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(Sound similar to "Wen Bei". Recorded in the Song Dynasty *Kaibao Bencao*.)

[Names] Li Shizhen said: This fruit is warm in nature and fragrant in aroma, hence the name. (Sound similar to "Bei"), refers to fragrance.

[Collection of Explanations] Su Song said: It grows in northern lands, resembling Hawthorn but smaller.
Su Song further stated: It is now found in the Guanzhong and Shaanxi regions, with those from Shayuan being of superior quality. Its fruit is generally similar to Hawthorn, but the skin is thinner and hairier, and the taste is particularly sweet. Its aroma is rich and fragrant; placing it in a wardrobe can also scent the clothes.
Chen Cangqi said: The tree resembles Malus asiatica (Chinese Pear-leaved Crabapple), and the flowers are white-green.
Kou Zongshi said: When consuming, one must thoroughly wash away the floating hairs on the surface; otherwise, it damages the lungs. The flowers are white and also fragrant. They are most prone to insect infestation, with very few remaining uninfested.
Li Shizhen said: This is likely a type of Hawthorn growing in northern lands, so its shape and functions are quite similar. Li Xun, in *Nanhai Yaolu*, stated: In the Guanzhong region, Malus asiatica is called "Nai" (Crabapple). Note: *Shuzheng Ji* records that Malus asiatica is beautiful. "Nai" is slightly larger, ugly in shape, hairy, and fragrant in taste; it is found in Guanzhong and Fuxi areas but is rare in Jiangnan. Observing this, Malus asiatica and "Nai" are likely similar but distinct entities. Li Xun was mistaken.

[Flavor and Properties] Sour, sweet, slightly warm, non-toxic.
Shiliang said: It can induce toxic heat, cause constipation in both large and small intestines, accumulate phlegm in the chest, obstruct blood vessels, and should not be eaten in excess.
Wu Rui said: Consuming it together with Charonia tritonis (a type of sea snail) can trigger hernia.

[Therapeutic Actions] Warms the middle jiao, directs qi downward, aids digestion, eliminates acid water from the heart area, removes bad breath, and prevents clothing moth damage (*Kaibao Bencao*). Eliminates food stagnation in the chest and diaphragm, relieves thirst, and clears irritability. Eating one or two pieces before sleep, whether raw or cooked, is suitable (Su Song. Kou Zongshi noted: Eating too much of this before sleep can also cause epigastric fullness). Mainly treats watery diarrhea, intestinal deficiency-heat, dissipates alcohol intoxication, and all are suitable for raw consumption (Li Xun).

Bark
[Therapeutic Actions] Pounded into powder and applied externally to sores (Su Song).

(Sound similar to "Zha". Recorded in *Tang Bencao*.)

[Correction] The "Chi Zhao Mu" (Red Claw Wood) in the Wood section of *Tang Bencao* is the same as the Song Dynasty's "Shanzha" (Hawthorn). Now they are combined into one entry, titled under "Shanzha".

[Names] Chi Zhua Zi (side-cut pronunciation, *Tang Bencao*), Shu Zha (*Tang Bencao*), Hou Zha (Wei Shi), Mao Zha (*Riyong Bencao*), Zi (sound Qiu), Mei (sound Ji. Both from *Erya*), Yang ( *Tang Bencao*), Tang Zi (*Tujing Bencao*), Shanli Guo (*Shiliao Bencao*).
Li Shizhen said: Shanzha tastes like Zha Zi, hence also named Zha. The common people write it as "Cha", which is incorrect. "Cha" (sound Cha) refers to floating wood in water, what does it have to do with Zha? Guo Pu annotated *Erya* saying: (Sound Qiu) the tree resembles a plum tree. Its fruit is as large as a finger, red like small Nai, and edible; this is indeed Shanzha. The common people write it as "Di", which is also incorrect. "Di" is the fruit of the Oak tree, what does it have to do with Shanzha? The names "Zha" and "Di" appear in *Erya*. Since the Jin and Song dynasties, people have not known their origins, using only "Cha" and "Di". This plant grows in mountainous grasslands; monkeys and rats like to eat it, hence the various names. "Chi Zhao Mu" in *Tang Bencao* should be "Chi Zao" (Red Date), likely due to phonetic error between "Zao" and "Zhao", because Shanzha resembles Red Dates in shape. Fan Chengda's *Yu Heng Zhi* mentions "Chi Zao Zi". Wang Qiu's *Bai Yi Xuan Fang* states: The fruit of Shanli Hong, commonly known as Suan Zao, also called Bibi Tuan. This perfectly matches this meaning.

[Collection of Explanations] Zhen Quan said: Chi Zhao Mu is Chi Zha. It comes from southern mountains, Shenzhou, Anzhou, Suizhou, etc. Small trees are five to six chi high, leaves resemble Citrus medica (Citron). Fruit resembles tiger's paw, as large as small Malus asiatica, red.
Chen Cangqi said: Chi Zhao Cao is Shu Zha. Grows in high plains, fruit resembles small Zha but is red, people eat it.
Su Song said: Tang Zi grows in Chuzhou. Blooms white flowers in March, bears fruit at any time, harvest has no fixed season. Locals use it effectively to treat dysentery and lower back pain. It exists elsewhere but is not used medicinally.
Li Shizhen said: Chi Zhao, Tang Zi, and Shanzha are the same thing. Ancient formulas rarely used it, so although *Tang Bencao* had Chi Zhao, later generations did not know it was this herb. Since Zhu Danxi (Zhu Zhenheng) began to highlight the efficacy of Shanzha, it became an important medicine. There are two varieties, both growing in mountains. One is smaller, called Tang Zi, Mao Zha, Hou Zha by locals, and can be used medicinally. Trees are several chi high, leaves have five tips. Thorns between branches. Five-petaled small white flowers bloom in March. Fruits are red or yellow, fat ones like small Malus asiatica, small ones like fingers, ripening in September. Children pick and sell them. Fujian people take ripe fruits, peel and remove seeds, pound and mix with sugar and honey to make Zha Gao (Hawthorn cake) as a fruit snack. The seeds resemble Pharbitidis Semen (Morning Glory seed), black and very hard. The other is larger, called Yang Zi by locals. Trees are over one zhang high, flowers and leaves are the same, but fruits are slightly larger, yellow-green, with astringent skin and loose flesh as differences. Initially very sour and astringent, edible only after frost. Functions are the same, but herbal collectors do not gather them.

Fruit
[Processing] Li Shizhen said: Harvest ripe fruits after frost in September, remove seeds and dry in sun, or steam, peel, remove seeds, pound into cakes, and dry.

[Flavor and Properties] Sour, cold, non-toxic.
Li Shizhen said: Sour, sweet, slightly warm. Eating too much raw causes gastric discomfort, irritability, easy hunger, and damages teeth; especially unsuitable for those with dental caries.

[Therapeutic Actions] Decocted juice stops dysentery. Washing head and body treats sore and itching sores (*Tang Bencao*). Decocted juice washes lacquer dermatitis, mostly curative (Tao Hongjing). Effective for treating lower back pain (Su Song). Digests food accumulation, tonifies spleen, treats small intestine hernia, promotes eruption of infant measles/rubella (Wu Rui). Strengthens stomach, moves stagnant qi. Treats postpartum abdominal pain (Erzhen Tong) and lochia retention; decocted juice with brown sugar taken orally yields immediate results (Zhu Zhenheng). Transforms food, eliminates meat accumulation and masses, phlegm-fluid retention, epigastric fullness, acid regurgitation, blood stasis, pain, and distension (Li Shizhen). Resolves blood clumps and qi clumps, invigorates blood (Ning Yuan).

[Elucidation] Zhu Zhenheng said: Shanzha is very effective in digesting food. If there is no food stagnation in the stomach, and the spleen is deficient unable to transport and transform, leading to loss of appetite, taking too much will instead attack the generating qi of the spleen and stomach.
Li Shizhen said: For those with weak spleen unable to digest food, experiencing sour stabbing pain and fullness in the chest and abdomen, chewing two or three pieces after each meal is excellent. But do not use excessively, lest it attack healthy qi. Note: *Wulei Xianggan Zhi* states: When boiling old chicken or tough meat, adding a few Shanzha makes it tender easily. Thus, its ability to eliminate meat accumulation can be inferred. A child in my neighbor's house suffered from jaundice and swelling due to food stagnation, with a drum-like distended abdomen. He accidentally went under a Yang tree, ate until full. Returned home and vomited profusely of phlegm-water, and the illness was cured. Yang is a relative of Shanzha; although doctors do not use it, it has this effect, so its function should be the same.

[Attached Formulas] Seven new formulas.
Oblique Hernia: Mountain Tang flesh, Fennel (stir-fried) each 1 liang, powdered, paste pills size of Sophora japonica seeds. Take 100 pills each time, with plain warm water on an empty stomach.
Lower Back Pain and Leg Pain in Elderly: Tang Zi, Deer Antler (roasted) in equal parts, powdered, honey pills size of Sophora japonica seeds. Take 100 pills each time, twice daily. Intestinal wind bleeding, when cold, hot, and spleen-tonifying medicines are ineffective: Use dried Shanli Guo alone (commonly known as Suan Zao, also Bibi Tuan).
Measles/Rubella not erupting well: Powdered dried Shanzha, taken with water, immediately erupts red and lively. Another method: Five Hou Zha, decocted in wine with water, taken warm to promote eruption.
Measles/Rubella dry and black, critical condition: Powdered Tang Zi, mixed with Scutellaria barbata decocted in wine, taken 1 qian (*Quanyou Xinjian*).
Indigestion of Meat: 4 liang Shanzha flesh, boiled in water, eaten, and drink the broth (*Jianbian Fang*).

Seed
[Therapeutic Actions] Swallowed whole, transforms food, grinds accumulation, treats hernia (Li Shizhen).

[Attached Formula] One new formula.
Dystocia: 77 Shanzha seeds, coated with Cacumen Bambusae炭 (Baicaoshuang), swallowed with wine (*Haishang Fang*).
Scrotal/Testicular Swelling: See Olive entry.