诸风掉眩皆属于肝，诸寒收引皆属于肾，诸气 郁皆属于肺，诸湿肿满皆属于脾，诸热瞀螈皆属于火，
诸痛痒疮皆属于心，诸厥固泄皆属于下，诸痿喘呕皆属于上，诸禁鼓栗如丧神守皆属于火，诸痉项强皆属于
湿，诸逆冲上皆属于火，诸胀腹大皆属于热，诸躁狂越皆属于火，诸病有声鼓之如鼓皆属于热，诸病 肿疼酸
惊骇皆属于火，诸转反戾水液混浊皆属于热，诸病水液澄澈清冷皆属于寒，诸呕吐酸暴注下迫皆属于热。故
大要曰∶谨守病机，各司其属，有者求之，无者求之，盛者责之，虚者责之，必先五胜，（五行之胜，
即六气之胜复也。）疏其气血，令其调达，而致和平，此之谓也。
东方生风，风生木，木生酸，酸生肝，肝生筋，筋生心。（其在天为玄，在人为道，在地为化。化生五
味，道生智，玄生神，化生气。）神在天为风，在地为木，在体为筋，在气为柔，在脏为肝。其性为暄，其
德为和，其用为动，其色为苍，其化为荣，其虫毛，其政为散，其令宣发，其变摧拉，其眚为陨，其味
为酸，其志为怒。怒伤肝，悲胜怒，风伤肝，燥胜风，酸伤筋，辛胜酸。（阴阳应象有在音为角，在声为呼，
在变动为握，在窍为目。）
南方生热，热生火，火生苦，苦生心，心生血，血生脾。其在天为热，在地为火，在体为脉，在气为息，
在脏为心。其性为暑，其德为显，其用为躁，其色为赤，其化为茂，其
虫羽，其政为明，其令郁蒸，其变炎烁，其眚燔 ，其味为
苦，其志为喜。喜伤心，恐胜喜，热伤气，寒胜热，苦伤气，咸胜苦。（阴阳应象有在音为征，在声为笑，
在变动为忧，在窍为舌。）
中央生湿，湿生土，土生甘，甘生脾，脾生肉，肉生肺。其在天为湿，在地为土，在体为肉，在气为充
，在脏为脾。其性静兼，其德为濡，其用为化，其色为黄，其化为盈，其
虫，其政为谧，其令云雨，其变动注，其眚淫溃，其味为甘，其志为思。思伤脾，怒胜思，湿伤肉，风
胜湿，甘伤脾，酸胜甘。（阴阳应象有在音为宫，在声为歌，在变动为哕，在窍为口。）
西方生燥，燥生金，金生辛，辛生肺，肺生皮毛，皮毛生肾。其在天为燥，在地为金，在体为皮毛，在
气为成，在脏为肺。其性为凉，其德为清，其用为固，其色为白，其化为敛，其虫介，其政为劲，其令雾露，
其变肃杀，其眚苍落，其味为辛，其志为忧。忧伤肺，喜胜忧，热伤皮毛，寒胜热，辛伤皮毛，苦胜辛。（
阴阳应象有在音为商，在声为哭，在变动为咳，在窍为鼻。）
北方生寒，寒生水，水生咸，咸生肾，肾生骨髓，髓生肝。其在天为寒，在地为水，在体为骨，在气
为坚，在脏为肾。其性为凛。其德为寒，其用为（阙），其色为黑，其化为肃，其虫鳞，其政为静，其令（本阙
），其变凝冽，其眚冰雹，其味为咸，其志为恐。恐伤肾，思胜恐，寒伤血，燥胜寒，
咸伤血，甘胜咸。（阴阳应象有在音为羽，在声为呻，在变动为栗，在窍为耳。又按∶以例推之，中央热伤皮
毛，寒胜热，当作燥伤皮毛，热胜燥。北方寒伤血，燥胜寒，当作寒伤骨，湿胜寒。盖湿热二气相合，热胜
燥，是热而湿也。湿胜寒，是湿而热也。此五节字字精切，果能参透，万病机括，无不贯澈。上《素问》。）
假令得肝脉，其外证，善洁，面青，善怒。其内证，脐
左有动气，按之牢若痛。其病，四肢满闭，淋溲便难，转筋。有是者肝也，无是者非也。（满闭，即满痹也。旧
以闭淋二字句，误。）
假令得心脉，其外证，面赤，口干，喜笑。其内证，脐上有动气，按之牢若痛。其病，烦心，心痛，
掌中热而 。有是者心也，无是者非也。
假令得脾脉，其外证，面黄，善噫，善思，善味。其内证，当脐有动气，按之牢若痛。其病，腹胀满，食
不消，体重节痛，怠堕嗜卧，四肢不收。有是者脾也，无是者非也。
假令得肺脉，其外证，面白，善嚏，悲愁不乐，欲哭。其内证，脐右有动气，按之牢若痛。其病，喘
咳，洒淅寒热。有是者肺也，无是者非也。
假令得肾脉，其外证，面黑，善恐欠。其内证，脐下有动气，按之牢若痛。其病，逆气，小
腹急痛，泄而下重，足胫寒而逆。有是者肾也，无是者非也。（上《难经》。）
All wind-induced tremors and vertigo belong to the Liver; all cold-induced contraction and pulling belong to the Kidney; all qi stagnation and depression belong to the Lung; all dampness-induced edema and fullness belong to the Spleen; all heat-induced mental clouding and convulsions belong to Fire (the pathogenic factor of Heat/Fire); all pain, itching, and sores belong to the Heart; all jue (reversal cold/heat) and retention or incontinence belong to the Lower Jiao; all wei (wasting-thirst syndrome), asthma, and vomiting belong to the Upper Jiao; all cases of locked jaws, shivering chills, and loss of spiritual control belong to Fire; all spasms and neck stiffness belong to Dampness; all rebellious qi rushing upward belong to Fire; all abdominal distension and enlargement belong to Heat; all restlessness, mania, and transgression of normal behavior belong to Fire; all diseases with sounds, where percussion of the abdomen yields a drum-like sound, belong to Heat; all swelling, pain, soreness, and fright belong to Fire; all torsion, opisthotonos, and turbid urine belong to Heat; all clear and cold excretions belong to Cold; all vomiting of sour fluid, sudden violent diarrhea with tenesmus belong to Heat. Therefore, the great principle states: Carefully observe the disease mechanism, assign each to its respective category; investigate those that are present, investigate those that are absent; hold accountable for excess conditions, hold accountable for deficiency conditions; first determine the mutual overcoming relationships of the Five Phases (i.e., the勝復 [shèng fù] cycles of the Six Qi), unblock the qi and blood, ensure their smooth flow and distribution, thereby achieving harmony. This is what is meant.
The East generates Wind; Wind generates Wood; Wood generates Sour taste; Sour taste nourishes the Liver; Liver nourishes the Sinews; Sinews nourish the Heart. (In Heaven it is profound mystery; in Humanity it is the Way; on Earth it is transformation. Transformation generates the Five Flavors; the Way generates Wisdom; Mystery generates Spirit; Transformation generates Vital Qi.) Spirit manifests as Wind in Heaven, as Wood on Earth, as Sinews in the body, as Flexibility in the qi, and as the Liver among the Zang organs. Its nature is warm; its virtue is harmonious; its function is movement; its color is green/cyan; its transformation is flourishing; its associated insects are hairy ones; its administration is dispersing; its command is dissemination; its alteration is destruction and tearing; its disaster is falling; its flavor is Sour; its emotion is Anger. Anger injures the Liver; Grief overcomes Anger; Wind injures the Liver; Dryness overcomes Wind; Sour injures the Sinews; Pungent overcomes Sour. (In *Yin Yang Ying Xiang Da Lun*, it is stated: In musical tones corresponds to Jue; in vocal sounds corresponds to Hu; in movement corresponds to grasping; in orifices corresponds to the Eyes.)
The South generates Heat; Heat generates Fire; Fire generates Bitter taste; Bitter taste nourishes the Heart; Heart nourishes Blood; Blood nourishes the Spleen. Heat manifests as Heat in Heaven, as Fire on Earth, as Vessels in the body, as Respiration in the qi, and as the Heart among the Zang organs. Its nature is summer-heat; its virtue is illumination; its function is agitation; its color is red; its transformation is luxuriance; its associated insects are feathered ones; its administration is clarity; its command is muggy oppression; its alteration is scorching fire; its disaster is burning; its flavor is Bitter; its emotion is Joy. Joy injures the Heart; Fear overcomes Joy; Heat injures Qi; Cold overcomes Heat; Bitter injures Qi; Salty overcomes Bitter. (In *Yin Yang Ying Xiang Da Lun*, it is stated: In musical tones corresponds to Zhi; in vocal sounds corresponds to Xiao; in movement corresponds to sorrow/worry; in orifices corresponds to the Tongue.)
The Center generates Dampness; Dampness generates Earth; Earth generates Sweet taste; Sweet taste nourishes the Spleen; Spleen nourishes Flesh/Muscles; Flesh/Muscles nourish the Lungs. Dampness manifests as Dampness in Heaven, as Earth on Earth, as Flesh in the body, as Fullness in the qi, and as the Spleen among the Zang organs. Its nature is quiet and inclusive; its virtue is moistening; its function is transformation; its color is yellow; its transformation is abundance; its associated insects are legless ones; its administration is tranquility; its command is clouds and rain; its alteration is torrential rain; its disaster is flooding and ulceration; its flavor is Sweet; its emotion is Pensiveness. Pensiveness injures the Spleen; Anger overcomes Pensiveness; Dampness injures Flesh; Wind overcomes Dampness; Sweet injures the Spleen; Sour overcomes Sweet. (In *Yin Yang Ying Xiang Da Lun*, it is stated: In musical tones corresponds to Gong; in vocal sounds corresponds to Ge; in movement corresponds to hiccup; in orifices corresponds to the Mouth.)
The West generates Dryness; Dryness generates Metal; Metal generates Pungent taste; Pungent taste nourishes the Lungs; Lungs nourish Skin and Hair; Skin and Hair nourish the Kidneys. Dryness manifests as Dryness in Heaven, as Metal on Earth, as Skin and Hair in the body, as Completion in the qi, and as the Lungs among the Zang organs. Its nature is cool; its virtue is pure; its function is consolidation; its color is white; its transformation is gathering/restraining; its associated insects are shelled ones; its administration is vigorous; its command is fog and dew; its alteration is austere killing/falling; its disaster is pale withering; its flavor is Pungent; its emotion is Sorrow/Grief. Sorrow injures the Lungs; Joy overcomes Sorrow; Heat injures Skin and Hair; Cold overcomes Heat; Pungent injures Skin and Hair; Bitter overcomes Pungent. (In *Yin Yang Ying Xiang Da Lun*, it is stated: In musical tones corresponds to Shang; in vocal sounds corresponds to Ku; in movement corresponds to cough; in orifices corresponds to the Nose.)
The North generates Cold; Cold generates Water; Water generates Salty taste; Salty taste nourishes the Kidneys; Kidneys nourish Marrow/Bone; Marrow/Bone nourishes the Liver. Cold manifests as Cold in Heaven, as Water on Earth, as Bones in the body, as Hardness in the qi, and as the Kidneys among the Zang organs. Its nature is biting cold; its virtue is chilling; its function is (lacuna); its color is black; its transformation is solemnity/restriction; its associated insects are scaled ones; its administration is stillness; its command is (lacuna); its alteration is freezing condensation; its disaster is hail; its flavor is Salty; its emotion is Fear. Fear injures the Kidneys; Pensiveness overcomes Fear; Cold injures Blood; Dryness overcomes Cold; Salty injures Blood; Sweet overcomes Salty. (In *Yin Yang Ying Xiang Da Lun*, it is stated: In musical tones corresponds to Yu; in vocal sounds corresponds to Shen; in movement corresponds to shivering; in orifices corresponds to the Ears. Note: By analogy, in the Central section, "Heat injures Skin and Hair, Cold overcomes Heat" should read "Dryness injures Skin and Hair, Heat overcomes Dryness." In the Northern section, "Cold injures Blood, Dryness overcomes Cold" should read "Cold injures Bones, Dampness overcomes Cold." For when Heat and Dampness combine, if Heat overcomes Dryness, it is Heat with Dampness; if Dampness overcomes Cold, it is Dampness with Heat. These five sections are precise and incisive word by word; if one can penetrate their meaning, the mechanisms of all diseases will be thoroughly understood. The above is from *Su Wen*.)
Suppose the Liver pulse is obtained: Its external signs include cleanliness obsession, greenish complexion, and irritability. Its internal signs include pulsation at the left side of the umbilicus, which feels firm and painful upon pressure. Its diseases include fullness and obstruction of the four limbs, dysuria and difficult defecation, and tendon cramping. If these signs are present, it is Liver disease; if absent, it is not. (Note: "Man Bi" refers to "Man Bi" [fullness and bi-syndrome]. Old interpretations incorrectly punctuated "Bi Lin" as a phrase.)
Suppose the Heart pulse is obtained: Its external signs include reddish complexion, dry mouth, and excessive laughter. Its internal signs include pulsation above the umbilicus, which feels firm and painful upon pressure. Its diseases include vexation, heart pain, and heat in the palms accompanied by [lacuna/discomfort]. If these signs are present, it is Heart disease; if absent, it is not.
Suppose the Spleen pulse is obtained: Its external signs include yellowish complexion, frequent belching, excessive thinking, and heightened sensitivity to taste. Its internal signs include pulsation at the center of the umbilicus, which feels firm and painful upon pressure. Its diseases include abdominal distension, indigestion, heavy body and joint pain, lethargy and desire to lie down, and weakness of the four limbs. If these signs are present, it is Spleen disease; if absent, it is not.
Suppose the Lung pulse is obtained: Its external signs include pale complexion, frequent sneezing, sadness and melancholy, and desire to cry. Its internal signs include pulsation at the right side of the umbilicus, which feels firm and painful upon pressure. Its diseases include asthma and cough, and aversion to wind with fever/chills. If these signs are present, it is Lung disease; if absent, it is not.
Suppose the Kidney pulse is obtained: Its external signs include dark complexion, frequent fearfulness, and yawning. Its internal signs include pulsation below the umbilicus, which feels firm and painful upon pressure. Its diseases include rebellious qi, acute pain in the lower abdomen, diarrhea with a sensation of heaviness/tenesmus, and coldness with reversal in the feet and calves. If these signs are present, it is Kidney disease; if absent, it is not. (The above is from *Nan Jing*.)