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Contraindicated: Qi-breaking, Qi-stagnating, purgative, salty, slippery, cloying, moistening-drying, and hot-natured herbs. In cases with blood stasis, additionally contraindicated are sour and cold substances.
Indicated: Heat-clearing, diuretic, dampness-resolving, and stomach-Qi-nourishing herbs. In cases of stagnation, indicated are accumulation-dispersing herbs. In cases of blood stasis, indicated are blood-activating herbs.
Yinchen Hao (Artemisiae Scopariae Herba), Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), Muxu (Medicago Sativa), Zhizi (Gardeniae Fructus), Zicao (Arnebiae Radix et Rhizoma), Huashi (Talcum), Gualou Gen (Trichosanthis Radix), Qinjiao (Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix), Cheqianzi (Plantaginis Semen), Baixianpi (Dictamni Cortex), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Fuling (Poria), Xianren Duizucao (unidentified herb), Lianqiancao (Lysimachiae Herba) (also known as Xieye Cao or Jiulixiang; taking the juice mixed with a little ginger juice is beneficial).
For deficiency patterns, add Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma); for stagnation, add Hongqu (Monascus Rice), Jupi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium), Guya (Hordei Fructus Germinatus), Maoya (Sacchari Stulis Germinatus), Baiziren (Platycladi Semen), Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus); for blood stasis, add Hupo (Fossilia Corii Testudinis), Mudanpi (Moutan Cortex), Hongqu, Honghua (Carthami Flos), Taoren (Persicae Semen), Yuanhusuo (Corydalis Rhizoma), Puhuang (Pollinis Typhae), Wulingzhi (Trogopterori Faeces), Jiu (Allii Tuberosi Herba). For those with robust Yuanqi (Original Qi), if blood stasis persists after taking the above herbs, Shudihuang (Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata) may be added; avoid in deficiency patterns.

Phlegm due to Heat:
Contraindicated: Drying, warm-hot, tonifying-astringent, ascending herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Descending, moistening, heat-clearing, bitter-cold, acrid-cold substances, assisted by salty-cold herbs.
Suzi (Perillae Fructus), Juhong (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Rubrum), Huangqin, Bohe (Menthae Haplocalycis Herba), Pipaye (Eriobotryae Folium), Sangbaipi (Mori Cortex), Bubai (Stemonae Radix), Jiegeng (Platycodonis Radix), Beimu (Fritillariae Bulbus), Hafeng (Concha Meretricis et Cydoniae), Gualou Gen, Gualou Ren (Trichosanthis Semen), Tiandong (Asparagi Radix), Maidong (Ophiopogonis Radix), Zhuli (Bambusae Succus), Tongbian (Infantis Urine).
For tenacious phlegm, add Xiatiangao (Gelatin prepared from beef).

Phlegm due to Wind-Cold:
Contraindicated: Tonifying-astringent, sour, salty, moist herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Qi-descending, acrid-dispersing herbs.
Juhong, Suzi, Xingren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum), Tianma (Gastrodiae Rhizoma), Qianhu (Peucedani Radix), Sangbaipi, Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma), Nanxing (Arisaematis Rhizoma Preparatum), Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix), Bohe, Baiqian (Cynanchi Stauntonii Radix), Shengjiangzhi (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens Sucus).

Phlegm due to Dampness:
Contraindicated: Moistening, salty, sour, cloying, dispersing herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Spleen-fortifying, dampness-drying, acrid-dispersing herbs, assisted by bland-leaching herbs.
Renshen, Ershu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Atractylodis Rhizoma), Juhong, Banxia, Fuling, Sangbaipi, Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma).

Fluid retention resembling thin saliva or thick saliva, lodged in the chest and between the spleen and stomach, or vomiting sour, bitter, yellow, or green fluids; or retained without vomiting, pressing upwards on the heart and chest, causing unbearable epigastric pain that cannot be relieved by pressure, or accompanied by chills, fever, vomiting, and inability to eat.
Contraindications and indications are the same as for Spleen Deficiency and Internal Fluid Retention sections.

Qi Disorders: Excess Qi constitutes Fire.
Contraindicated: Ascending, Qi-stagnating, sour-astringent, cloying herbs.
For deficiency: Descending, tonifying-astringent, regulating, warming, sour, acrid, sweet herbs.
Pipaye, Suzi, Juhong, Ganshe (Sugar Cane), Maidong, Lugenzhi (Arundinatis Caulis Sucus), Chen shui xiang (Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum), Baidoukou (Amomi Fructus Rotundus), Yujin (Curcumae Longae Radix), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Tongbian, Fanjiangxiang (Daemonorops Spatha), Wuweizi (Schisandrae Fructus), Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix).
For extreme deficiency causing Qi stagnation, add Renshen.
For excess: Qi-breaking, aromatic-drying, bitter-acrid, acrid-cold herbs.
Zhike (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), Qingpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride), Binglang (Arecae Semen), Houpo (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex), Muxiang (Aucklandiae Radix), Suoshamimi (Amomi Fructus), Chenxiang (Aquilariae Lignum), Xiangfu (Cyperi Rhizoma), Wuyao (Linderae Radix), Jiangxiang (Daemonorops Spatha), Huoxiang (Pogostemonis Herba).

Various Depressions:
Contraindicated: Sour-astringent, cloying, Qi-tonifying, Qi-stagnating herbs; listed subsequently.
Those related to emotions: Open the will, regulate, disperse knots, harmonize middle, fortify spleen.
Yuanzhi (Polygalae Radix), Beimu, Yujin, Xiangfu, Shichangpu (Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma), Baidoukou, Suzi, Juhong, Muxiang, Maidong, Suhexiang (Styrax), Suoshamimi.
Those related to Five Zang organs: Wood depression requires reaching (soothing), indicated ascending and emetic methods.
Shengma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma), Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix), Chuanxiong (Ligustici Chuanxiong Rhizoma), Guiti (Cocculi Radix), Renshenlu (Ginseng Stipes).
Fire depression requires venting, indicated dispersing methods.
Shengma, Gegen, Chaihu, Fangfeng (Saposhnikoviae Radix), Qianghuo (Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix).
Earth depression requires seizing (purging), indicated purgative methods.
Binglang, Zhishi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), Houpo, Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma).
Metal depression requires draining, indicated descending methods.
Sangbaipi, Chixiaodou (Phaseoli Semen Rubrum), Juhong, Suzi, Zhuling (Polyporus), Zexie, Cheqianzi, Niao hui yu (unidentified fish), Mutong (Akebiae Caulis).

Guan Ge Syndrome:
Contraindicated: Ascending, tonifying-astringent, Qi-stagnating, sour herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Descending, acrid-cold, acrid-warm herbs.
Baidoukou, Chenxiang, Dingxiang (Syzygdii Flos), Suzi, Juhong, Longnaocao (unidentified herb), Suhexiang, Shengjiang, Huoxiang; secondarily use Dahuang, Cheqianzi, Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex), Zhimu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), Huashi, Muxiang, Niuxi (Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix).

Hiccups (Suohu E'ni):
Contraindicated: Qi-breaking, ascending, dispersing herbs.
Indicated: Tonifying-astringent, sweet-warm, sweet-cold herbs.
Zhi Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Preparata), Maidong, Renshen, Huang (Astragali Radix), Shihu (Dendrobii Caulis), Wuweizi, Yizhiren (Myristicae Semen), Baishaoyao (Paeoniae Radix Alba).
Caused by failure to purge in Cold Damage.
Contraindicated: Tonifying-astringent, sour, drying-hot, cloying herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Da Chengqi Tang or Xiao Chengqi Tang type purgatives; if stool is not hard/closed, abdomen is soft upon palpation, and no sweating or emesis has been used, indicate acrid-cold exterior-resolving, such as Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction).
Caused by rebellious Qi rushing upward.
Contraindicated: Ascending, tonifying herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Qi-descending, sweet-cold, salty-cold herbs.
Pipaye, Lugenzhi, Maidong, Suzi, Juhong, Zhuru (Bambusae Caulis in Taenia), Tongbian.
Caused by fluid-phlegm retention in the diaphragm.
Contraindicated: Ascending, moistening, bitter-cold, sweet-cold, sour-cold herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Qi-descending, phlegm-opening, acrid-dispersing herbs.
Sangbaipi, Suzi, Beimu, Juhong, Banxia, Xuanjinflo (Inulae Flos), Baidoukou, Shengjiang.

Hematemesis, Hemoptysis, Epistaxis, Gingival Bleeding, Auricular Bleeding, Lingual Bleeding:
Contraindicated: Ascending-lifting, dispersing, purgative, blood-breaking, Qi-tonifying, Qi-stagnating, Qi-breaking, warm-hot, acrid-drying herbs; also avoid extremely bitter-cold herbs that damage the stomach; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Qi-descending, heat-clearing, cooling-blood and nourishing-yin, blood-activating, salty-cold, sour-cold, sweet-cold herbs.
Suzi, Tiandong, Maidong, Jupi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium), Pipaye, Shengdihuang (Rehmanniae Radix), Jiangxiang, Yujin, Shashen (Glehniae Radix), Niuxi, Shudihuang, Gouqizi (Lycii Fructus), Wuweizi, Ejiao (Colla Corii Asini), Biejia (Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum), Qinghao (Artemisiae Annuae Herba), Mudanpi, Xijiaoxie (Rhinocerotis Cornu Truncatum - *Note: Use substitutes in practice*), Shaoyao, Jiancao (unidentified herb), Tongbian, Maogen (Imperatae Rhizoma), Baiyaozi (unidentified herb), Cebeiyè (Platycladi Cacumen), Jihui (Setariae Gluma Cinis), Oujie (Nelumbinis Nodeus), Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Puhuang, Xiaoji (Cirsii Herba).

Blood Accumulation with Fever, Stasis Not Moving:
Contraindicated: Qi-breaking; also avoid Qi-tonifying, purgative, bitter-cold, acrid-drying herbs; listed subsequently. Indicated: Acrid blood-activating, acrid-warm herbs, assisted by salty-cold.
After blood stasis moves, indicated: Blood-tonifying, Spleen-benefiting, Liver-harmonizing.
Honglanhua (Carthami Flos), Taohua (Pruni Persicae Flos), Yujin, Ruxiang (Olibanum), Yuanhusuo, Guizhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus) (*Avoid if Fire present*), Dangguiwei (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Moyao (Myrrha), Jichong (Eupolyphaga Steleophaga), Puhuang, Sufangmu (Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum), Fanjiangxiang, Chuanshanjia (Manis Squama), Hongqu, Jiuji (Allii Tuberosi Herba), Tongbian, Wulingzhi, Qilinjie (Dragon's Blood), Chishao (Paeoniae Radix Rubra), Taoxiao (Persicae Semen).
Severe cases: Use Dahuang, Huaruishi (Floris Myrobalani); stop once stasis moves, do not overdose. If Yuanqi is deficient or Spleen/Stomach are weak, cautiously avoid Dahuang.
After stasis moves, indicated:
Shengdihuang, Chuanxuduan (Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma), Dangguishen (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Niuxi, Dahuang, Shaoyao, Suanzaoren (Ziziphi Spinosae Semen), Longyanrou (Longan Arillus), Gouqizi, Shizao (unidentified fruit), Zhi Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Preparata).

Headache with Wind-Cold:
Contraindicated: Tonifying-astringent herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Acrid-warm dispersing herbs.
Qianghuo, Fangfeng, Xixin (Asari Radix et Rhizoma), Manjingzi (Vittariae Spora), Jingjie (Schizonepetae Herba), Bohe, Chuanxiong, Bencao (Ligustici Wallichii Rhizoma), Shengma, Baizhi (Angelicae Dahuricae Radix), Shengjiang, Congbai (Allii Fistulosi Bulbus).

Headache with Pathogenic Heat:
Contraindications same as Wind-Cold.
Indicated: Acrid-cold, bitter-cold, resolving herbs.
Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum), Bohe, Yacha (Tea Sprouts), Heidou (Sojae Semen Nigrum), Ganjuhua (Chrysanthemi Flos), Tufuling (Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma), Wumei (Mume Fructus), Huangqin (stir-fried with wine).
If heat is extreme causing blurred vision and dry stool, add Dahuang steamed with wine.

Headache with Phlegm:
Contraindicated: Ascending, tonifying-astringent, sour-sweet, cloying herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Phlegm-expelling, Qi-descending, acrid-drying herbs.
Suzi, Juhong, Zhu (Atractylodes), Beimu, Banxia, Qianhu, Zhuli, Tianma.

Headache with Yin Deficiency:
Contraindicated: Acrid-hot dispersing herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Blood-tonifying, Yin-nourishing, sweet-cold, sour-cold herbs.
Shengdihuang, Ganjuhua, Danggui, Huangbai, Tiandong, Maidong, Gouqizi, Rendong (Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis), Wumei, Baishao, Wuweizi.

Pain at the Brow Bone:
Contraindications and indications same as Yin Deficiency.

Toothache:
Contraindicated: Ascending, tonifying-astringent, drying-hot, acrid-warm herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Heat-clearing, blood-cooling, bitter-cold, sweet-cold, acrid-cold, salty-cold herbs.
Zhuye (Phyllostachidis Folium), Zhimu, Huanglian, Huangqin, Maidong, Shengdihuang, Huangbai, Xuanshen (Scrophulariae Radix), Shigao, Bohe, Chishao, Mudanpi, Suzi, Gancao, Tongbian.
Upper and lower gums belong to Stomach and Large Intestine Fire.
Indicated: Shudihuang, Shigao, Huangqin, Huanglian, Maidong, Chishao, Qingdai (Indigo Naturalis), Xixin, Gancao, Bohe, Shengdihuang, Pipaye, Suzi, Mutong, Xiguapihui (Citrulli Pelecis Cinis).

Wisdom teeth mobility and black rot belong to Kidney Deficiency with Fire, see Kidney Deficiency section; contraindications and indications are the same.

Epigastric Pain due to Fire:
Contraindicated: Tonifying-astringent, drying-hot herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Qi-descending, bitter-cold, sweet-cold, salty-cold, acrid-cold herbs.
Suzi, Juhong, Huanglian, Shanzhi (Gardeniae Fructus), Maidong, Zhi Gancao, Shigao, Zhimu, Xuanshen, Tongbian.

Due to Cold:
Contraindicated: Qi-breaking, cloying, bitter-cold herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Acrid-warm dispersing herbs.
Caodoukou (Cardamomi Fructus), Juhong, Yizhi (Alpiniae Oxymatanga Fructus), Dingxiang, Guizhi, Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma), Baikou (Amomi Fructus), Wuyu (Evodiae Fructus), Houpo, Xiangfu, Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma), Suoshamimi, Huoxiang.

Due to Retained Food:
Contraindicated: Ascending, tonifying-astringent, bitter-cold herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Digestion-promoting, Qi-descending; for Spleen/Stomach weakness with food retention, promote digestion.
Add Renshen, Shanzha, Caoguo (Tsaoko Fructus), Hongqu, Caodoukou, Guya, Maoya, Zhishi, Binglang, Qingpi, Houpo, Zhu (Atractylodes), Suoshamimi, Jupi.

Due to Blood Stasis:
Contraindicated: Qi-tonifying, sour-astringent herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Acrid-warm, bitter-warm to activate blood.
Taoren, Hongqu, Honghua, Jiucài (Allii Tuberosi Herba), Yuanhusuo, Shanzharou (Crataegi Fructus), Yujin, Rougui (Cinnamomi Cortex), Sanleng (Sparganii Rhizoma), Tongbian, Niuxi, Hupo.

Due to Blood Deficiency (pain stops upon pressure):
Contraindicated: Qi-breaking; also avoid Qi-tonifying, drying-hot, acrid-warm herbs.
Indicated: Moistening, tonifying-astringent, sweet-cold, sweet-warm herbs.
Shihu, Maidong, Zhi Gancao, Suanzaoren, Baishaoyao, Danggui, Shengdihuang.

Due to Parasites:
Contraindicated: Tonifying, ascending, dispersing, sweet herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Parasite-killing, bitter, sour herbs.
Kulangen (Toosendan Radix), Shijunzi (Quisqualis Fructus), Yiyiren Gen (Coicis Rhizoma), Xihui (Tin Ash), Binglang, Heshi (Pyrethri Fructus), Leiwan (Wormwood Fruit), Wuyi (Chaulmoograe Semen), Dahuang, Wumei.

Due to Anger:
Weak individuals avoid Qi-breaking; robust individuals avoid Qi-tonifying; generally avoid sour-astringent, ascending herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Qi-descending, acrid-warm herbs.
Pipaye, Baidoukou, Fanjiangxiang, Suzi, Muxiang, Juhong, Suoshamimi, Yuanhusuo, Wulingzhi.

Due to Phlegm-Fluids:
Contraindications and indications see Phlegm-Fluid section.

Abdominal Pain due to Cold:
Contraindicated: Bitter-cold, purgative herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Middle-warming, acrid-dispersing herbs.
Baizhu, Houpo, Wuyu, Suoshamimi, Ganjiang, Guizhi, Muxiang, Jupi, Zhi Gancao.

Due to Heat (Fire in Lower Abdomen causes colic):
Contraindicated: Acrid-dispersing, aromatic-drying, tonifying-astringent herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Sweet, bitter-cold herbs.
Shanzhiren (Gardeniae Fructus), Maidong, Shihu, Baishaoyao, Gancao, Jiegeng, Huangqin, Huanglian, Huashi, Mutong, Rongyan (Rock Salt).

General Pain Unbearable to Pressure (Excess):
Contraindicated: Qi-tonifying, great-hot herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Qi-breaking, unblocking, bitter-cold herbs.
Zhishi, Qingpi, Peng'e (Curcumae Zedoariae Rhizoma), Binglang, Sanleng, Huashi, Mutong, Dahuang (Use if stagnation exists, avoid if not).

General Pain Bearable to Pressure (Deficiency):
Contraindicated: Qi-breaking, blood-breaking, purgative, dispersing herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Qi-and-Blood-tonifying, sweet-warm, sour-astringent herbs.
Renshen, Huang (Astragali Radix), Shengdihuang, Ershu (Atractylodes), Danggui, Zhi Cao, Baishao, Shuyu (Dioscoreae Rhizoma), Zaoren (Ziziphi Spinosae Semen), Wuweizi.

Bi Syndrome (Arthralgia): Contraction and pain. Caused by combination of Wind, Cold, Damp. Wind predominance is Moving Bi; Cold predominance is Painful Bi; Damp predominance is Fixed Bi.
Contraindicated: Purgative, astringent, sour-cold, bitter-cold, salty-cold herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Acrid-dispersing, Qi-moving, dampness-drying, sweet-cold, bland-leaching herbs.
Qiyè (Urticae Folium), Xuduan (Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma), Huang (Astragali Radix), Bibo (Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma), Ganjuhua, Cheqianzi, Gancao, Fangji (Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix), Baizhu, Fangfeng, Sangjisheng (Taxilli Caulis), Manjingzi, Qianghuo, Duhuo (Angelicae Pubescentis Radix), Niuxi, Qinjiao, Baixianpi, Yuancansha (Bombyx Batryticatus), Mugua (Chaenomelis Fructus), Tianma, Zexie, Fuling, Weilingxian (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix - *Note: Often refers to Saposhnikoviae or other vines in ancient texts, usually Saposhnikoviae here contextually or distinct herb*), Haifengteng (Sinomenii Caulis), Changpu (Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma), Gouji (Cibotii Rhizoma), Duzhong (Eucommiae Cortex), Shihu, Xixin, Songjie (Pinus Massoniana Node), Songye (Pinus Massoniana Folium).

Wei Syndrome (Flaccidity): Belongs to Damp-Heat. Classic says: "Treat Wei syndrome by focusing on Yangming."
Contraindicated: Qi-breaking, ascending, acrid-hot, dispersing herbs.
Indicated: Greatly tonifying Qi and Blood, clearing heat and resolving dampness, sweet-cold, sweet-warm, bitter-cold, sour-cold herbs.
Renshen, Huang, Ershu, Maidong, Zhi Gancao, Shengdihuang, Mugua, Shihu, Yiyiren (Coicis Semen), Huangbai, Baishaoyao, Cheqianzi, Fuling, Mutong, Huangqin, Chuanliannian (Coptidis Rhizoma).

Jiao Chang Syndrome: Disease where urine and feces exchange positions in excretion, caused by severe anger or overeating/drinking, leading to organ Qi disorder and deviation from normal pathways. Treatment should involve emesis to lift Qi, clearing bladder Qi, restoring its secretory function.
Contraindicated: Qi-breaking, drying-hot herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Ascending clear and descending turbid, Qi-tonifying, bland-leaching herbs.
Shengma, Chaihu, Suzi, Jiangxiang, Juhong, Renshen, Zhu (Atractylodes), Fuling, Zexie, Zhuling, Mutong, Huashi, Cheqianzi.

Gui Zhu, Shi Zhu, Fei Shi, Ke Wu (Ghost Afflictions, Corpse Afflictions, Flying Corpse, Guest Evil): These are Yin evil and killing Qi of Heaven and Earth entering through deficiency. Symptoms include bluish-black skin, sudden emaciation and hoarseness, unstable blue-yellow complexion, sudden convulsions, staring eyes, clenched fists, or severe bone/joint pain.
Contraindicated: Qi-breaking; also avoid Qi-tonifying, ascending, drying-hot, sour-astringent herbs; listed subsequently.
Indicated: Expelling evil Qi, calming Spirit and anchoring Heart, acrid-aromatic dispersing, mineral/stone sedating herbs.
Niuhuang (Bovis Calculus), Dansha (Cinnabaris), Hupo, Ruxiang, Suhexiang, Tianzhuhuang (Calami Tindae), Tanxiang (Santalum Album), Muxiang, Shexiang (Moschus), Chenxiang, Longnaoxiang (Borneolum Syntheticum), Anshixiang (Benzoinum), Zhenzhu (Margarita), Xionghuang (Realgar), Xijiao (Rhinocerotis Cornu - *Use substitutes*), Jin Yinbo (Gold and Silver Foil), Daizheshi (Haematitum), Huguj (Tiger Bone - *Use substitutes*), Tategan (Badger Liver), Yuanzhi, Shengdihuang, Longchi (Dentibus Draconis et Mammutis), Tianlinggai (Human Skull Cap - *Use substitutes*), Changpu (Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma).