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[Ping An]: The section of this chapter from "those who are joyful" upwards is missing in the original Japanese manuscript, and the chapter title cannot be verified. Yang Shangshan examined thirteen sheets from the incomplete volume of the Imperial Library of Prince Reika-ji Temple in Japan, retrieved the text and Yang's commentary from "self-presence" downwards to "exhaustion and loss of life", and supplemented the content above "those who are joyful" by verifying it with the *Lingshu: Ben Shen* chapter. Like a broken jade disc restored to completeness, it is indeed precious. The part above "self-presence" could not be traced, so from "The Yellow Emperor asked Qibo" to "of the earth", it was supplemented based on Volume 2, Chapter 8 *Ben Shen* of the *Lingshu*. From "those who are joyful" to the end, it appears in the *Ben Shen* chapter and also in Volume 1, Chapter 1 of the *Jiayi Jing*.

The Yellow Emperor asked Qibo: In all acupuncture methods, one must first base oneself on Shen (Spirit). Blood vessels, Ying Qi (Nutritive Qi), and Spirit are what the Five Zang Organs store. If they become excessive and leave their organs, causing essence loss, wandering Hun and Po souls, confusion of Zhi and Yi, and departure of Zhi and Lv from the body, what is the cause? Is it Heaven's fault or human error? What are De (Virtue), Qi, Sheng (Life), Jing (Essence), Shen, Hun, Po, Xin (Heart/Mind), Yi (Intention), Zhi (Will), Si (Reflection), Lv (Deliberation), and Zhi (Wisdom)? Please explain the reason. Qibo replied: What Heaven gives us is called De, what Earth gives us is called Qi; De flows and Qi interacts to generate life. (Before form takes shape, the portion given to my body is called De, which is the Way of Heaven. Thus, *Zhuangzi* says: Before form takes shape, things obtain it to live, called De. Yin-Yang harmonious Qi constitutes my physical substance, which is the Way of Earth. The distribution within De flows, Yin-Yang Qi harmonizes and stabilizes, thus making the formless distribution of Heaven move with harmonious Qi, allowing things to be born. Ping An notes: The character ' ' in the commentary is likely a typo for 'Shi' (to bestow).) Therefore, the source of life is called Jing (Essence). (When male and female spirits interact, they form a single shape, born before my body, hence called Jing.) When two Jings interact, it is called Shen (Spirit). (This refers to the two Jings interacting to form a shape; within that shape, the spiritual aspect is called Shen, which is the subtle essence of the body. Question: Is Shen generated initially within this Jing, or did it exist beforehand? Answer: Examining this *Neijing*, there are only mentions of Shen injury, Shen departure, and Shen generation, indicating it comes later, not that it is initially generated. Consulting Buddhist scriptures, when Jing combines, Shen Qi arrives to take rebirth, proving it existed beforehand; the logic is sound. Thus, Confucius did not answer whether there is knowledge or ignorance, implying reasons exist. Only the Buddha's explicit statement can be relied upon.) That which follows Shen and goes back and forth is called Hun (Ethereal Soul). (Hun is a distinct spirit of Shen, thus following Shen, stored in the Liver, named Hun.) That which exits and enters with Jing is called Po (Corporeal Soul). (Po is also a distinct spirit of Shen, exiting here and entering there with Jing, called Po. 'Bing' is pronounced Bo-lang fan.) That which bears external objects is called Xin (Heart/Mind). (Objects refer to all things. Xin is the function of Shen. To perceive all things, there must be a basis... bearing objects, hence called Xin.) When the mind recalls something, it is called Yi (Intention). (Yi is also a function of Shen; the mind bearing objects, recalling something, is called Yi.) What Yi retains is called Zhi (Will). (Zhi is also a function of Shen; the recalled Yi, specifically retained, is called Zhi.) Because of Zhi, storing and changing is called Si (Reflection). (Si is also a function of Shen; the specifically retained Zhi, transforming and seeking differently, is called Si.) Because of Si, longing far ahead is called Lv (Deliberation). (Lv is also a function of Shen; the transforming-seeking Si, anticipating the future, is called Lv.) Because of Lv, handling objects is called Zhi (Wisdom). (Zhi is also a function of Shen; based on Lv's knowledge, handling right and wrong of objects, is called Zhi.) Therefore, the wise person's health preservation: (The function of Shen culminates in Zhi, hence the wise person's health preservation,) must follow the Four Seasons and adapt to cold and heat. (The way of the wise person's preservation: Nourish Yang in Spring and Summer to adapt to heat; nourish Yin in Autumn and Winter to adapt to cold.) Harmonize joy and anger, and dwell peacefully. (Joy and anger arise from dwelling; the wise person expresses them moderately, thus achieving harmony and peace.) Regulate Yin and Yang, and adjust softness and hardness. (Yin leads to hardness, Yang initiates softness; if both have regulation, hardness and softness are achieved. Ping An notes: 'Rou Gang' in *Lingshu* and *Jiayi* is written as 'Gang Rou'.) Thus, evil deviations will not arrive, ensuring long life and clear vision. (If the wise person practices harmonious and regulated preservation, the Five Zang calm the Shen, Six Fu organs regulate Qi, meridians circulate Ying, and cou li are dense. Thus, the root of disease does not arise, Eight Regularities and Four Evils have no path to enter. From then on, perhaps equal to Heaven and Earth, avoiding winter death, or like Peng Zu, living long. Ping An notes: 'Wu Yang' in the note is likely a typo for 'Wu Zang'; 'Dong [missing]' is unknown, kept as in the original.) Therefore, those who are startled and overthink have overflowing Jing that is not secure. (Startled and overthinking mostly injure the Heart; Shen injured has no guard, actions are insecure.) Those whose sorrow moves the center exhaust Qi and lose life. (Human sorrow moving the center injures Liver Hun, tears dry, sinews break, thus losing life. Ping An notes: One character is missing after 'Shi' in the note; based on the text, it should be 'Sheng'.) Those who are joyful have scattered Jing not stored. (Joyful will reaches, Qi scatters, injuring Lung Po, thus Jing does not guard storage. ' ' is pronounced Li-an fan, meaning to pull. Ping An notes: ' ' in *Lingshu* and *Jiayi* is 'Dan', original copy has ' '. ' ' is pronounced Zhan, upper tone, wood white grain. Sound and meaning do not match. Suspect it is 'Shan', pronounced Dan, Han rhyme. *Taixuan Jing*: Shan is its name. To hold up. Close to the note's sound and meaning. Checking Japanese copies, hand radicals often use wood, e.g., 'Bo' written as ' '. Thus ' ' is likely a transcription error for 'Shan'. Note missing one character after 'Qi San'; based on previous note 'Injures Liver Hun', it should be 'Shang'. Original below 'Po' had six characters 'Gu Jing Bu Shou Cang Ye', Yuan edition omitted.) Those who are worried have blocked Qi not flowing. (Worry knots Qi, injuring Spleen Yi, thus blocked and not flowing. Ping An notes: 'Bi Shang' in *Lingshu* and *Jiayi* has 'Qi'.) Those with intense anger are confused and irrational. (Intense anger gathers Qi, injuring Kidney Zhi, thus confused and losing reason. Ping An notes: 'Li' in *Lingshu* and *Jiayi* is 'Zhi'.) Those who are fearful are agitated and cannot gather. (Right Kidney Mingmen stores Jing Qi; fear and agitation cause Jing Qi to lack guard and leak downward, hence 'cannot gather'. Ping An notes: *Jiayi* commentary says: *Taisu* 'Bu Shou' is 'Shi Shou'. Still written as 'Bu Shou', or perhaps another version?) Heart startled and overthinking injures Shen. (Heart is an organ. Chu Ti is Kidney attacking Heart. Si Lv is Spleen attacking Heart. Two evils attacking severely, thus injuring Shen.) Shen injured causes fear and self-loss, muscle breakdown and wasting, Shen is master, thus injuring Shen reversely injures Right Kidney, hence fear and self-loss. It also reversely injures Spleen, hence muscle breakdown and wasting. Hair becomes brittle, complexion fades, dies in Winter. (Brittle hair is Lung injury, faded complexion is Liver injury; because Shen injury means all Five Zang are injured. Winter is the time Fire dies.) Liver sorrow moving the center injures Hun. (Liver is an organ. Excessive sorrow injures Liver, hence 'moving center'. Liver injury means Hun injury. Ping An notes: Above 'Gan', *Lingshu* has a paragraph 'Pi You Chou Zhi Si Yu Chun', this book places it later.) Hun injured causes madness, amnesia, and lack of clarity, daring not stand properly. (Once Hun is injured, Liver and Kidney are also injured, thus... and... not clear, daring not face people. Ping An notes: 'Kuang Wang' in *Jiayi* is 'Kuang Wang'. 'Bu Jing Bu Gan Dang Zheng Ren' in *Jiayi* is 'Qi Jing Bu Shou', commentary: Another version is 'Bu Jing Bu Jing Ze Bu Zheng Dang Ren'. *Lingshu* is 'Kuang Wang Bu Jing Bu Jing Ze Bu Zheng Dang Ren'. Note missing two characters after 'Gu', one after 'Ji'; Yuan edition writes 'Gu Kuang Wang Bu Jing', inconsistent with original copy.) Body curls and sinews contract, two hypochondriac ribs lift. (Liver Foot Jueyin meridian circles genitalia, thus Hun/Liver injury causes Zong Jin contraction. Liver governs all sinews, thus contraction. Liver is in two hypochondria, thus Liver disease causes two hypochondriac ribs to lift. Ping An notes: Above 'Suo', *Lingshu* has 'Yin'; 'Gu Ju' in *Lingshu* is 'Gu Bu Ju'. *Jiayi* is 'Ling Ren Yin Suo Er Jin Luan Liang Xie Lei Gu Bu Ju'.) Hair becomes brittle, complexion fades, dies in Autumn. (Autumn is the time Wood dies.) Lung extreme joy injures Po. (Lung organ. Joy is Heart fire attacking Lung, extreme joy injures Po. Ping An notes: 'Wu Ji' in *Jiayi* is 'Le Ji'.) Po injured causes madness, mad persons have no intention towards others, skin and leather parched. (Po injury injures Zang, thus causing madness. Because joy agitates Shen, thus madness and intention not towards others. Also Lung disease, skin and leather parched. Ping An notes: 'Ren Pi Ge Jiao' in *Jiayi* is 'Qi Ren Pi Ge Jiao'.) Hair becomes brittle, complexion fades, dies in Summer. (Summer is the time Metal dies.) Spleen worry unresolved injures Yi. Yi injured causes mental confusion, four limbs unable to move. (Lung attacks Spleen, thus unrelenting worry injures Yi, causing madness and confusion, and Spleen disease four limbs unable to move. Ping An notes: *Jiayi* is 'Men'.) Hair becomes brittle, complexion fades, dies in Spring. (Spring is the time Earth dies. Question: Spleen governs worry. Also says Jing Qi merging into Liver causes worry, i.e., Liver is worry. *Suwen* says Heart changes manifest as worry, i.e., Heart is worry. Lung in Zhi is worry, i.e., Lung is worry. What is the meaning? Answer: Spleen is the root of Four Zang, Yi governs worry. Thus Heart change manifesting as worry is Yi's worry. Or Lung Zhi being worry is also Yi's worry. If Kidney Zhi is worry, it is also Yi's worry. Thus wherever worry is, it belongs to Spleen. Ping An notes: Heart's worry is in Heart change, Lung's worry is in Lung Zhi, see *Suwen: Yin Yang Ying Xiang Da Lun* New Correction citing Yang's note, also seen in *Jiayi Jing: Jing Shen Wu Zang Lun* citing Yang's note. According to *Jiayi Jing*: Liver and Kidney, Spleen and Lung mutually complete each other. Spleen is Earth, all Four Zang receive formation from it. Thus Fear originates in Liver and completes in Kidney, Love originates in Spleen and completes in Liver. Also: Heart and Lung, Spleen and Heart mutually complete each other. Thus Joy changes in Heart and completes in Lung, Reflection originates in Spleen and completes in Heart. Exceeding moderation injures both Zang. This chapter discusses meanings mutually. New Correction also states: *Jiayi Jing* has this theory, taking Five Zhi alternating overcoming as speech, each mentioning one is insufficient, seeing both makes them mutually complete.) Kidney intense anger unceasing injures Zhi. (Liver attacks Kidney, thus unceasingly injuring Zhi.) Zhi injured causes frequent forgetting of previous words, waist and spine unable to bend, extend, flex, or stretch. (Kidney Zhi injured, thus prone to forgetting. Kidney is in waist and spine, thus Kidney disease unable to bend/extend. Ping An notes: 'Shan' in *Lingshu* and *Jiayi* is 'Xi'. 'Qu Shen' two characters absent in *Jiayi*.) Hair becomes brittle, complexion fades, dies in Late Summer. (Late Summer is the time Water dies.) Fear unresolved injures Jing. (Fear originates from Mingmen, thus unresolved injures Jing.) Jing injured causes bone soreness, flaccidity, and cold extremities, Jing ... (Jing is fluid of bone marrow, thus Jing injury causes bone soreness and bone flaccidity. Ping An notes: Two characters missing after 'Jue Jing'; *Lingshu* and *Jiayi* are 'Shi Zi Xia' three characters.) Therefore, Five Zang are the organs that primarily store Jing. (Humans have two Kidneys: Left is Kidney, Right is Mingmen. Mingmen stores Jing, Jing is Five Zang essence fluid, thus Five Zang store Jing.) Cannot be injured; injury causes loss of guarding and Yin deficiency; Yin deficiency causes lack of Qi; lack of Qi causes death. (Five Zang Shen cannot be injured; injuring Five Shen means Shen departs without guard, Zang guard lost. Six Fu are Yang, Five Zang are Yin; Zang without Shen guard is Yin deficiency. Yin Zang Qi gone, leading to death. Thus the way to avoid death is nourishing Five Shen. People are all startled and overthinking, thus injuring Shen; sorrow moves center, daily losing Hun nature; extreme joy, Shen Po scatter; worry unresolved, Zhi Yi confused; intense anger unceasing, losing Zhi and forgetting much; fear startling Shen, injuring Jing and bone flaccidity... causing thousand disasters, harming this life, finally with ten thousand desires, flooding true nature, still ingesting precious minerals and stones, destroying this easily born body, seeking many immortal herbs, daily serving hundred-year life. Formerly Peng Zu used Dao to please nature, lifespan long; Qin Wu sought medicine for immortality, ascended early to misty air. Thus Guang Cheng Zi said to Yellow Emperor: Come, I tell you. Supreme Dao ignores sight and hearing, embrace Shen with stillness, Form will naturally rectify. Must be still and clear, do not labor your Form, do not shake your Jing, Mind knows nothing, Shen will guard Form, can live long. Thus I cultivated for 1200 years, people all died, but I alone remain. Those obtaining my Dao, above become Huang, below become Wang; those losing my Dao, above see light, below become soil. Thus knowing the way to pacify State and Person, none is greater than pleasing Shen; disaster of losing Shen and State, none exceeds emotions and desires. Thus Qibo used this supreme Dao to reply to Huang Xu, recounting ancient legacy, saving ten thousand generations from bitterness. Ping An notes: 'Shou Shi' in *Lingshu* and *Jiayi* is 'Shi Shou'. Note missing one character after 'Wei Gu'; based on following 'Zhong Yi' final character, this suspects 'Shi'. Also note 'Yi Feng' another version 'Dao Feng'.) Therefore, the acupuncturist observes the patient's capability/state, to know the existence, death, gain, and loss of Jing, Shen, Hun, and Po, and the meaning of Five Zang already injured, needle cannot treat it. (Ancient times only had decoctions and did not use needles; until Yellow Emperor, evil pathogens harmed things, thus using needles and stones, combined with medicine and moxibustion, etc., to remove disease. Key to treating disease must be based on the person's Five Shen existence/death, gain/loss, life/death meaning, then order needles and medicines to perform nourishment and regulation. If the person is indulgent, Five Shen injured, foolish doctor does not wait for Shen Qi existence/death, adds more needles and medicines, surely early death not waiting for time. Ping An notes: 'Cha Guan' in *Jiayi* is 'Guan Cha'. 'Neng' in *Lingshu* and *Jiayi* is 'Tai'.) Liver stores Blood, Blood houses Hun, Liver Qi deficient causes fear, excess causes anger. (Liver, Heart, Spleen, Lung, Kidney are called Five Zang, storing Jing Qi. Blood vessels, Ying Qi, Jing are called Five Jing Qi, housing Five Shen. Liver governs sinews; when person lies down, Blood returns to Liver, thus Hun gets housed in Blood. Kidney is Water Zang, governing fear; Liver is Wood Zang, governing anger. Water generates Wood, thus Liver child deficient, Kidney mother attacks, thus Liver deficiency fear.) Heart stores Mai (Vessels), Vessels house Shen, Heart Qi deficient causes grief, excess causes laughing incessantly. (Liver is Wood Zang, governing grief; Heart is Fire Zang, governing laughter. Wood generates Fire, thus Fire child deficient, Wood mother attacks, thus Heart deficiency grief.) Spleen stores Ying, Ying houses Yi, Spleen Qi deficient causes four limbs unusable, Five Zang uneasy, excess causes distension, Jing and Sou difficult. (Sou, Xiao-liu fan. Ying, flesh and blood. Spleen governs water and grain, master of Zang Fu; deficient, Yang Fu four limbs unusable, Yin Zang uneasy. Excess, distension and women's menstruation plus urination/feces difficult, thus caused by other attacking disease. Ping An notes: This paragraph in *Lingshu* is above Heart Zang Mai. 'Ze Zhang' in *Lingshu* is 'Ze Fu Zhang'. 'Jing Sou' in *Jiayi* is 'Jing Sou'.) Lung stores Qi, Qi houses Po, Lung Qi deficient causes breathing smooth but short of breath, excess causes panting, drinking, chest leaning,仰息 (breathing while lying on back). (Lung governs Five Zang Grain Qi, also not subject to other attacks, thus deficient panting smooth but short of breath, excess chest full breathing difficult. Ping An notes: 'Xi Li' in *Lingshu* is 'Bi Sai Bu Li', *Jiayi Jing* is 'Bi Xi Bu Li'. 'Xiong Ping' in *Lingshu* is 'Xiong Ying', *Jiayi* is 'Ping', commentary: *Jiu Xu* is 'Ying'.) Kidney stores Jing, Jing houses Zhi, Kidney Qi deficient causes Jue (cold extremities/reversal), excess causes distension, Five Zang uneasy. (Lung is Metal Zang, governing madness/Jue; Kidney is Water Zang, governing water distension. Five Zang uneasy, Metal generates Water, thus Water child deficient, Metal mother attacks, thus madness/Jue reversal. Ping An notes: 'Zhi' in *Jiayi* is 'Qi'.) Must carefully examine Five Zang disease forms, to know their Qi deficiency/excess and carefully regulate. (Medical way, first recognize Five Zang Qi deficiency/excess, and know diseases generated by deficiency/excess, then order needles and medicines, carefully regulate. Ping An notes: *Lingshu* lacks 'Cha' character, 'Er Jin Tiao Zhi' is 'Jin Er Tiao Zhi'.)