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Hong pulse (Surging Pulse) is both large and rapid, with beats linked continuously like a string of pearls, feeling as if touching polished jade. The arrival is extremely vigorous, while the departure is slightly weaker (from *Suwen*). Any floating (Fou), knotted (Kou), solid (Shi), or large (Da) pulses belong to the category of Hong pulse. It does not feel firm and forceful upon both light and heavy pressure like the Shi pulse, nor is it soft and slippery like the Hua pulse, nor is it merely large and long like the Da pulse. (This passage is from Zhang Lu. Additionally, Li Shizhen's *Binhu Tizhuang Shi* states: "The pulse comes surging and strong but deploys weaker; filling the fingers with a torrential flow, corresponding to summer time; if seen in spring, autumn, or winter months, one should raise yang and scatter fire without hesitation." The *Xianglei Shi* states: "When the Hong pulse arrives, it beats forcefully; the departure is weak while the arrival is strong, resembling waves; to know the difference between the Shi pulse and Hong pulse, note that the Shi pulse is string-like and long, hard and firm when lifted and pressed." *Zhenjia Zhengyan* states: "The Hong pulse is simply broad at the root, yet not hard and firm. If it is large and hard, it is the Shi pulse, not the Hong pulse.") Hong pulse signifies blazing and scorching fire qi. Symptoms such as irritability and thirst, mania and restlessness, macules and rashes, abdominal distension, headache, facial heat, dry throat, mouth ulcers, and carbuncles are all manifestations arising from this pathogenesis. If the pulse is Hong and floating, it indicates exterior heat; if Hong and deep, it indicates interior heat; if Hong and slippery, it indicates concomitant phlegm. As for extreme hyperactivity of yang leading to cold feet and weak chi pulse, or heat persisting despite repeated purgation with no reduction in the Hong-rapid pulse, or a floating and Hong pulse accompanied by sweat like oil, diarrhea with collapse, or a surging pulse in cases of collapse, these are all difficult-to-treat conditions and should not be forced. (*Jing* states: "Those who are emaciated but have excessive pulse qi will die." Zhang Jingyue states: "If the pulse is excessively large and Hong, even more than four times normal: this is the pulse of separation of yin and yang, Guan-Ge syndrome." Lin Zhihan states: "For those with chronic cough or chronic illness, as well as those with blood loss or dysentery, a Hong pulse is contraindicated.")

Wei pulse seems present yet absent, on the verge of disappearing but not completely cut off; under the finger upon pressing, there is a slightly blurred sensation. Any fine, small, deficient, or choppy pulses belong to the category of Wei pulse. It is not distinctively small and weak like the Ruo pulse, nor is it fine yet forceful like the Xi pulse. (This passage is from Zhang Lu. Additionally, Li Shizhen's *Binhu Tizhuang Xianglei Shi* states: "The Wei pulse is slight and flickering; pressing it feels as if it is about to disappear yet is not; Wei indicates weakness of yang, Xi indicates weakness of yin; Xi is slightly coarser compared to Wei.") Wei pulse is a sign of decline and deficiency of yang qi. Various symptoms such as aversion to cold, deficiency and timidity, distension and fullness, vomiting, diarrhea, vertigo, cold extremities, injury to essence, and blood loss all manifest through the Wei pulse, and treatment should generally address them as deficiency patterns. (This passage is from Zhang Jingyue. Additionally, Li Shicai states: "Zhang Zhongjing described it as 'flickering like fat floating on soup,' indicating softness and lack of strength; 'lingering like a spider's thread,' indicating fineness and difficulty in perception. Light palpation reveals nothing, hence it is said to be deficiency of yang; heavy palpation feels as if it is about to cease, hence it is said to be exhaustion of yin. In chronic diseases, obtaining this pulse indicates death, meaning righteous qi is about to perish; in acute diseases, obtaining this pulse indicates survival, meaning pathogenic qi is not severe.") However, there are cases where extreme pain causes pulse blockage, resulting in a deep and hidden pulse; or where the face has a red hue and pathogenic factors have not yet resolved; or where yin and yang are stagnant and pathogenic factors do not transmit, yet the pulse appears Wei. If Wei pulse is regarded solely as a sign of deficiency and attacking and dispersing methods are not employed, how can the stagnation of pathogenic qi be unblocked? Only when heat is eliminated and the body feels comfortable is it a sign of impending recovery. (Li Shizhen states: "Seen upon light palpation, but feeling as if it will cease upon heavy pressure, this is Wei. Coming and going like a thread but constantly present, this is Xi.")