
用当归十二两。山药十两。苁蓉十两。天冬一斤。烘作末。安羊肉内。酒水煮至糜。再入黄
末五两。人参末三两。白术末二两。蒸饼捣和丸如梧子。日二次。服三百丸。温酒下。天
行热病后。温疟热痢后。食之必致发热难疗。妊娠食之。令子多热。（濒湖）痈肿疮疡消渴
吐血嘈杂等证。咸不宜服。（仲淳） 煮时切忌铜器。
乳（白 者佳）
气味甘温。 补寒冷虚乏。润心肺。和小肠气。利大肠。治干呕反胃。
肾
气味甘温。 补肾气。理精枯阳败。
附方 治阳气衰败。腰脚疼痛。五劳七伤。用羊肾三对。羊肉半斤。葱白一茎。枸杞叶
一斤。同五味煮成汁。下米作粥食之。 老人肾脏虚寒。内肾结硬。虽服补药不入。用羊肾
一对。杜仲长二寸。同煮熟。空心食之。能令内肾柔软。然后服补药。
肝（青 羊者良）
气味苦寒。亦云温。 补肝。治肝风虚热。目赤暗痛。热病后失明。（并用子肝七枚。
作生食。神效。）
附方 目病失明。青 羊肝一斤。去膜切片。新瓦炕干。同决明子半升。蓼子一合。炒
为末。以白蜜浆服方寸匕。日三服。三料目明。至一年能夜见文本。 不能远视。羊肝一具。
去
胆（去势。青羯羊者良。）
气味苦寒。 主治青盲明目。点赤障白翳风泪眼。（胆汁减则目暗。故诸胆皆治目病。）
大便闭塞。羊胆汁灌入。即通。
附方 病后失明。羊胆点之。日二次。 碧云膏。治烂弦风赤眼流泪。不可近光。及一
切暴
胫骨
气味甘温。性热。（有宿热人弗食） 治虚冷劳弱白浊。健腰脚。疗筋骨挛痛。（酒浸服
之）固齿牙。（疏豁者须用之）
附方 秘真丹。治思想无穷。所愿不协。意淫于外。作劳筋绝。发为筋痿。及为白淫。
为劳弱。羊胫炭烧红窨杀。浓朴姜制。各三两。朱砂一两。为细末。酒煮糊和丸梧子大。每
空心温酒下五十丸。
〔论〕 羊为火畜。苏颂言其齿骨五脏皆温平。惟肉大热。夫人与兽赋形如脾之主肉。
谅无大异。是则火之生土。其首及者。而别录补中益气之说是也。（其治虚劳寒冷。则必如
天真丸之合诸药。方为得当。）夫禀乎火者心也。心与肾一气上下。故肾即用之补肾气。而
肝下合于肾水。上合于心火。又即用之补肝。盖神水照物。乃先天之气所生。后天之气所成。
气固火之灵也。试观目病失明。与不能远视。多用羊肝为主。缘不能远视者。病于无火。不
能近视者。病于无水。补气所以益火也。又如羊胫骨之疗齿痛。用于寒证为多。若寒热兼者
。即有相济之味。可见此味之用。肾气为本。而寒热为标也。更参白浊劳弱。及筋骨挛痛诸
治。则益明矣。大抵是物之所禀者火。其于血气之伦。有得于气化之阳以为扶助虚羸之功者。
如
The milk of cattle, sheep, horses, and camels can all be used to make *lao* (fermented milk product). For medicinal use, *lao* from yellow cattle is superior. *Lao* exists in dry and wet forms; the dry form is more effective.
Its flavor is sweet and sour, and its nature is warm. *Lao* from water buffalo, horse, and camel is cold; *lao* from cow and sheep is warm. It treats heat toxins, relieves restlessness and thirst, clears deficiency-heat in the chest, generates essence and blood, and tonifies deficiency and damage.
Preparation method: Take half a ladle of milk, stir-fry it in a pot, add the remaining milk, and boil for dozens of boils. Stir frequently with a ladle in longitudinal and transverse directions. Pour into a jar to cool. Scrape off the skin that forms on the surface to make *su* (clarified butter/ghee). Add a small amount of old *lao*, seal with paper, and let it sit until ready. To make dry *lao*: Sun-dry the *lao* until it coagulates, scrape off the floating skin, sun-dry again until all skin is removed, then stir-fry briefly in a cauldron. Store in a vessel, sun-dry until it forms blocks, and store for use.
*Su* is formed from the floating surface layer of *lao*.
**Cow *Su* and White Sheep *Su***
Flavor is sweet, nature is slightly cold. It tonifies the five zang organs, benefits deficiency-labor, cools the blood vessels, clears guest-heat in the heart and chest, relieves thirst, promotes urination and bowel movements, removes filth within the abdomen, and expels toxic vapors through the pores. Cow *su* is suitable for cold diseases complicated by heat; sheep *su* is suitable for warm diseases complicated by cold. Although *su* is potent, it is difficult to obtain. (Shi Shan)
Preparation method: Boil milk in a pot for two or three boils, pour into a basin, and let it cool and solidify. Once a skin forms on the surface, remove the skin and boil again. Remove the oil residue, place in a pot, and it becomes clarified butter (*su*). For medicinal use, melt over low fire, filter cleanly, and use.
Male sheep are called *mu* or *di*.
**Mutton**
Flavor is sweet, nature is warm, and property is greatly hot. It tonifies the middle and boosts qi, treats deficiency-labor and coldness, cures postpartum emaciation and weakness, pain caused by cold qi in the spleen and stomach, and cold hernia. Because it is born from the qi of fire and earth, it can tonify the qi of tangible muscles. (Any substance with a flavor similar to mutton can tonify blood deficiency; when yang arises, yin grows.)
**Attached Formulas:**
To treat cold labor, deficiency, emaciation, and postpartum heart/abdominal hernia pain: **Mutton Soup**. Use one jin of fatty mutton and ten dou of water, boil to obtain eight sheng of decoction. Add five liang of Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), eight liang of Huangqi (Astragali Radix), and six liang of Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens). Boil to obtain two sheng, divide into four doses. (From *Jinkui Yaolue*)
For postpartum emaciation, abdominal pain, irregular cold qi, and wind-stroke with spontaneous sweating: Use one jin of white mutton, prepare as usual, mix well, and eat.
For severe metrorrhagia approaching death: Use three jin of fatty mutton and two dou of water, boil to obtain thirteen sheng. Add one jin of Shengdi (Rehmanniae Radix), and three liang each of Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma) and Danggui. Boil to obtain three sheng, divide into four doses.
**Tianzhen Wan** for treating deficiency-labor: Use seven jin of fine mutton. Add twelve liang of Danggui, ten liang of Shanyao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma), ten liang of Rongrong (Cynomorii Herba), and one jin of Tiandong (Asparagi Radix). Dry and powder them, stuff into the mutton, and cook with wine and water until mushy. Add five liang of Huangqi powder, three liang of Renshen (Ginseng Radix) powder, and two liang of Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) powder. Mix with steamed dough pills to the size of wu zi (bayberry seeds). Take twice daily, 300 pills per dose, with warm wine. Consuming this after epidemic febrile diseases or warm malaria/dysentery will inevitably cause difficult-to-treat fever. Pregnant women consuming it will cause excessive heat in the fetus. (Li Shizhen) Patients with carbuncles, sores, ulcers, diabetes (xiaoke), hematemesis, and acid regurgitation should not consume it. (Chen Shigong) Avoid copper vessels during boiling.
**Sheep Milk** (White is best)
Flavor is sweet and warm. It tonifies cold deficiency and exhaustion, moistens the lungs and heart, harmonizes the qi of the Small Intestine, promotes large bowel movement, and treats dry vomiting and regurgitation.
**Sheep Kidney**
Flavor is sweet and warm. It tonifies kidney qi, regulates depleted essence and failed yang.
**Attached Formulas:**
To treat failing yang qi, lower back and leg pain, and five labors and seven injuries: Use three pairs of sheep kidneys, half a jin of mutton, one stalk of Congbai (Allii Fistulosi Bulbus), and one jin of Gouqiyè (Lycii Folium). Boil with five flavors to make juice, add rice, and cook into porridge to eat.
For elderly people with kidney deficiency-cold and hardened inner kidneys where tonics are not absorbed: Use one sheep kidney and a two-cun piece of Duzhong (Eucommiae Cortex). Cook thoroughly together and eat on an empty stomach. This softens the inner kidney, allowing subsequent tonic medicines to be absorbed.
**Sheep Liver** (Green ewe is good)
Flavor is bitter and cold, or said to be warm. It tonifies the liver, treats liver wind and deficiency-heat, red eyes, dimness and pain, and blindness after febrile disease. (Use seven fetal livers, eaten raw, for miraculous effect.)
**Attached Formula:**
For eye disease causing blindness: Use one jin of green ewe liver, remove the membrane, slice, and dry on new tiles. Combine with half a sheng of Juemingzi (Cassiae Semen) and one he of Liaozhongzi (Polygoni Multiflori Caulis/Folium - note: text says Liaozhi/Liaozhong, likely referring to a specific herb, often Polygonum or similar in ancient texts, here translated generally as Liaozhongzi based on context of eye herbs, but strictly "Liaozhongzi" is kept as transliteration if uncertain, however standard WHO term for eye herbs like this is often associated with Polygonum. Given "Liaozhi" usually refers to Polygonum multiflorum stem/leaf or similar, I will use *Polygoni Multiflori Caulis* or keep generic if unsure. Actually, "Liaozhongzi" isn't a standard modern name, likely "Liaozhong" refers to *Polygonum aviculare* or similar. Let's stick to literal "Liaozhongzi" or identify if it's a typo for "Liangzi" etc. In *Bencao Gangmu*, it might refer to a specific local herb. I will use *Polygoni Multiflori Caulis* if it matches context, but safer to use *Liaozhongzi* with pinyin if obscure. Wait, looking at Li Shizhen, "Liaozhong" often refers to *Polygonum*. Let's use *Polygoni Multiflori Caulis* or just *Liaozhongzi*. Let's use *Liaozhongzi* to be safe with the source text.) Fry together into powder. Take with white honey water, one fangcun bi per dose, three times daily. After three courses, vision clears; within a year, one can see fine text at night. For inability to see far: Use one sheep liver.
**Sheep Gallbladder** (Castrated green ram is good)
Flavor is bitter and cold. Mainly treats congenital blindness to improve vision, red obstructions, white nebulas, and windy tearing eyes. (When gallbladder qi decreases, vision dims; thus all gallbladders treat eye diseases.) For fecal impaction, instill sheep bile directly, which immediately relieves obstruction.
**Attached Formulas:**
For blindness after illness: Instill sheep bile into eyes, twice daily. **Bi Yun Gao**: Treats inflamed eyelid margins, red eyes, tearing, photophobia, and all acute inflammatory eye conditions.
**Sheep Shin Bone**
Flavor is sweet and warm, nature is hot. (Those with chronic heat should not eat it.) Treats deficiency-cold labor, weak leucorrhea (bai zhuo), strengthens waist and legs, treats tendon and bone spasms/pain. (Take soaked in wine.) Strengthens teeth. (Use those with open marrow cavities.)
**Attached Formula:**
**Mi Zhen Dan**: Treats endless thoughts, unfulfilled desires, external lustful intentions, and excessive labor leading to tendon failure, resulting in tendon atrophy and white seminal emission, becoming weak. Roast sheep shin bones until red, bury in soil to cool ("kill"). Process Houpo (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex) with ginger. Each 3 liang, Cinnabar (Zhusha) 1 liang. Powder finely. Make pills with wine paste, size of wu zi. Take 50 pills on empty stomach with warm wine.
[Discussion] The sheep is a fire animal. Su Song stated that its teeth, bones, and five zang organs are warm and neutral, while only the meat is greatly hot. Humans and beasts share similar forms, and since the Spleen governs muscles, there is likely no great difference. This aligns with the theory of Fire generating Earth and the statement in *Bielu* regarding tonifying the middle and boosting qi. (To treat deficiency-labor and coldness, it must be combined with other drugs, as in Tianzhen Wan, to be appropriate.) The Heart receives the qi of Fire. The Heart and Kidney communicate via one qi moving up and down; thus, Sheep Kidney is used to tonify Kidney Qi. The Liver connects downward to Kidney Water and upward to Heart Fire; thus, Sheep Liver is used to tonify the Liver. Essentially, the divine fluid that allows vision is generated by pre-heaven qi and formed by post-heaven qi. Qi is the spiritual manifestation of Fire. Observe that for blindness and inability to see far, Sheep Liver is primarily used. Inability to see far is due to lack of Fire; inability to see near is due to lack of Water. Tonifying Qi serves to benefit Fire. Similarly, Sheep Shin Bone treats toothache, mostly in cold patterns. If cold and heat are mixed, there is a complementary flavor. Thus, the function of this substance takes Kidney Qi as the root and Cold/Heat as the branch. Referencing treatments for white turbidity, labor weakness, and tendon spasms further clarifies this. Generally, this animal is endowed with Fire. Among blood and qi entities, it benefits from the yang of qi transformation to assist in treating deficiency and emaciation. Such as...